Gert Town, New Orleans

Gert Town is a neighborhood in the city of New Orleans, Louisiana. It is the home to Xavier University of Louisiana and is a part of the Mid-City District. Gert Town played a major role in the industrial development of the New Orleans region. The Blue Plate Mayonnaise Factory, Coca-Cola Bottling Plant, Sealtest Dairy, and Thompson-Hayward Chemical Company were all fundamental manufacturing bases of the working-class neighborhood. Gert Town was also well known for being a center of development for jazz and other music genres. Musicians such as Buddy Bolden, John Robichaux, Merry Clayton, Bunk Johnson and Allen Toussaint all came from the neighborhood and helped shape the musical influence of New Orleans.[1]

Gert Town
Neighborhood
Blue Plate Artists Lofts in Gert Town
Coordinates: 29°57′37″N 90°06′19″W
CountryUnited States
StateLouisiana
CityNew Orleans
Planning DistrictDistrict 4, Mid-City District
Area
 • Total0.73 sq mi (1.9 km2)
 • Land0.73 sq mi (1.9 km2)
 • Water0.00 sq mi (0.0 km2)
Elevation
0 ft (0 m)
Population
 (2010)
 • Total1,545
 • Density2,100/sq mi (820/km2)
Time zoneUTC-6 (CST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)
ZIP Codes
70125
Area code(s)504

In 2016, Gert Town was named one of New Orleans fastest-growing areas.[2]

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, Gert Town has a total area of 0.73 square miles (1.9 km2), all land. The neighborhood is bordered by several other neighborhoods including Holly Grove, Mid-City, Fountainbleau, and Gravier.[3]

This area was originally part of the Jeanne de McCarty plantation, which was purchased by the New Orleans Canal and Banking Company in the 1830s to extend the New Basin Canal.[4] During this time much of the area was undeveloped and cut off from the rest of the city.[5] The New Basin Canal was eventually replaced by the Pontchartrain Expressway.

Gert Town did not start to establish independence as a neighborhood until the 1900s. During this time streetcars ran near Gert Town, which fostered the growth of the neighborhood. The development of Gert Town was also greatly aided by Lincoln Park, a popular spot for African Americans in the community.[4]

Today Gert Town is located in the center of New Orleans.[4] Gert Town's streets run parallel to the Mississippi River, causing the streets to curve and wind. The City Planning Commission defines the boundaries of Gert Town as these streets: Palmetto Street, South Carrollton Avenue, the Pontchartrain Expressway, South Broad Street, MLK Boulevard, Washington Avenue, Eve Street, Jefferson Davis Parkway, Earhart Boulevard, Broadway Street, Colapissa Street, South Carrollton Avenue, Fig Street, Cambronne Street, Forshey Street, Joliet Street and Edinburgh Street.[3]

Migration pattern and elevation

Gert Town is one of the points of lowest elevation in New Orleans, currently ranging from 0 to −4 meters below sea level.[6] According to geographer Richard Campanella, "vertical migration" patterns, based on topographical elevation, appeared to have a specific effect from 1920 to 2000 in New Orleans.[7] There is no evidence suggesting that race was a factor of the vertical migration pattern, but as time went on, New Orleanians appeared to move from areas of higher elevation to lower elevation. Between the years 1920 and 1930, areas of low elevation such as Gentilly, Lakeview, and especially Gert Town experienced great increases in population, while areas of high elevation, such as Marigny, Treme, and Lee Circle, experienced decreases in residential populations. The above-sea-level population in New Orleans decreased from approximately 90 percent in the early 20th century to approximately 38 percent in the start of the 21st century.[7] Following Hurricane Katrina, there was an increased percentage of the New Orleans population living at higher elevations, but it was more so due to slow re-population of more drastically affected low-elevation areas as opposed to a social preference for high elevation living.[8]

Cityscape

Xavier University of Louisiana is located in the northern corner of the neighborhood, while a commercial strip lies along the section of Carrollton Avenue that runs through the neighborhood. In the 1990s, a portion of the facade of the Sealtest Dairy building was preserved and incorporated into a new post office. Other small businesses are scattered along Washington Avenue; until Hurricane Katrina, one of them was Ultrasonic Studios.

