Helicoplacoidea

Helicoplacoidea is an extinct class within the Echinodermata. All known taxa were discovered in sediments dating back to the Cambrian.[1][2] Their skeletons consist of small platelets arranged like those of asteroids, lacking fused skeletons as in echinoids. Little is known about their ecology, besides that they were most likely sessile suspension feeders. Members of the group were able to expand and contract their bodies, and some have speculated that they may have largely fed at night.[3] Others say that they were adapted to the more stratified sediment of the Cambrian and that changes in the composition of this sediment resulted in their extinction. Most likely the extending and contracting played a role in gas exchange and nutrition intake as it generated a water current.[3][4] They seem to be one of the oldest groups of echinoderms, and also one of the first to go extinct, as they first appeared some 530 million years ago and would go extinct around 516 million years ago.[1]

Helicoplacoidea
Temporal range: Middle Cambrian–Late Cambrian
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Superphylum:
Deuterostomia
Phylum:
Echinodermata
Class:
†Helicoplacoidea

Most of the fossils are from White Mountains, Nevada. The rarity of fossils and general poor preservation of them has made it hard to determine any kind of phylogeny for them, though three genera (Helicoplacus, Polyplacus and Waucobella) are currently recognized.[5]

References
  1. Durham, J.W., & Caster, K. E.; Caster, KE (17 May 1963). "Helicoplacoidea: A New Class of Echinoderms". Science. 140 (3568): 820–822. doi:10.1126/science.140.3568.820. PMID 17746435.
  2. Fossilworks: Helicoplacoidea. fossilworks.org. Retrieved 2021-01-13.
  3. University of Berkeley: Helicoplacoidea. ucmp.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2021-01-15.
  4. Palaeos: Helicoplacoidea: Armor-Plated Spirals
  5. Paleobiology Database: Helicoplacoidea. paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2021-01-15.
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