Gladys Aylward

Gladys May Aylward (24 February 1902 – 3 January 1970) was a British-born evangelical Christian missionary to China, whose story was told in the book The Small Woman, by Alan Burgess, published in 1957, and made into the film The Inn of the Sixth Happiness, starring Ingrid Bergman, in 1958. The film was produced by Twentieth Century Fox, and filmed entirely in North Wales and England.[1]

Gladys May Aylward
Missionary to China
Born(1902-02-24)24 February 1902
Edmonton, England, UK
Died3 January 1970(1970-01-03) (aged 67)
Taiwan
Resting placeNew Taipei, Taiwan
NationalityBritish
Other names艾偉德
CitizenshipBritish subject (1902–1936)
Republic of China (1936–1970)
EducationSilver Street School, Edmonton, London
OccupationChristian missionary
Known forChristian Missionary to China

Early life

Aylward was born in 1902, one of three children to Thomas John Aylward and Rosina Florence (née Whiskin), a working-class family from Edmonton, North London.[2] From her early teens, Gladys worked as a domestic worker (housemaid). Following a calling to go overseas as a Christian missionary, she was accepted by the China Inland Mission to study a preliminary three-month course for aspiring missionaries. Due to her lack of progress in learning the Chinese language she was not offered further training.[3]

On 15 October 1932, having worked for Sir Francis Younghusband,[4] Aylward spent her life savings on a train passage to Yangcheng, Shanxi Province, China. The perilous trip took her across Siberia with the Trans-Siberian Railway. She was detained by the Russians, but managed to evade them with local help and a lift from a Japanese ship. She travelled across Japan with the help of the British Consul and took another ship to China.

Work in China

On her arrival in China Yangcheng, Aylward worked with an older missionary, Jeannie Lawson, to found The Inn of the Eight Happinesses,[5] (八福客栈 bāfú kèzhàn in Chinese) the name based on the eight virtues: Love, Virtue, Gentleness, Tolerance, Loyalty, Truth, Beauty and Devotion.[6] There, she and Mrs. Lawson not only provided hospitality for travellers, but would also share stories about Jesus, in hopes of spreading nascent Christianity. For a time she served as an assistant to the Government of the Republic of China as a "foot inspector" by touring the countryside to enforce the new law against footbinding young Chinese girls. She met with much success in a field that had produced much resistance, including sometimes violence against the inspectors.[4]

Aylward became a national of the Republic of China in 1936 and was a revered figure among the people, taking in orphans and adopting several herself, intervening in a volatile prison riot and advocating prison reform, risking her life many times to help those in need.[7] In 1938, the region was invaded by Japanese forces and Aylward led more than 100 orphans to safety over the mountains, despite being wounded, personally caring for them (and converting many to Christianity).

She did not return to Britain until 1949, at which point her life in China was thought to be in great danger from the Communists – the army was actively seeking out missionaries. Settling in Basingstoke, she gave many lectures on her work. After her mother died, Aylward sought a return to China. After rejection by the Communist government and a stay in British administered Hong Kong, she finally settled in Taiwan in 1958. There, she founded the Gladys Aylward Orphanage,[8] where she worked until her death in 1970.[9]

The Inn of the Sixth Happiness

A film based on her life, The Inn of the Sixth Happiness, was released in 1958. It drew from the book The Small Woman, by Alan Burgess. Although she found herself a figure of international interest due to the popularity of the film, and television and media interviews, Aylward was mortified by her depiction in the film and the liberties it took. The tall (1.75m/5' 9"), blonde, Swedish actress Ingrid Bergman “Helen Lazell” was inconsistent with Aylward's small stature, dark hair and North London accent. The struggles of Aylward and her family to effect her initial trip to China were disregarded in favour of a movie plot device of an employer "condescending to write to 'his old friend' Jeannie Lawson." Also, Aylward's dangerous, complicated travels across Russia, China and Japan were reduced to, "a few rude soldiers", after which, "Hollywood's train delivered her neatly to Tientsin."[10] Many characters and place names were changed, even when these names had significant meaning, such as those of her adopted children and the name of the inn, named instead for the Chinese belief in the number 8 as being auspicious. For example, in real life she was given the Chinese name 艾偉德 (Ài Wěi Dé- a Chinese approximation to 'Aylward' – meaning 'Virtuous One'), but in the film she was given the name 真愛 Jen-Ai,( pronounced- Zhen-Ai, meaning "true love").[11] Colonel Linnan was portrayed as half-European, a change which she found insulting to his real Chinese lineage, and she felt her reputation was damaged by the Hollywood-embellished love scenes in the film. Not only had she never kissed a man, but the film's ending portrayed her character leaving the orphans to re-join the colonel elsewhere,[12] even though in reality she did not retire from working with orphans until she was 60 years old.[13]

