Giacomo Maria Brignole

Giacomo Maria Brignole Sale (1724 – 1801) was the 176th and 184th Doge of the Republic of Genoa, respectively from 1779 to 1781 and from 1795 to 1797. He was the last doge in the history of the Republic, before the suppression of the Genoese state and the only one elected twice, a unique case in the history of that Republic for the biennial election doges.

Giacomo Maria Brignole
Giacomo Maria Brignole Sale
176th and 184th Doge of the Republic of Genoa
In office March 4, 1779 – March 4, 1781
Preceded by	Giuseppe Lomellini
Succeeded by	Marco Antonio Gentile
In office November 17, 1795 – June 17, 1797
Preceded by	Giuseppe Maria Doria
Succeeded by	Position abolished
Personal details
Born	10 December 1724 Genoa, Republic of Genoa
Died	21 December 1801 Florence, Italy

Life as the Doge of the Republic

First term

The coronation ceremony was celebrated on 13 September 1779 inside the Church of Santi Ambrogio and Andrea,[1] as the hall of the Grand Council of the Palazzo Ducale was not accessible due to the fire of 1777, and the subsequent reconstruction work. The first term of the Doge Brignole was marked by a violent smallpox epidemic which quickly spread throughout the Republican territory and from the numerous incursions of Barbary pirates along the coasts of Liguria. A fortunate expedition against the raiders, arranged by Gerolamo Durazzo, brother-in-law of Brignole, allowed the captain Giovanni De Marchi to kidnap several Xebecs and to capture more than fifty prisoners in the waters in front of Bordighera.[2]

The doge ceased on March 4, 1781, the former Doge entered in the junta of the Borders and then in that of the Jurisdiction; from 1788 to 1796 he was the headmaster of the state inquisitors and in this capacity he managed to approve, at the end of 1790, a new stricter regulation of censorship.[3]

Second term

In a climate now surreal and close to decline, Giacomo Maria Brignole was elected on November 17, 1796 once again a Genoese doge, a unique fact in the secular history of the Republic of Genoa. For the difficult moment he refused any kind of celebration and the consequent coronation ceremony.[4]

With Napoleon increasingly at the western gates of the Republic of Genoa, the policy of Doge Brignole was based entirely on the neutrality of the Genoese state which did not want and should not join the Austro-Sardinia coalition against France. The situation began to precipitate for the customs government with the increasingly victorious Napoleonic battles and which inevitably sparked the first "followers" among the noble representatives and among the Genoese people. The same representative of France residing in Genoa, Guillaume-Charles Faipoult, had direct orders from Napoleon to follow events in the capital of the republic. In May 1797, arrests of some Jacobin rioters followed, which caused unrest in the city and in fact now divided the minds of the Genoese in favor or against the ever-growing Napoleonic power.[4]

The doge's son Gian Carlo Brignole also participated in the clashes with the Genoese Jacobins.

Now pressured by troops from across the Alps, he agreed with the senators to send an embassy to Bonaparte, who negotiated the establishment of a provisional government headed by the same doge Giacomo Maria Brignole on June 14, 1797, with the aim to draft a democratic constitution.[4]

Under Napoleon's rule

In a Republic of Genoa almost canceled by the Napoleonic events, the figure of the ex doge Brignole was chosen as the representative of a provisional government of the newly constituted Ligurian Republic, whose power was concentrated in the role of the doge and twelve senators, as well as various representatives pro-French and pro-Bonapartist nobility.

A title that of doge which was however abolished on June 17 of the same year - after the observations made by the lawyer Gaetano Marré of Borzonasca to the Municipality and to the doge himself - and replaced with the correct and revised role for Brignole as "president of provisional government "of the Ligurian Republic. He still maintained this role of representative of a " puppet and pro-Napoleonic state", with increasing embarrassment and absenting himself whenever possible, until January 17, 1798 when a Directory took over.[4]

Later years

In August 1798 some important people of the former Republic of Genoa, defined "dangerous individuals", were removed from the borders of the state and among these were Brignole, Stefano Rivarola, the brothers Girolamo and Giovanni Battista Serra and the Jacobean marquis Gaspare Sauli. Of the group, the two Serra brothers moved to Milan, Giacomo Maria Brignole and Gaspare Sauli to Florence and Stefano Rivarola to his Chiavariese lands.[3]

He took up residence at the convent of San Paolino in Florence where he died on 21 December 1801.[3]

Personal life

Brignole married Barbara Durazzo, with whom he had six children. The eldest son Gian Carlo was finance minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia from 1816 to 1824.[5]

The Palazzo Gio Carlo Brignole in Genoa was his property until 1798.[6]

References

1. "Gazzetta Universale". 1779. p. 617.
2. Doges of Genoa. General Books.
3. Buonadonna, Sergio. Rosso doge. I dogi della Repubblica di Genova dal 1339 al 1797 (in Italian). De Ferrari; 2 edizione.
4. Walton, Nicholas. Genoa, 'La Superba': The Rise and Fall of a Merchant Pirate Superpower. Hurst; 1 edition.
5. Battilana, Natale. Genealogie delle famiglie nobili di Genova (in Italian). Forni.
6. "Storia | Palazzo Gio Carlo Brignole Genova". www.palazzogiocarlobrignole.com. Retrieved July 17, 2020.

See also

• Doge of Genoa
• Republic of Genoa