History of Jharkhand

Humans have lived here (in the area which is now the modern Jharkhand) since the Stone Age.[1] Copper tools from the Chalcolithic period have been discovered.[2] This area entered the Iron Age during the mid-2nd millennium BCE.[3] According to writers including Gautam Kumar Bera,[4] there was already a distinct geo-political, cultural entity called Jharkhand even before the Magadha Empire. Bera's book (page 33) also refers to the Hindu epic Bhavishya Purana.

The region came under the control of the Maurya Empire and much later (17th century) was later conquered by the Mughal emperors Jahangir and Aurangzeb. With the Mughal decline, the region came under local rulers from the Chero caste and others, before its subjugation by the British East India Company in the late 18th century, succeeded by the British Raj from the mid-19th century, both encountering much local resistance. At this time the territory was covered by nine princely states. Under the Raj, till 1905, the region fell within the Bengal Presidency, most of it then being transferred to the Central Provinces and Orissa Tributary States; then in 1936 the whole region was assigned to the Eastern States Agency.

Following Indian independence in 1947, the region was divided between the new states of Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, and Bihar. In 2000 a campaign led by the BJP for a separate state culminated with the passage of the Bihar Reorganisation Act, creating Jharkhand as a new Indian state.

Prehistoric era

Stone tools and microliths from the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods have been discovered in the Chota Nagpur Plateau region.[1] There are also ancient cave paintings in Isko, Hazaribagh district which are from the Meso-Chalcolithic period (9,000–5,000 BC).[5] A group of megaliths proven to date back to beyond 3000 BCE was also found at Barkagaon, about 25 km from Hazaribagh at Punkri Barwadih.[6]

Several copper tools from the 2nd millennium BCE have been found in Chota Nagpur Plateau, and the people who left these behind are known as the Copper Hoard Culture.[2] In the Kabra-Kala mound, at the confluence of the Son and North Koel rivers in Palamu district, various objects have been found which date from the Neolithic to the medieval period. The pot-sherds of redware, black and red ware, black ware, black slipware and NBP ware are from the Chalcolithic to the late medieval period.[7]

Iron age (c. 1800 – c. 200 BCE)
Main article: Iron Age in India

Barudih, located in the Singhbhum district of Jharkhand, yielded evidence of microliths, Neolithic celts, iron slags, wheel made pottery, and iron objects (including a sickle). The earliest radio carbon dating give a range of 1401–837 BCE for this site.[3]

Magadha and other Mahajanapadas in the Post Vedic period

Around c. 1200–1000 BCE, Vedic Aryans spread eastward to the fertile western Ganges plain and adopted iron tools, which allowed for the clearing of forest and the adoption of a more settled, agricultural way of life. During this time, the central Ganges Plain was dominated by a related but non-Vedic Indo-Aryan culture. The end of the Vedic period witnessed the rise of cities and large states (called mahajanapadas), as well as śramaṇa movements (including Jainism and Buddhism) which challenged the Vedic orthodoxy.[8] According to Bronkhorst, the Sramana culture arose in "greater Magadha," which was Indo-European, but not Vedic. In this culture, Kshatriyas were placed higher than Brahmins, and it rejected Vedic authority and rituals.[9][10][11] In those days, the Jharkhand state was a part of Magadha and Anga. In Mauryan period, this region was ruled by a number of states, which were collectively known as the Atavika (forest) states. These states accepted the suzerainty of the Maurya empire during Ashoka's reign (c. 232 BCE).

Classical to medieval periods (c. 200 BCE – c. 1200 CE)

Samudragupta, while marching through the present-day Chota Nagpur region, directed the first attack against the kingdom of Dakshina Kosala in the Mahanadi valley.[12]

In the 7th century, Chinese traveler Xuanzang passed through the region. He described the kingdom as Karnasuvarna and Shashanka as its ruler. To the north of the kingdom was Magadha, Champa was in East, Mahendra in the west, and Orissa in the south.[13] The region was also part of Pala Empire.

This is the Sahastrakoot Jinaya (1008 the Temple of Jain statues) at Bhadrakali in Itury (10th Tirthankar the birthplace of Shitalnath). It is worshipped by assuming the Sahasrara shivling
Idols of Bhadrakali temple in Itkhori

Early modern period
The present structure of the Palamau Fort was built in the 17th century CE.

By the end of medieval and the beginning of the modern period, this region was under the rule of many dynasties including Nagvanshi, Khayaravala, Ramgarh Raj, Raksel, Chero, Raj Dhanwar and the Kharagdiha Zamindari estates of Koderma, Gadi Palganj, and Ledo Gadi.

