Handball goalkeeper

The handball goalkeeper is the most defensive player of his team. His main task is to prevent the other team from scoring a goal.

Thierry Omeyer during a seven-metre throw

Equipment

To avoid confusion, a handball goalkeeper has to wear a jersey that is different in colour to all the other jerseys of the players on the field, including the other team's goalkeeper. If such a jersey is not available the goalkeeper has to wear a bib that guarantees sufficient distinction between players involved. Most goalkeepers also wear special long trousers and male goalkeepers always wear a jockstrap (an undergarment serving protection purposes). Rule 4:9[1] (concerning equipment during the game) states that it is mandatory for the players to wear sports shoes during the games. Unlike in football, handball goalkeepers do not equip with gloves although this is not prohibited by the rules. Gloves are in fact rejected because they are regarded as a sign of weakness amongst fellow goalkeepers and also worsen the throwing ability of the goalkeeper. Additional protective gear like face masks and helmets had been discussed in the early days of the game, but are nowadays prohibited, as are any items that could endanger the opposing players including piercings, necklaces, earrings and glasses.

A woman goalkeeper during a seven-metre throw

Rules for the goalkeeper

All rules can be found on the IHF website.[2]

A team has to appoint one player on the field as the goalie. However, a goalie can transition to a field player at any time during a game. In order to do this he needs to be substituted and change his goalie jersey to a field player's jersey. A field player can assume the goalkeeper's position in the same manner. Rule 5[3] ''The Goalkeeper'' deals with all the rules pertaining to the goalie and a set of special rules about the goal area. Inside this area the goalkeeper is allowed to touch the ball with every part of his body in order to parry the ball. Additionally, several rules do not apply to the goalie inside the goal area. These rules are: the 3-second-rule (7:2), the 3-step-rule (7:3), the rule for bouncing the ball (7:4) and the multiple-touching-of-the-ball-rule (7:7). However, if the goalie purposefully delays playing the ball a referee can call passive gameplay.

The goalie is allowed to step out of the goal area and onto the playing field when not in possession of the ball at all times. While outside the goal area all rules pertaining to field players apply to him as well. Furthermore, he is allowed to step out of the goal area with the ball while he is still trying to get it under control (5:4). The goalkeeper is not allowed to leave the goal area with the ball under control if the referee has whistled for the execution of a goalkeeper-throw (5:6). This throw has to be executed within the goal area. Rule 5:7+8 stipulate that while standing inside the goal area the goalkeeper is not allowed to touch a rolling or stationary ball outside the goal area. Moreover, he is not allowed to re-enter the goal area from the playing field with the ball (5:9). The goalie must not touch the ball with his foot or the leg below the knee if the ball is moving out towards the playing area (5:10). During a 7-metre throw from the opposing team the goalkeeper is not allowed to cross the goalkeeper's restraining line (4-metre-line) before the ball has left the hand of the opposing player executing the throw (5.11).

If the ball crosses the outer goal line outside the goalposts and the goalkeeper was the last player to touch the ball, the keeper gets the ball to execute a goalkeeper-throw inside the goal area. However, if the ball crosses the sideline the opposing team gets the ball for a throw-in.

Johannes Bitter

Sometimes the goalkeeper will be used as a seventh field player or substituted by a regular field player. This normally happens during the last minutes of play if the score is a tie or the attacking team is down by just a few points. The extra player is added to increase the team's chances for a win or a tie.

Duties and requirements of a handball goalkeeper

The goalkeeper's primary task is to prevent the other team from scoring a goal, which is achieved when the ball fully passes the goal line. The game has become much more fast-paced over the years which demands that the goalkeeper has to bring the ball back into play very fast, leading to fast breaks or turnovers which provide very good scoring chances. Strategies like the second wave or the so-called schnelle Mitte, are fast-action plays intended to catch the opposing team off guard. After having conceded a goal the keeper passes the ball immediately to the centre of the court for a throw-off. In some situation the goalkeeper even scores a goal himself by taking advantage of the fact that the other team's goalie is too far away from his own goal and throwing the ball across the whole field into the empty goal. The German goalkeeper Johannes Bitter managed to score two goals in that manner over the course of his 112 international games.[4]

Height is an important criterion for goalkeepers who want to play on a professional level. The rule of thumb in this regard is "the bigger the better". Dieter Bartke, a former goalkeeper of the German national league, was 2.16 m (7 ft 1 in) tall. Disadvantages in height are effectively compensated by other factors, like jumping power and flexibility of the body. Prominent examples are Wieland Schmidt (1.85 m [6 ft 1 in] tall) and Henning Fritz (1.88 m [6 ft 2 in]). Skills such as quick reflexes, quick comprehension and a distinct anticipation ability are considered more important than height. Modern handball training is focused on improving a goalkeeper's anticipation of typical in-game situations by implementing the so-called standard situation, a concept that simulates a set of the most common scenarios that can happen in a game. Sports scientists coined the phrase Aktionsmuster, action patterns, which goalkeepers try to embed in their subconsciousness.

Daouda Karaboué

Common goalkeeper injuries

Problems in the elbow area are most common among handball goalies. In 1992 a study conducted in Norway reported that 329 out of 729 (45%) handball goalkeepers suffered from pain in the elbow joint area. In contrast to these numbers only 166 out of 4120 (4%) field players complained about similar problems. In a follow-up survey out of these 729 goalkeepers 41% had acute problems and 34% reported past problems in the area. The health problem caused recurring pain and often the goalkeepers had to stop playing for several games due to injury. The apparent cause for these injuries is a repeated overextension of the elbow joint while trying to parry a ball. The authors of the study call the syndrome the handball goalie's elbow.[5][6][7][8] This hyperextension trauma of the elbow can also frequently occur during joint-lock techniques in judo.