In the mid-20th century, a manufacturing district developed around Jefferson Davis Boulevard, including the local Coca-Cola bottling plant and the Art Deco landmark Blue Plate Mayonnaise factory. In the late 20th century, manufacturing in this area declined and largely ended after the post-Katrina flooding. The businesses along Jefferson Davis Parkway that have succeeded in rebuilding include the studios of television station WVUE.

Other neighborhood landmarks included the Gert Town Pool, a public swimming pool in a domed structure run by the New Orleans Recreation Department. The Gert Town Pool was demolished by Mayor Mitch Landrieu's administration, for Xavier University, to eventually make way for a tennis court.[9]

  • Gallery of images from the cityscape of Gert Town.
  • Blue Plate Mayonnaise, before renovations (2007)
  • Blue Plate Artist Lofts (2019)
  • Lincoln and Johnson Park (2019)
  • Waldo Burton Memorial Boy's Home (2019)
  • Xavier University of Louisiana, Administration Building (2008)
  • Xavier University of Louisiana, Library Resource Center (2008)
  • Gert Town Natatorium, before demolition (2008)

Blue Plate Mayonnaise Factory

The Blue Plate Mayonnaise Factory is now known as the Blue Plate Artist Lofts. Blue Plate was one of the primary mayonnaise manufacturers in the country.[10] The creation of Blue Plate mayonnaise was influenced by Amelia Schlorer, who created her own mayonnaise recipe under a company named Schlorer Delicatessen Company. The success of her mayonnaise motivated the Wesson-Snowdrift Company to produce Blue Plate mayonnaise.

Blue Plate mayonnaise was originally produced in the city of Gretna, Louisiana, until production was moved to 1315 S Jefferson Davis Parkway in the small Gert Town neighborhood in 1941. Some people believe that the production of the mayonnaise came to a halt because of Hurricane Katrina , but the factory stopped producing Blue Plate mayonnaise in 2000. Reily Foods Company, which owned the brand, found a more up-to-date factory in Tennessee. Although the Jefferson Davis Parkway building suffered some damage in the hurricane, and was shut down, its historic architecture has been replenished.[11]

Lincoln and Johnson Park

Two historical parks are located in Gert Town: Lincoln Park and Johnson Park. They are adjacent to each other and are located near Earhart Boulevard, where Carrollton Avenue intersects. From 1902 to 1930 both parks were amusement parks where local African-American families gathered.[12] These amusement parks consisted of a skating rink and hot-air balloon rides available on occasional weekends. Today, Lincoln Park is now known as Larry Gilbert Stadium, where youth sports are held. Johnson Park has become Cuccia-Byrnes Playground, where fundraising is done annually for youth activities.[13] Although the parks did have recreational purposes, their main attractions were for entertainment, and specifically for jazz music. Both parks have had great significance in terms of jazz music in New Orleans and the genre of music in entirety.[13]

Famous jazz musicians who performed at Lincoln and Johnson Park include Buddy Bolden, Bunk Johnson, and Freddie Keppard. Many other featured performances were done by the orchestra of John Robichaux. The most notable performer at the parks was Bolden, who often battled there against other musicians.[12] The contributions of the parks to Gert Town and jazz music still remain in how jazz music evolved using a unique improvising style, which was first exhibited at Lincoln and Johnson Park.[12]

Waldo Burton Memorial Boy's Home

The Waldo Burton Memorial Boys Home is located on 3320 S Carrollton Avenue, very close to the campus of Xavier University of Louisiana. It was built in 1918 by William L. Burton, who named the home after his son William Waldo Burton. This home was an orphanage for young boys from the 1920s until the 21st century.[14] There were many names for the home, including the Orphan Boys Asylum and the Asylum for the Relief of Destitute Orphan Boys.[15]

The building, still standing, is now a retirement home for the elderly, surrounded by trees and much nightlife, despite Hurricane Katrina and other natural disasters that hit Gert Town.[14] Currently, it provides community services to the elderly whenever high school or college students apply to help.[15]

Xavier University of Louisiana

Gert Town's most prominent landmark is Xavier University of Louisiana, which was established in 1925 and is the nation's only historically black Catholic university. Xavier was founded by St. Kathrine Drexel, an educator and philanthropist.[16]

