Grevillea victoriae

Grevillea victoriae, also known as royal grevillea or mountain grevillea, is a shrub which is endemic to south-eastern New South Wales and mountainous parts of Victoria in Australia.

Royal grevillea
Above:Grevillea victoriae subsp. victoriae Mount Buffalo National Park, Victoria
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Proteales
Family: Proteaceae
Genus: Grevillea
Species:
G. victoriae
Binomial name
Grevillea victoriae
Subspecies
  • G. victoriae subsp. victoriae
  • G. victoriae subsp. brindabella
  • G. victoriae subsp. nivalis

Description

Grevillea victoriae is a shrub that grows to between 0.2 and 4 metres in height. It has obovate to ovate leaves that range between 1.5 and 14 cm in length and 0.5 to 4.5 cm in width. Pendant clusters of red or orange flowers appear in spring and summer.[1]

Taxonomy

The species was first formally described by Victorian Government Botanist Ferdinand von Mueller, his description published in Transactions of the Philosophical Society of Victoria in 1855.[2][3] Mueller discovered the species when he climbed to the plateau of Mount Buffalo in 1853.[4] He described it as "a truly majestic plant, when, by descending into the vallies it assumes a height of 12 feet or more."[5] The specific epithet victoriae was named for Queen Victoria.

Grevillea victoriae complex
Upper leaf surface of G. victoriae subsp. victoriae
Lower leaf surface of G. victoriae subsp. victoriae
G. victoriae subsp. nivalis
G. irrasa subsp. didymochiton
G. sp. 'Mt Burrowa'

In 1993 Don McGillivray published an outline of 11 races of Grevillea victoriae as well as an associated description of unassigned specimens prompting fellow botanists to take a closer look at the Grevillea victoriae complex. The following year, Grevillea hockingsii from Queensland and G. mollis from New South Wales were segregated from the Grevillea victoriae complex by Peter Olde and Bill Molyneux. Bob Makinson segregated two further species, G. oxyantha and G. rhyolitica, in 1997.[6] Grevillea epicroca, G. irassa and G. monscalana were segregated and G. miqueliana was reinstated as a separate species in the Flora of Australia in 2000. In this publication, Makinson defined a Victoriae Subgroup within the genus Grevillea as follows:[7][8]

Flora of Australia (2000)McGillivray (1993)Olde & Marriott (1995)Other synonyms
Grevillea victoriaeG. victoriaeG. victoriae
G. victoriae subsp. victoriaeG. victoriae 'race c'
G. victoriae subsp. nivalisG. victoriae 'race d'G. victoriae 'Murray (Valley) Queen'
Grevillea brevifoliaG. victoriae 'Unassigned 3', G. victoriae 'Unassigned 6'
G. brevifolia subsp. brevifoliaG. victoriae 'race e'
G. brevifolia subsp. polychromaG. victoriae 'race f' (partially)G. brevifolia subsp. 2 (Mt Elizabeth)
Grevillea parvulaG victoriae 'race f' (partially)G. victoriae var. leptoneura, G victoriae var. tenuinervis, G. sp. 3 subsp. 2 (Mt Kaye), G. victoriae 'Mallacoota Inlet' (partially)
Grevillea epicrocaG. victoriae 'Unassigned 5'
Grevillea monslacanaG. victoriae 'race h'G. victoriae 'Lake Mountain form'G. sp. 2 (Lake Mountain)
Grevillea miquelianaG. miqueliana
G. miqueliana subsp. miquelianaG. victoriae 'race j'G. miqueliana 'Typical form'
G. miqueliana subsp. morokaG. victoriae 'race k'G. miqueliana 'Mt Wellington form'
Grevillea irrasaG. victoriae 'race l'G. sp. aff. miqueliana
G. irrasa subsp. irrasaG. sp. nov. aff. miqueliana 'Form from near Yowaka' G. sp. 'Nullica'
G. irrasa subsp. didymochitonG. sp. nov. aff. miqueliana 'Form from near Yowrie' G. sp. 'Belowra'
Grevillea oxyanthaG. sp. aff. victoriae 'A'
G. oxyantha subsp. oxyanthaG. victoriae 'race a'G. victoriae 'Canberra form', G. victoriae 'ACT form'
G. oxyantha subsp. ecarinataG. victoriae 'race b'
Grevillea rhyoliticaG. sp. aff. victoriae 'B'
G. rhyolitica subsp. rhyolitica
G. rhyolitica subsp. semivestitaG. victoriae 'race g'
Grevillea diminutaG. diminutaG. diminuta
Grevillea hockingsiiG. victoriae 'Unassigned 8' (Queensland)G. hockingsii
Grevillea linsmithiiG. linsmithiiG. linsmithii
Grevillea mollisG. mollisG.thymafolia
Grevillea cyranostigmaG. cyranostigmaG. cyranostigma