The cause for this type of pain is most probably damage to the ulnar nerve.[9] A definite diagnosis is the main focus of current studies in order to develop sufficient prevention and treatment methods.[10]

Further remarks
Dejan Perić

If a goalkeeper receives a two-minute suspension he has to leave the field and is replaced by another goalkeeper, usually forcing his team to continue playing with one player less on the field. It has been under discussion for several years whether goalkeepers should be forbidden to step outside the goal area during fast breaks, a rule which has caused a lot of accidents between the goalie and field players.[11]

If both teams have similar performance during a game, the goalkeeper's individual performance can have a huge impact on the outcome of the game. A ratio of 25 percent saves and more is regarded a very good performance with 50 percent saves very rarely being achieved over a time period of thirty minutes.

The jumping jack is a typical goalkeeper's defensive movement while trying to save the ball.

When a player's throw hits the goalkeeper's head, for example, from a seven-meter throw, the player will be disqualified (rule 8:5).[12]

Henning Fritz
Peter Gentzel
Thierry Omeyer performing the jumping jack

Notable goalkeepers
  • Mattias Andersson (several times German champion, European champion with Sweden in 2000, multiple time EHF Champions League winner)
  • Johannes Bitter (EHF Cup winner, World champion in 2007, German champion in 2011)
  • Henning Fritz (World champion in 2007, IHF World Player of the Year in 2004)
  • Martin Galia (best goalkeeper during the 2005–06 season in the German HBL with 508 saves, EHF finalist in 2006)
  • Peter Gentzel (213 international matches for Sweden, three times European champion, one time World champion)
  • Stefan Hecker (several times German champion and Cup winner, German Player of the Year 1990)
  • Silvio Heinevetter (2004 European junior champion, EHF Cup winner in 2007)
  • Kasper Hvidt (European champion in 2008, bronze medal winner of the European championship 2002, 2004, 2006 and at the World championship 2007)
  • Niklas Landin Jacobsen (European champion in 2012, IHF World Player of the Year in 2019[13])
  • Andrei Lawrow (three times Olympic champion, World champion and European champion)
  • Cecilie Leganger (World champion in 1999, World female player of the Year in 2001)
  • Thierry Omeyer (several times French and German champion, World champion in 2001,2009 and 2011, European champion in 2006 and 2010, Olympic champion in 2008, World Player of the Year in 2008)
  • Christian Ramota (European champion in 2004)
  • Sigi Roch (winner of the Olympic silver medal in 1984, one-time European champion, two times German champion, three times German Cup winner)
  • Wieland Schmidt (Olympic champion in 1980 with the GDR team)
  • Arpad Šterbik (World Player of the Year in 2005, several times Spanish and Hungarian champion)
  • Sławomir Szmal (Goalkeeper of the Polish international team, currently goalkeeper of the handball club KS Vive Targi Kielce S.A.)
  • Andreas Thiel (Nicknamed the magician, seven times German Player of the Year, five times German champion)
  • Andreas Wolff (European champion with Germany in 2016)

References
  1. Portal, IHF. "Statutes and Regulations". www.ihf.info. Retrieved 2016-12-14.
  2. "IX. Rules of the Game" (PDF). Ihf.info. Retrieved 2016-12-22.
  3. "Regel 5 (www.handballregeln.de)". handballregeln.de. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
  4. Johannes Bitter. (Memento vom 30. März 2010 im Internet Archive) abgerufen am 27. November 2009.
  5. S. Tyrdal, R. Bahr: High prevalence of elbow problems among goalkeepers in European team handball – 'handball goalie's elbow'. In: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 6/1996, S. 297–302. PMID 8960652
  6. M. A. Ferrara u. a.: Modifications of the elbow induced by the practice of handball on radiography, US and MRI. In: Journal Belge de Radiologie - Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Radiologi. 82/1999, S. 222–227. PMID 10589171
  7. S. Tyrdal, A. M. Finnanger: Osseous manifestations of 'handball goalie's elbow'. In: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 9/1999, S. 92–97. PMID 10220843
  8. S. Tyrdal, O. J. Pettersen: The effect of strength training on 'handball goalie's elbow'--a prospective uncontrolled clinical trial. In: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 8/1998, S. 33–41. PMID 9502308
  9. I. R. Rise u. a.: Is the ulnar nerve damaged in 'handball goalie's elbow'? In: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 11/2001, S. 247–250. PMID 11476431
  10. U. Akgun u. a.: Direction of the load on the elbow of the ball blocking handball goalie. In: Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 26. September 2007, PMID 17899010
  11. J. Bierschwale: Unfall schockt Handball-Liga: Jakobsen fordert Konsequenzen. In: Die Welt. 3. Dezember 2001.
  12. "Regel 8 (www.handballregeln.de)". handballregeln.de. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
  13. "Oftedal and Landin named 2019 IHF World Players of the Year | IHF". www.ihf.info. Retrieved 2021-01-29.

Literature
  • A. Thiel u. a.: Halten wie wir. Philippka-Verlag, 1999, ISBN 3-89417-079-4.
  • D. Späte u. a.: Handball Handbuch. Philippka Verlag, 1997, ISBN 3-89417-063-8.
  • J. Schorer: Höchstleistung im Handballtor. Dissertation. Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Heidelberg 2006.
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