Death and legacy

Aylward died on 3 January 1970, just short of her 68th birthday, and is buried in a small cemetery on the campus of Christ's College in Guandu, New Taipei, Taiwan. She was known to the Chinese as 艾偉德 (Ài Wěi Dé- a Chinese approximation to 'Aylward' – meaning 'Virtuous One').

A London secondary school, formerly known as "Weir Hall and Huxley", was renamed the Gladys Aylward School shortly after her death.

There is a blue commemorative plaque on the house where Gladys lived near the school at 67 Cheddington Road, London N18.

Numerous books, short stories and films have been developed about the life and work of Gladys Aylward.

Notes
  1. Crowther, Bosley (14 December 1958). "The Inn of the Eighth Happiness". New York Times. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  2. http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/b/l/i/Ian-Blight/WEBSITE-0001/UHP-0060.html%5B%5D%5B%5D
  3. Latham, pp4-6
  4. "GLADYS AYLWARD – MISSIONARY TO CHINA". Berith. Archived from the original on 26 November 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  5. "Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 44: 118. 2006.
  6. http://www.cjvlang.com/Photos/yangcheng/smallwoman.html
  7. Burgess, Alan. Gladys Aylward, The Small Woman.
  8. IDEA – Magazine of the Evangelical Alliance Jan/Feb 2018 p.18 with photo
  9. "GLADYS AYLWARD, MISSIONARY, DIES". New York Times. 4 January 1970. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
  10. Wellman 1998, p. 197
  11. Cast Script. British Film Institute.
  12. Wellman 1998, p. 198
  13. Wellman 1998, p. 201

References
  • Hero Tales by Dave & Neta Jackson
  • These Are My People by Mildred T. Howard

Further sources

Archives
  • The archive of Gladys Aylward, including artefacts from her time in China, is held by SOAS Special Collections. Digitised material from the collection is available to view online here.

Bibliography
  • Aylward, Gladys, MS 291571: Letters and relics of Gladys Aylward, missionary to China, School of African and Oriental Studies, University of London
  • Aylward, Gladys (1980), Gladys Aylward: The Little Woman, ISBN 978-0-8024-2986-5
  • Burgess, A (1957), The Small Woman (New Impression ed.), Pan Books, ISBN 0-330-10196-X
  • Hunter, C (1971), Gladys Aylward: Her Personal Story, Coverdale House Publishers, ISBN 0-902088-25-4
  • Latham, R. O. (1952), Gladys Aylward, One of the Undefeated: The Story of Gladys Aylward, Edinburgh House Press, OCLC 24941398
  • Thompson, P (1971), London Sparrow: The Story of Gladys Aylward, Word Books, ISBN 0-85009-026-1
  • Benge, Janet; Benge, Geoff (1998), Gladys Aylward: The Adventure of a Lifetime, ISBN 978-1-57658-019-6
  • Purves, Carol (2005), Chinese Whispers: The Gladys Aylward Story, ISBN 978-1-903087-57-2
  • Jackson, Dave; Jackson, Neta (1994), Flight of the Fugitives: Gladys Aylward, ISBN 978-1-55661-466-8
  • Wellman, Sam (1998). Gladys Aylward: Missionary in China. Barbour.

Videography
  • The Inn of the Sixth Happiness (1958) – feature film
  • Gladys Aylward, the Small Woman with a Great God (2008) – documentary
  • Torchlighters: The Gladys Aylward Story (2008) – animated DVD for children ages 8–12
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