Hanawon
The Settlement Support Center for North Korean Refugees (Korean: 북한이탈주민정착지원사무소), commonly known as Hanawon (하나원, "House of Unity"), is a South Korean facility for re-education of North Korean defectors. Three months' stay in this facility is mandatory for all North Koreans arriving in the south, with residents unable to leave of their own free will.[1]
History
Hanawon opened on 8 July 1999, and is located about an hour south of Seoul in the countryside of Anseong, Gyeonggi Province. In her book Nothing To Envy: Ordinary Lives in North Korea, journalist Barbara Demick describes Hanawon as a cross between a trade school and a halfway house, and describes its purpose as teaching North Koreans how to live on their own in South Korea.[2]
Originally built to accommodate around 200 people for a three-month resettlement program, in 2002 the facility's capacity was doubled to 400. In 2004, to mark the fifth anniversary of the program, a second facility opened south of Seoul.
Operation
At Hanawon, the three-month training curriculum is focused on three main goals: easing the socioeconomic and psychological anxiety of North Korean defectors; overcoming the barriers of cultural heterogeneity; and offering practical training for earning a livelihood in the South. Refugees relearn the peninsula's history, i.e. that the North started the Korean War, and take classes on human rights and the mechanics of democracy. They are taught sex education, and learn how to use an ATM, pay an electric bill, drive a car, read the Latin alphabet and speak the South Korean dialect. They are taken on field trips to buy clothes, get haircuts, and eat at a food court.[2]
Many refugees have poor teeth due to malnourishment. Many also suffer from depression and other psychological problems when they arrive at Hanawon.[3] Thirty percent of female defectors in particular show signs of depression, which analysts attribute to, among other things, having experienced sexual abuse in North Korea, or as refugees in China.[4]
Hanawon imposes heavy restrictions on the travel of North Korean defectors because of security concerns. In addition, security is tight with barbed wire, security guards, and cameras. The threat of kidnap or physical attacks against individual defectors by North Korean agents is ever present. A defector who requested anonymity told The Korea Herald that Hanawon felt somewhat like a jail since she could not freely travel outside due to the barbed wire and security guards.[5]
Upon completion of the Hanawon program, defectors find their own homes with a government subsidy. When Hanawon first opened, North Koreans were originally offered ₩36 million per person to resettle with ₩540,000 monthly afterward. Now they receive ₩7~32 million to resettle and ₩13~20 million for housing, the amounts for both depending on the conditions and size of household.[6] Following their completion of the Hanawon program, many defectors find additional assistance through civil society organizations such as Liberty in North Korea or Saejowi.[7]
References
- https://www.nknews.org/2018/07/north-korean-defections-to-south-down-17-7-in-first-half-of-2018-mou
- Demick, Barbara (2010). Nothing to envy: ordinary lives in North Korea (Spiegel & Grau trade ed.). New York: Spiegel & Grau. pp. 249. ISBN 978-0385523912.
- Jochen-Martin Gutsch, Germans Give Pep Talks on Korean Unification Der Spiegel 6 January 2012
- Lee, You-jin (24 October 2012). "Study: female N. Korean defectors suffer depression, sexual abuse". The Hankyoreh. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
- Jo, He-rim (July 7, 2019). "Hanawon: Helping NK defectors settle better in capitalist South". The Korea Herald.
- Settlement Support for North Korean Defectors, Ministry of Unification, retrieved 27 April 2018
- Park, Gil-sung; Moon, Chun-sang (May 1, 2011). "Delivering Social Justice for North Korean Refugees in South Korea: The Role of Civil Society and Opportunities for U.S.-South Korean Cooperation". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved March 9, 2015.