In Akbarnama, the region of Chota Nagpur is described as Jharkhand. During the Mughal period, the region, then known as Khukhra, was famous for its diamonds. Akbar was informed of a rebel Afghan sardar, Junaid Kararani, who was taking shelter in Chota Nagpur. Besides, the emperor also received information on diamonds being found in this area. Consequently, Akbar ordered Shahbaz Khan Kamboh to attack Khukhra. At that time, Raja Madhu Singh, the 42nd Nagvanshi king was ruling at Khukhra. Akbar's army defeated the region and a sum of rupees six thousand was fixed as its annual revenue payable to the Mughals. Till the reign of Akbar, Chota Nagpur had not come under the suzerainty of the Mughals and the Nagvanshi rulers had been ruling over this region as independent rulers.[14]

Navratangarh fort

By the advent of the reign of Jahangir, king Durjan Sal had come to power in Chota Nagpur. He refused to pay the annual revenue fixed by Akbar. Jahangir ordered Ibrahim Khan (governor of Bihar) to attack Khukhra. Jahangir's intentions were two-pronged: defeat Durjan Sal and acquire the diamonds found in the Sankh River. In 1615 AD, Ibrahim Khan marched against Khukhra and defeated Durjan Sal, took him as a captive to Patna, and was finally imprisoned in the fort of Gwalior. The imprisonment lasted for twelve years. Ultimately, Jahangir granted his release after realising Sal's skill of distinguising real diamonds. The title of "Shah" was conferred on Sal by Jahangir and his kingdom restored.

On his return to Chota Nagpur, Durjan Sal assumed the title of Maharaja and changed his surname. He shifted the capital from Khukhragarh to Doisa, also known as Navratangarh. The reign of Durjan Sal lasted for about thirteen years. He died in 1639 or 1640 AD.[15] He was succeeded by Raghunath Shah. He constructed several temples. He was also a poet and wrote several poems in Nagpuri language.

In Palamu district, the old fort in the plains, was built by the King of Raksel Rajput Dynasty. However, it was during the reign of King Medini Ray (1658–1674), who ruled from 1658 to 1674 in Palamau, the old fort was rebuilt into a defensive structure.[16] His rule extended to areas in South Gaya and Hazaribagh. He attacked Navratangarh (33 miles (53 km) and defeated it. With the war bounty, he constructed the lower fort close to Satbarwa.[17] Following the death of Medini Ray, there was rivalry within the royal family of the Chero dynasty which ultimately led to its downfall; this was engineered by the ministers and advisers in the court.[18]

Daud Khan, who launched his invasion on 3 April 1660 from Patna, attacked south of Gaya district and finally arrived at the Palamu forts on 9 December 1660. The terms of surrender and payment of tribute were not acceptable to the Cheros; Daud Khan wanted complete conversion of the Hindus to Islam. Following this, Khan mounted a series of attacks on the forts. Cheros defended the forts but ultimately lost and fled to the jungles. The temples were destroyed and Islamic rule was imposed.[17]

In 1765, the region came under the control of the British East India Company when Chitrajeet Rai's nephew, Gopal Rai, betrayed him and facilitated the Patna council of the East India Company to attack the fort. When the new fort was attacked by Captain Camac on 28 January 1771, the Chero soldiers fought valiantly but had to retreat to the old fort on account of water shortage. This helped the British army to occupy the new fort located on a hill without any struggle. The location was strategic and enabled the British to mount cannon-supported attacks on the old fort. The Cheros fought valiantly with their own cannons but the old fort was besieged by the British on 19 March 1771.[19] The fort was finally occupied by the British in 1772. The regions of Nagvansh and Ramgarh also became parts of British Raj.[20]

The Kharagdiha kingdom, which was founded in 15th century when the Maharaja of Bhumihar clan was able to influence and impress the ghatwals of Kharagdiha Gadis, also came under the British Raj. After the Treaty of Allahabad, this region, along with the rest of Suba Bengal, came under the rule of East India Company. The kingdom was considerably reduced. In 1809, the Maharajas of Kharagdiha became the Rajas of Dhanwar. The Kharagdiha gadis were semi-independent chiefdoms. Captain Camac found the rulers of these gadis very prominent in their chiefdoms, and as a result, these gadis were permanently settled as zamindari estates. Koderma, Gadi Palganj and Ledo Gadi were notable zamindari estates in the district.[21]

Other princely states in the Chota Nagpur Plateau came within the sphere of influence of the Maratha Empire, but they became tributary states of East India Company as a result of the Anglo-Maratha Wars known as Chota Nagpur Tributary States.[22]