In August 2005, Hurricane Katrina, a category 5 storm, hit Louisiana leaving Xavier under six feet of water.[17] The hurricane decimated Xavier's student enrollment, which decreased from 4,100 students to 3,000 students.[18] The campus was flooded with water for two weeks. It took nearly five months and $80 million of federal funds and private donations to reconstruct the campus. Important buildings such as the Norman C. Francis Academic Science Complex and the University Center were partly demolished in order to repair them. Xavier University reopened in January 2006.[19][20]

History

The most commonly accepted explanation for the neighborhood's name is that it is a corruption of "Gehrke's Town." Gehrke's was a general store, located at Carrollton and Colapissa, which was a local gathering place because, around the beginning of the 20th century, it had the area's only telephone.[21]

Gert Town's odd street pattern is the result of earlier land development that reflected the bends in the Mississippi River. With a lower elevation than other areas, the area was once part of the swampy "Back of Town," and major streets stopped before entering the area. After some marginal residential development in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, older Uptown streets that were perpendicular to the river tended to meet in Gert Town and Mid-City. Many of the narrow side streets in Gert Town remained unpaved longer than those in other neighborhoods.[22]

Like the majority of the city, Gert Town flooded from the levee failures in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Except for a few sections along major thoroughfares like Carrollton Avenue and Davis Parkway, recovery remained slow five years later.[23]

Thompson-Hayward Lawsuit

In 1931, one acre of land in Gert Town was purchased by the Thompson-Hayward chemical company. The facility opened a year later, producing wet pesticides and wet and dry herbicides. From 1931 to 1986, ownership changed twice. The land went from the Thompson-Hayward chemical company to the TH Agriculture and Nutrition Company and finally to Harcos Chemicals, Inc. This plot of land went from housing wet pesticides and herbicides to only dry products to storing chemicals and several cleaning supplies.[24]

The chemical factory provided jobs despite the odor and dust. As the years progressed, the factory was told to cease production and the release of chemicals to the outside, by the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ). The building was then torn down, but the toxic chemicals had seeped into the bricks and had escaped through water systems and air ventilation. The resulting pollution caused many people to develop several symptoms from minor headaches to death.[24] This angered many people, and they filed a lawsuit. In the settlement, the defendants agreed to pay $51.575 million into a single fund that would compensate the plaintiffs.[4]

Demographics

As of the census of 2010, there were 3,614 people, 1,060 households, and 564 families residing in the neighborhood, a decrease from the numbers in the neighborhood prior to Hurricane Katrina. The population of people who lived in the Gert Town area in the year of 2000, pre-Katrina, was 4,748 people.[25] Between the years of 2012 and 2016, the population was 4,221.[25]

Pre-Katrina Population

Gert Town was at its highest population in the 1940s with about 8,700 people.[26] The 2000 census showed the population had declined to 4,748,[27] for unknown reasons. Gert Town, in particular, doesn't appear to have a lot of information about population changes between the years of 1950 to 2000.[28] Prior to Hurricane Katrina, only 8.0% of households fit the traditional American stereotype of a married couple with children under the age of 18.[27]

Post-Katrina Population

In 2005, Hurricane Katrina struck the city of New Orleans, and because of Gert Town's low elevation, the neighborhood was greatly affected.[29] Since then, there has been a decline in the neighborhood population to about 3,614 people.[30] Between the years 2012 and 2016, approximately 54% of the neighborhood population was living in poverty.[31] Although the area is heavily impoverished, of the 3,614 people living in the area, 41.6% of Gert Town's residents are employed.[32] This is an increase from the 34.1% residential employment before Hurricane Katrina.