In 2005 Bill Molyneux and Val Stajsic described the new species Grevillea bemboka and G. callichlaena and the new subspecies G. miqueliana subsp. cincta and elevated G. brevifolia subsp. polychroma to species status (G. polychroma).[9] A new species, Grevillea burrowa, was formally described in 2015.[10]

Grevillea victoriae sensu stricto

There are currently three recognised subspecies in Grevillea victoriae sensu stricto:

  • G. victoriae subsp. brindabella - newly described in 2010. (synonyms: G. aff. victoriae 'Baldy Range', G. aff. victoriae M.Richardson 9)
  • G. victoriae subsp. nivalis - Kosciuszko grevillea, which was formally described in 2000 by Stajsic and Molyneux in Taxonomic studies in the Grevillea victoriae F.Muell. species complex.[11][12]
  • G. victoriae subsp. victoriae

Distribution and habitat
G. victoriae subsp. victoriae in rocky gorge habitat in Mount Buffalo National Park, Victoria

Grevillea victoriae occurs in rocky, mountainous areas of south-eastern Australia in forest, woodland and heath. Associated tree species include Eucalyptus pauciflora and Eucalyptus delegatensis.[13] G. victoriae subsp. victoriae is found on some of Victoria's highest mountains including Mount Bogong, Mount Buffalo, Mount Buller, Mount Hotham, Mount Howitt, Mount St Bernard and Mount Torbreck.[11][14] G. victoriae subsp. nivalis occurs in sub-alpine areas around Mount Kosciuszko and nearby ranges from Mount Gibbo and Mount Sassafras in the Victorian Alps northwards to Talbingo in New South Wales. In rare cases it may be seen above the treeline.[11][15] G. victoriae subsp. brindabella occurs in the Brindabella Range on the border of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory.

Ecology

Eastern spinebills and yellow-faced honeyeaters are known to feed on the nectar of Grevillea victoriae sensu lato.[16] In Kosciuszko National Park, it has been noted that many bird species leave the area when Grevillea victoriae finishes flowering in January [17]

Taxa within the Grevillea victoriae complex are believed to be fire intolerant, regenerating from seed only.[6]

Conservation status

On the Department of Sustainability and Environment's Advisory List of Rare Or Threatened Plants In Victoria, the subspecies victoriae is listed as "rare".[18] The subspecies nivalis is currently regarded as endangered.[13]

Cultivation

Grevillea victoriae has a reputation for being hardy and reliable in cultivation, and has been successfully grown in all states of Australia, as well as New Zealand, the United States and Great Britain.[19][20] Plants require a well-drained position with full-exposure to sun or partial shade and will benefit from pruning to maintain a more compact shape. Originating from mountainous regions, the species has a high tolerance to frost and snow. It is useful as a screening plant and to attract birds to the garden.[21] In certain parts of North America, hummingbirds feed on the flowers of cultivated plants in the winter.[22]

Plants are easily propagated by seed or cuttings and have been successfully grafted on to Grevillea robusta rootstocks.[20]

Cultivars
Main article: List of Grevillea cultivars
Grevillea 'Poorinda Queen'

A number of hybrid cultivars involving Grevillea victoriae sensu lato have been developed including the following:

  • 'Audrey' - G. juniperina x G. victoriae
  • 'Bairnsdale' - selected seedling of G. 'Poorinda Constance'[23]
  • 'Canterbury Gold' - G. juniperina (prostrate yellow form) x G. victoriae var.leptoneura[24]
  • 'Glen Pearl' - G. victoriae x G. juniperina
  • 'Lady O' - G. victoriae hybrid x G. rhyolitica[25]
  • 'Orange Box' - G. polychroma x G. juniperina subsp. juniperina [26]
  • 'Poorinda Constance' - New South Wales form of G. juniperina x red flower form of G. victoriae[27]
  • 'Poorinda Golden Lyre' - G. alpina x G. victoriae[28]
  • 'Poorinda Leane' - G. juniperina x G. victoriae[29]
  • 'Poorinda Pink Coral' - north-east Victorian form of G. juniperina x G. victoriae[30]
  • 'Poorinda Queen' - G. juniperina x yellow flower form of Grevillea victoriae[31]