Colonial era
  • 1769–1805: Chuad revolt led by Raghunath Mahato in 1769.[23]
  • 1772–1780: Paharia revolt
  • 1780–1785: Tilka Manjhi led the tribal revolt and managed to injure the collector of Bhagalpur, Augustus Cleveland, who died in Cape Town later. In 1785, Tilka Manjhi was hanged to death in Bhagalpur.
  • 1795–1800: Tamar revolt
  • 1795–1800: Munda revolt under the leadership of Vishnu Manaki
  • 1800–1802: Munda revolt under the stewardship of Dukhan Manaki of Tamar
  • 1812: Bakhtar Say and Mundal Singh rebelled against British East India company in Gumla.
  • 1819–1820: Chero revolt in Palamu under the leadership of Bhukan Singh
  • 1832–1833: Kharwar revolt under the leadership of Bhagirath, Dubai Gosai, and Patel Singh
  • 1831–1832: Kol revolt under the leadership of Buddhu Bhagat, Madara Bhagat, and Joe Bhagat
  • 1832–1833: Bhumij revolt under the leadership of Ganga Narain of Birbhum
  • 1855: Santhals waged war against the permanent settlement of Lord Cornwallis
Santhal Rebellion, c. 1856, from the Illustrated London News

After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the rule of the British East India Company was transferred to the Crown in the person of Queen Victoria,[25] who, in 1876, was proclaimed Empress of India. In 1874, the Kherwar Movement under the leadership of Bhagirathi Manjhi gained prominence. The Cheros and Kharwars again rebelled against the British in 1882 but the attack was repulsed.[20] Between 1895 and 1900, a movement against the British Raj was led by Birsa Munda (born 15 November 1875). Birsa Munda was captured by British forces and declared dead on 9 June 1900 in the Ranchi Jail, due to Cholera, according to records of the British colonial government. All of these uprisings were quelled by the British through massive deployment of troops across the region.

In 1914, the Tana Bhagat resistance movement started, which gained the participation of more than 26,000 adivasis, and eventually merged with Mahatma Gandhi's Satyagraha and Civil Disobedience movement.

In October 1905, the exercise of British influence over the predominantly Hindi-speaking states of Chang Bhakar, Jashpur, Koriya, Surguja, and Udaipur was transferred from the Bengal government to that of the Central Provinces, while the two Oriya-speaking states of Gangpur and Bonai were attached to the Orissa Tributary States, leaving only Kharsawan and Saraikela answerable to the Bengal governor.[26]

In 1936, all nine states were transferred to the Eastern States Agency, the officials of which came under the direct authority of the Governor-General of India, rather than under that of any Provinces.

Jawaharlal Nehru, Jamnalal Bajaj, Sarojini Naidu, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, and Maulana Azad at the 1940 Ramgarh Session of the Indian National Congress

In March 1940, INC 53rd Session[27][28] was accomplished under the presidency of Maulana Abul Qalam Azad at Jhanda Chowk, Ramgarh (now, Ramgarh Cant.). Mahatma Gandhi,[29] Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Patel, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Sarojini Naidu, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Acharya J.B. Kripalani, Industrialist Jamnalal Bajaj and other leaders[30] of Indian freedom movement attended the Ramgarh session.[31] Mahatma Gandhi also opened khadi and village industries exhibition at Ramgarh.[32]

Post-independence

After the Indian independence in 1947, the rulers of the states chose to accede to the Dominion of India. Changbhakar, Jashpur, Koriya, Surguja, and Udaipur States became part of Madhya Pradesh state; Gangpur and Bonai became part of Orissa state; and Kharsawan and Saraikela became part of Bihar state.[33]

In 1912, the state of Jharkhand was first proposed by a student of St.Columba's College in Hazaribagh. Unnati Samaj, the political wing of Christian tribals submitted a memorandum to the Simon Commission to constitute a tribal state in Eastern India. A prominent leader like Jaipal Singh Munda and Ram Narayan Singh demanded a separate state. Jharkhand Party, led by Jaipal Singh Munda, submitted a memorandum to States Reorganization Commission for Jharkhand state, but it was rejected because the tribals were not in majority and the resultant adverse effects on the economy after separation from Bihar.

In 1972, Binod Bihari Mahato, Shibu Soren and A. K. Roy founded Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (JMM). Nirmal Mahto founded All Jharkhand Students Union (AJSU). They spearheaded the movement for a separate state of Jharkhand. AJSU introduced elements of violence in the movement and called for a boycott of the election while JMM opposed it. Due to differences, these parties parted away from each other. There was a provision for limited internal autonomy in the hill area of Assam. Other tribal areas were covered by the fifth schedule of the constitution. The Chota Nagpur and Santal Pargana development board was constituted under the chairmanship of then Chief Minister of Bihar under the provision of the fifth schedule in 1972. The Jharkhand coordination committee led by Ram Dayal Munda, Dr. B.P. Keshri, Binod Bihari Mahato, Santosh Rana, and Suraj Singh Besra started a fresh initiative in the matter. Dr. B.P. Keshri sent a memorandum to form Jharkhand state. The Centre government formed a committee on the Jharkhand matter in 1989. It stressed the need for greater allocation of the development funds for the area. Jharkhand Area Autonomous Council Bill passed in Bihar legislative assembly in December 1994. Jharkhand Area Autonomous Council was given the charge of 40 subjects including agriculture, rural health, public work, public health, and minerals. The council had the power to recommend legislation to the Assembly through the state government and to frame bylaws and regulations.[34][35][36]