The small area of Gert Town is largely occupied by a younger demographic.[33] A majority of the employed residents are teens and young adults, working in food services, but before the 2005 hurricane, the Gert Town neighborhood was known for its contribution to the city's industrial sector.[34]

In Gert Town, 27.8% of people do not have a high school diploma. That being said, 32.4% of the population has a high school diploma or equivalent of one, 39.2% have attended college but have not earned a degree, 4.9% have an associate degree, 4.0% have a bachelor's degree, and 1.3% have a Graduate degree.[35]

Racial & Ethnic Diversity of Gert Town
Ethnicity 2000 2012–2016
African American 94.5% 78.90%
White 2.9% 9.20%
Asian .5% 2.10%
American Indian .0% 0.10%
Multiple Races .6% 2.8%
Hispanic 1.3% 6.8%


Age of Gert Town Citizens
Age 2000 2013–2017
4 years of age and under 5.5% 7.5%
5–9 years old 5.8% 5.0%
10–14 years old 5.5% 3.4%
15–17 years old 3.4% 3.5%
18–34 years old 42.6% 51.6%
35–49 years old 15.9% 11.8%
50–64 years old 10.7% 11.0%
65–74 years old 5.2% 4.5%
75–84 years old 3.5% 1.3%
85 years old and older 1.8% .4%

Music

Overview

Anthropologist Helen Regis has said that second line jazz parades are important community activities in neighborhoods such as Treme, Central City, and Gert Town, since they invite everyone in the area to participate. Moreover, in communities such as Gert Town that are heavily affected by racism, poverty, and high crime rates, second lines assist in promoting and maintaining hope in spite of the harsh daily realities the residents have faced, such as Hurricane Katrina, or continue to face.[36]

Gert Town's poverty-stricken neighborhoods helped create the foundation of Hip hop. From these neighborhoods arose Bounce DJs who represented the neighborhoods by calling out their names in specific songs. Hip hop brought fame to the area by representing the hope and desire Gert Town had for its communities, people, and its future as a historical area filled with musical culture.[37] Bounce DJs, specifically Partners 'N' Crime, had songs such as "New Orleans Block Party" that represented their communities they were from – one of them being Gert Town.[38]

Local musicians

Born in 1877 in New Orleans, Charles "Buddy" Bolden was a pioneer of the early sound of Jazz. Bolden was a prominent trumpeter and is hailed as the king of jazz. Very little is known about his early life.[39] In the early years of his playing with his band, he heard ragtime blues and gospel and fused those styles. Much of his success came while playing in Lincoln Park, an iconic meeting ground for African Americans during the Jim Crow Era. Bolden would play his trumpet or cornet and would call crowds from Johnson Park and the surrounding areas of Gert Town and New Orleans to hear him play.

Willie "Bunk" Johnson was a jazz trumpeter from Gert Town, whose contributions left a significant impact on the jazz genre. Johnson started his musical career at the age of six; at age fifteen he began his professional music career.[40] Johnson's first professional job was under Bolden; and he went on to play professionally in numerous bands that toured Japan, Australia, and South America. Johnson's career temporarily ended in 1932 after being involved in a bar fight that left him jobless because he lost his teeth and destroyed his trumpet. In 1938, fans found him working manual labor in New Iberia. With their donations, he returned to New Orleans, acquired a set of false teeth, and began playing professionally again. After reviving his career, he produced over fifty recordings and achieved both musical and cultural celebrity status.[41]

Culture

Food

Dunbar's Creole Cuisine is a native Louisiana, family-run restaurant re-established by Celestine Dunbar in 2017.[42] Before moving to 7834 Earhart Boulevard, on the edge of Gert Town, the restaurant, started in 1986, was called Dunbar's Creole Cooking and was on Freret Street.

The roots of the establishment were a local deli off of Oak Street.[42] During the 1970s, Dunbar took over the duties and responsibilities of the deli across the street from her home when the owner fell ill. Each day she would cook the meals needed at home and bring them over to the deli. As time passed the business gained more traction and consistent customers who knew of Dunbar and her home-cooked meals. Consequently, she finally decided to open up a bigger restaurant of her own.

It didn't take long for Dunbar's Creole Cooking to receive praise and recognition from both native New Orleans residents and supporters worldwide. It was featured in various magazines such as Southern Living and the Gourmet.[43]

The restaurant was greatly affected by Hurricane Katrina in 2005. The entire business was destroyed, and Dunbar didn't have insurance to cover all the expenses to rebuild and to replace everything that was lost. Dunbar took her business to Loyola Law School's food court in 2006. At this location, she grew her clientele with university students and faculty.[43] She even participated in numerous festivals and other events until she finally found a new location to rebuild her restaurant.[42]