References
  1. Makinson, R.O. "New South Wales Flora Online: Grevillea victoriae". Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust, Sydney, Australia.
  2. "Grevillea victoriae F.Muell". Flora of Australia Online. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government.
  3. "Grevillea victoriae". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government, Canberra. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
  4. Catrice, Daniel. "The Garden of the gods - a brief history of Buffalo National Park" (PDF). Parks Victoria. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-02-27. Retrieved 2010-12-02.
  5. Mueller, Ferdinand (1855). "Descriptive Characters of New Alpine Plants, from Continental Australia". Transactions of the Philosophical Society of Victoria. J.J. Bundell & Co. 1: 96–111.
  6. Makinson, R.O. (March 2002). "New segregate species and subspecies from the Grevillea victoriae (Proteaceae: Grevilleoideae) aggregate from south-east New South Wales" (PDF). Telopea. 7 (2): 129–138. doi:10.7751/telopea19971003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-10-02.
  7. "Victoriae Subgroup (Grevillea)". Flora of Australia Online. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government.
  8. "Proteaceae" (PDF). Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria (CHAH). Retrieved 2010-12-07.
  9. Stajsic, V.; Molyneux, W.M. (2005). "Descriptions of nine previously segregated, and three new taxa". Muelleria. 7 (22): 38–40.
  10. Molyneux, William M.; Forrester, Susan G. "A new species Grevillea burrowa (Proteaceae) from the Burrowa-Pine Mountain National Park, North Eastern Victoria" (PDF). Muelleria. 34: 47–54.
  11. Olde, Peter (June 2007). "The Grevillea victoriae complex - new species in the Flora" (PDF). Grevillea Study Group Newsletter. Grevillea Study Group, Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants (77): 10. ISSN 0725-8755.
  12. "Grevillea victoriae . subsp. nivalis Stajsic & Molyneux,". Flora of Australia Online. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government.
  13. Wild Plants of Victoria (database). Viridans Biological Databases & Department of Sustainability and Environment. 2009.
  14. "Grevillea victoriae F.Muell. subsp. victoriae". Flora of Australia Online. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government.
  15. Costin, A.B.; Gray, M. & Totterall, C.D. (2000). Kosciusko alpine flora (2nd ed.). CSIRO. ISBN 0-643-06522-9.
  16. Lepsci, B.J. (1993). "Food of Some Birds in Eastern New South Wales:Additions to Barker & Vestjens" (PDF). Emu. 93 (3): 195–99. doi:10.1071/mu9930195.
  17. Davey, Chris (March 2002). "The Kosciuszko blitz: A survey of birds from Thredbo to the summit" (PDF). Canberra Bird Notes. 27 (1). ISSN 0314-8211.
  18. "Advisory List of Rare Or Threatened Plants In Victoria - 2005" (PDF). Department of Sustainability and Environment (Victoria). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-24. Retrieved 2012-01-15.
  19. Matthews, Lewis J. (2002). The protea book: a guide to cultivated Proteaceae. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p. 78. ISBN 0-88192-553-5. Retrieved 2010-12-06.
  20. Olde, P.; Marriott, N. (1980). The Grevillea Book. Australia: Kangaroo Press. ISBN 0-86417-616-3.
  21. Greig, D. (1987). The Australian Gardener's Wildflower Catalogue. Australia: Angus & Robertson. ISBN 0-207-15460-0.
  22. "Grevillea victoriae". UBC Botanical Garden and Centre for Plant Research. Archived from the original on 2010-06-12. Retrieved 2010-12-01.
  23. "Grevillea 'Bairnsdale'". Descriptions of Registered Cultivars. Australian Cultivar Registration Authority. Retrieved 2010-12-07.
  24. "Grevillea 'Canterbury Gold'". Descriptions of Registered Cultivars. Australian Cultivar Registration Authority. Retrieved 2010-12-03.
  25. "Grevillea 'Lady O'". Bywong Nursery. Retrieved 2010-12-03.
  26. "Fact sheet:Genus species : Grevillea polychroma x juniperina ssp juniperina". Austraflora. Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2010-12-03.
  27. "Grevillea 'Poorinda Constance'". Descriptions of Registered Cultivars. Australian Cultivar Registration Authority. Retrieved 2010-12-03.
  28. "Grevillea 'Golden Lyre'". Descriptions of Registered Cultivars. Australian Cultivar Registration Authority. Retrieved 2010-12-03.
  29. "Grevillea 'Poorinda Leane'". Descriptions of Registered Cultivars. Australian Cultivar Registration Authority. Retrieved 2010-12-03.
  30. "Grevillea 'Poorinda Pink Coral'". Descriptions of Registered Cultivars. Australian Cultivar Registration Authority. Retrieved 2010-12-03.
  31. "Grevillea 'Poorinda Queen'". Descriptions of Registered Cultivars. Australian Cultivar Registration Authority. Retrieved 2010-12-03.
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