In 1998, when the separate state movement was falling apart, Justice Lal Pingley Nath Shahdeo had led the movement. In 1998, the Union government decided to send the Bill concerning formation of Jharkhand State to Bihar Legislative Assembly to which Lalu Prasad Yadav had said that the State would be divided over his dead body. BJP, JMM, AJSU, Congress, a total of 16 political parties came in one platform and formed 'All Party Separate State Formation Committee' to start the movement. Justice Shahdeo was elected as the convener of the committee. The voting on Jharkhand Act was to be done on 21 September 1998 in Bihar legislation. On that day the committee, under the leadership of Justice Shahdeo called for Jharkhand Bandh and organised a protest march. Thousands of supporters of separate state took to streets in leadership of Justice Shahdeo. He was arrested and detained in police station for hours along with many supporters.[37][38]

After the last Assembly election in the state resulted in a hung assembly, RJD's dependence on the Congress extended support on the precondition that RJD would not pose a hurdle to the passage of the Bihar reorganisation Bill (Jharkhand Bill). Finally, with the support from both RJD and Congress, the ruling coalition at the Centre led by the BJP which had made statehood a policy plank in the region in several previous elections, cleared the Jharkhand Bill in the monsoon session of the Parliament in 2000, thus paving the way for the creation of a separate Jharkhand state.[39]

See also

References
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  3. Singh, Upinder (8 January 2019). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. ISBN 9788131711200 – via Google Books.
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  5. "Cave paintings lie in neglect". www.telegraphindia.com.
  6. Choudhury, Indrajit Roy (3 December 2017). "Hazaribagh - Ancient megaliths aligned to the Sun".
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  9. Bronkhorst 2007.
  10. Long 2013, p. chapter II.
  11. Wynne, Alexander (1 July 2011). "Review of Bronkhorst, Johannes, Greater Magadha: Studies in the Culture of Early India". H-Buddhism, H-Review – via www.h-net.org.
  12. Sharma, Tej Ram (8 January 1978). Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions. Concept Publishing Company. p. 258 – via Internet Archive.
  13. Kiro, Santosh. The Life and Times of Jaipal Singh Munda. ISBN 9789352669431.
  14. "The Nagbanshis And The Cheros". archive.org.
  15. "The Lost Kingdom of Navratangarh". IndiaMike.com.
  16. Lahiry 2014, p. 24.
  17. http://palamu.nic.in/palamufort.html
  18. Lahiry 2014, p. 29.
  19. Lahiry 2014, p. 30.
  20. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 13 October 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2018.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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  22. "Gazetteer - Chota Nagpur Tributary States Gazetteer. Statistics, 1901-02 - South Asia Archive".
  23. "चुआड़ विद्रोह के महानायक, क्रांतिवीर शहीद रघुनाथ महतो की 277 वीं जयंती". prabhatkhabar.com.
  24. Mathur Das Ustad (1997). "The Role of Bishwanath Sahi of Lohardaga district, During the Revolt of 1857 in Bihar". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 58: 493–500. JSTOR 44143953.
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  28. Danik jagran Ranchi Page No.14, 2 October 2011
  29. "Error".
  30. "Photo Gallery of Mahatma Gandhi (1933-1948)".
  31. "RAMGARH SESSION-1940".
  32. "Chronology 1940". Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  33. Eastern States Agency. List of ruling chiefs & leading personages Delhi: Agent to Governor-General, Eastern States, 1936
  34. Kumāra, Braja Bihārī (1998). Small States Syndrome in India. ISBN 9788170226918.
  35. Sinha, Anuj Kumar (January 0101). Unsung Heroes of Jharkhand Movement. ISBN 9789352660001. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  36. Sinha, Anuj Kumar (January 0101). Unsung Heroes of Jharkhand Movement. ISBN 9789352660001.
  37. "Tributes pour in for Justice Shahdeo". 10 January 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  38. "Remembering Justice LPN Shahdeo on his 7th death anniversary". 10 January 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  39. gigisoftsolutions. "History of Jharkhand, Jharkhand History". traveljharkhand.com. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
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