After an extensive process, the new and improved Dunbar's Creole Cuisine had its grand opening on 7 April 2017. Countless loyal supporters were ecstatic about the return of the beloved restaurant and now it has become a hot spot for many.[43] Dunbar's Creole Cuisine draws people from far and wide with its unique fusion of modern Creole cuisine and home-made country Louisiana meals.[42]

Gert Town Festival

After Hurricane Katrina, many residents of Gert Town were forced to leave and the community itself was lacking resources. Schools, churches, and other businesses were abandoned. To rebuild Gert Town, many residents gathered under tents and booths, on a hot Saturday, to hold the first Gert Town Festival in 2010. The festival was a way to start reforming the community and to raise awareness for the needs of the community. The community made "strong relationships with adjacent neighborhoods, which include Hollygrove and Fontainebleau, among others."[44]

The events still go on to this day, hosted by the New Orleans Recreation Development Commission and Fit NOLA Parks. The parks hoped to "increase the use of neighborhood parks and provide access to healthy foods in underserved areas." Giving the families a chance to have a fun day, while also helping the community get back on their feet. One Saturday in June, the people of Gert Town gather for a second line in the park. The second line is led by Da Truth Bass Band and then the fun begins. Many community organizations, students, and local artists, such as Dj Captain Charles provided entertainment. Free food, drinks, and games for all ages are provided. Gert Town's festival brings back the joy the community once had.[45]

Mardi Gras Indians

Mardi Gras Indians are one of the oldest cultural traditions brought to New Orleans from African tribes.[12] The African drumming traditions in the Indian tribes combined with the traditions of the New Orleans brass bands have had an influence on jazz in New Orleans. Many Indian gangs support the bands of traditional second-line parades or jazz funerals with percussion instruments.[12]

Larry Bannock, also known as "Big Chief Larry Bannock", is a Mardi Gras Indian from Gert Town who grew up on Edinburgh Street. Bannock began Indian masking with the Gert Town crew "Golden Star" in 1972. He continued rising in rank where he eventually became Big Chief of the tribe in 1979 and renamed it the Golden Star Hunters, who he also referred to as the 17 Hounds.[46] As the chief, Bannock lead his crew and demonstrated his creativity through the Indian costume designs and performances that he exhibited. Bannock knew how to bead and sew Indian suits, often teaching and sharing his skills with others in his community.[4]

Bannock received national notoriety in 1980 when he toured the world with one of his hand-sewn suits selected by the Smithsonian Institution to represent the culture of Mardi Gras Indians.[4] In the 1980s, Bannock became one of the first Indians to receive a grant to teach the sewing tradition of Mardi Gras Indians. His costume designs were heavily influenced by African Americans. Indian suits are preservations of African American folk art and are representations of New Orleans' complex culture.[12] These colorful beaded suits are hand-sewn all year long before they are paraded around the streets of New Orleans and shown off while singing, dancing, and chanting folk songs.

Bannock served as president of the Mardi Gras council, where he shared his knowledge on Indian traditions and culture.[47] Bannock and The Golden Star Hunters were annual performers at the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival, until he passed away three days after his appearance at the festival in 2014.[4]

Notable people

In addition to the musicians described above, other notable New Orleanians from Gert Town include the comedian Garrett Morris and the singers Merry Clayton and Tami Lynn.

