Gnaphosoidea

The Gnaphosoidea or gnaphosoids are a superfamily of araneomorph spiders with seven families. A 2014 study did not find the group to be monophyletic.

Gnaphosoidea
Gnaphosa bicolor
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Clade: Entelegynae
Clade: Dionycha
Superfamily: Gnaphosoidea
Simon, 1893[1]
Families

See text

Phylogeny

Gnaphosoidea has been circumscribed to contain the following families:[1]

Gnaphosoidea has been placed in the Dionycha clade, itself part of the RTA clade:[2]

RTA clade
 

basal clades

 
 
Dionycha
 

other clades

 
 

Gnaphosoidea

 
 
 

Grate-shaped tapetum clade (including lycosoids)

 
 
 

The Prodidomidae, Lamponidae and Gnaphosidae have been considered "higher gnaphosoids", sharing anterior lateral spinnerets consisting of only a single "joint" (article); the "lower gnaphosoids" (Ammoxenidae, Cithaeronidae, Gallieniellidae and Trochanteriidae) retain a distal article that is represented by an entire ring of hardened (sclerotized) cuticle.[3] (Earlier the Lamponidae were grouped with the "lower gnaphosoids", having spinnerets of an intermediate kind.[4]) One hypothesis for the internal phylogeny of the gnaphosoids, defined in this way, is:[2]

Gnaphosoidea
"lower gnaphosoids"
 
 

Gallieniellidae

 
 

Trochanteridae

 
 
 
 

Cithaeronidae

 
 

Ammoxenidae

 
 
 
"higher gnaphosoids"
 

Lamponidae

 
 
 

Gnaphosidae

 
 

Prodidomidae

 
 
 
 

A 2014 study of dionychan spiders did not recover Gnaphosoidea as a monophyletic group, instead finding "gnaphosoid" families other than Gnaphosidae and Prodidomidae to be part of a larger clade, mixed in with three other dionychan families, Liocranidae, Trachelidae and Phrurolithidae. Forcing Gnaphosoidea to be monophyletic produced results described as "quite suboptimal".[5]

References
  1. Dunlop, Jason A. & Penney, David (2011). "Order Araneae Clerck, 1757" (PDF). In Zhang, Z.-Q. (ed.). Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa. Auckland, New Zealand: Magnolia Press. ISBN 978-1-86977-850-7. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  2. Nentwig, Wolfgang, ed. (2013), "Appendix : Spider Phylogeny" (PDF), Spider Ecophysiology, Springer, ISBN 978-3-642-33988-2, retrieved 2015-11-03
  3. Platnick, Norman I. & Baehr, Barbara C. (2006). "A revision of the Australasian ground spiders of the family Prodidomidae (Araneae, Gnaphosoidea)" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History (298).CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  4. Platnick, N.I. (2002), "A revision of the Australasian ground spiders of the families Ammoxenidae, Cithaeronidae, Gallieniellidae, and Trochanteriidae (Araneae: Gnaphosoidea)", Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 271 (271): 1–244, doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2002)271<0001:AROTAG>2.0.CO;2, hdl:2246/494, retrieved 2015-11-20
  5. Ramírez, M. (2014). "The morphology and phylogeny of Dionychan spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae)". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 390 (390): 1–374. doi:10.1206/821.1. hdl:2246/6537. pp. 323–327.
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