See also

Notes
  1. "Location Spotlight: Zion City".
  2. "New Orleans' fastest growing neighborhoods: CBD, Mid-City, Gert Town top list". Curbed New Orleans. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  3. "Gert Town Neighborhood". www.datacenterresearch.org. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
  4. "Location spotlight: Zion City". ViaNolaVie. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
  5. Kailas, Mohan (16 February 2018). "New Orleans Neighborhood Series: Gert Town". Mohan Kailas. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
  6. "Reference Maps | The Data Center". www.datacenterresearch.org. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  7. Campanella, Richard (2008). Bienville's dilemma : a historical geography of New Orleans. Lafayette: Center for Louisiana Studies, University of Louisiana at Lafayette. ISBN 978-1887366854. OCLC 232257578.
  8. Campanella, Richard (2008). Bienville's Dilemma: A Historical Geography of New Orleans. Center for Louisiana Studies, University of Louisiana at Lafayette/Garrett County Press. ISBN 978-1887366854.
  9. "Gert Town gets a new indoor pool, NOPD station".
  10. Reese, Nicholas. ""Pass the Mayo: The Story of the South's Legendary Spread" – Blue Plate Mayonnaise Factory: A Cultural and Historic New Orleans Icon". New Orleans Historical. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
  11. "New Orleans history, dressed: The Blue Plate mayonnaise story | 300 for 300". nola.com. 14 July 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
  12. "New Orleans Neighborhood Series: Gert Town". 16 February 2018.
  13. Orleans. "A New Orleans Jazz History, 1895–1927 – New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
  14. "Waldo Burton Boys Home Special Collections". Howard-Tilton Memorial Library.
  15. Stokes, Tom. "Waldo Burton Boys Home". Sports Plus Show.
  16. "Xavier University of Louisiana". www.xula.edu. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
  17. "Hurricane Katrina". www2.xula.edu. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
  18. Contributor. "From Storm To STEM: Rebuilding Xavier University". Forbes. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
  19. Pope, John (12 March 2012). "Xavier University being transformed by influx of money following Hurricane Katrina". nola.com. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
  20. Block, Melissa (17 January 2006). "Students Return to Louisiana's Xavier University". All Things Considered. NPR.
  21. "Where is Gert Town and why is it named that?". The Advocate. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  22. Kailas, Mohan (16 February 2018). "New Orleans Neighborhood Series: Gert Town – Mohan Kailas". Medium. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
  23. Buchanan, Susan (17 October 2012). "Gert Town Overlooked As New Orleans Redevelops". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
  24. Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Pursuing Public Goals for Private Gain". Class Action Dilemmas. RAND Corporation. ISBN 9780833026019. JSTOR 10.7249/mr969icj.
  25. "Population Loss and Vacant Housing in New Orleans Neighborhoods | The Data Center". www.datacenterresearch.org. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
  26. "District 4 Gert Town" (PDF).
  27. "Gert Town | The Data Center". www.datacenterresearch.org. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
  28. "Gert Town Neighborhood". Greater New Orleans Community Data Center. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
  29. "Katrina's Wake" (PDF).
  30. Buchanan, Susan (17 October 2012). "Gert Town Overlooked As New Orleans Redevelops". Huffington Post. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  31. "Gert Town | The Data Center". www.datacenterresearch.org. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
  32. "Employment Status in Gert Town". statisticalatlas.com. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
  33. "Age and Sex in Gert Town". statisticalatlas.com. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
  34. "Gert Town Neighborhood Snapshot". www.datacenterresearch.org. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
  35. "Gert Town | The Data Center". www.datacenterresearch.org. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
  36. Raeburn, B. B. (1 December 2007). ""They're Tryin' to Wash Us Away": New Orleans Musicians Surviving Katrina". Journal of American History. 94 (3): 812–819. doi:10.2307/25095143. ISSN 0021-8723. JSTOR 25095143.
  37. Hess, Mickey (2010). Hip hop in America : a regional guide. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Press. p. 527. ISBN 9780313343223. OCLC 992034590.
  38. Hess, Mickey (2010). Hip hop in America : a regional guide. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Press. p. 527. ISBN 9780313343223. OCLC 992034590.
  39. "Buddy Bolden (1877–1931) • BlackPast". BlackPast. 22 January 2008. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
  40. "Bunk Johnson – Know Louisiana". 64 Parishes. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
  41. "History is Bunk". Offbeat. 23. June 2010.
  42. [email protected], IAN MCNULTY |. "Dunbar's Creole Cuisine, a pre-Katrina fixture, gets cooking again on Earhart Boulevard". The Advocate. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
  43. Times-Picayune, NOLA com | The. "Hurricane Katrina flooded Dunbar's restaurant; a dozen years later, it's back". NOLA.com. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
  44. "NewsBank". infoweb.newsbank.com. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
  45. "NORDC Offers Feast of Fests | NOLA DEFENDER". www.noladefender.com. 4 June 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
  46. Perry-Crawford, Taylor; Laboratory, Elizabeth Page with research support from Xavier University of Louisiana's Performance Studies. "Big Chief Larry Bannock and the Battle of Gert Town". New Orleans Historical. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  47. "Mardi Gras Indian Masks | Mardi Gras New Orleans". www.mardigrasneworleans.com. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
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