Geography of Niger

Niger is a landlocked nation in West Africa located along the border between the Sahara and Sub-Saharan regions. Its geographic coordinates are longitude 16°N and latitude 8°E. Its area is 1.267 million square kilometers, of which 1 266 700 km² is land and 300 km² water, making Niger slightly less than twice the size of France.[1]

Geography of Niger

Continent	Africa
Region	Western Africa
Coordinates	16°00′N 08°00′E
Area	Ranked 22nd
• Total	1,266,700 km^2 (489,100 sq mi)
• Land	99.98%
• Water	0.02%
Coastline	0 km (0 mi)
Borders	Land boundaries: Algeria 951 km Benin 277 km Burkina Faso 622 km Chad 1,196 km Libya 342 km Mali 838 km Nigeria 1,608 km[1]
Irrigated land	736.6 km² (2005)
Total renewable water resources	33.65 km^3 (2011)
Highest point	Mont Idoukal-n-Taghès, 2,022 m
Lowest point	Niger River, 200 m
Climate	Desert to tropical
Terrain	Mostly desert plains and sand dunes, hills in the north
Natural Resources	Uranium, coal, iron ore, tin, phosphates, gold, molybdenum, gypsum, salt, petroleum
Natural Hazards	Recurring droughts
Environmental Issues	Overgrazing, soil erosion, deforestation, poaching

Brief history

Niger, which attained independence from France in 1960 was under military regime till 1991. On public demand Gen. Ali Saibou held multiparty elections in 1993 and soon democracy came into effect in 1993. However, political unrest was caused by Col. Ibrahim Bare who staged a coup in 1996, but he later died in a counter insurgency operations by officers of the military establishment in 1999. This was followed by fresh elections for a democratic rule, and Mamadou Tandja assumed power in December 1999. Tandja, who won the elections in 2004 and in 2009, wanted to bring about a constitutional amendment to extend his tenure as president. However, in February 2010, he was removed from the post of the president in a coup engineered by the military and the constitution was annulled. Soon after, in 2011, elections were held and Mahamadou Issoufou got elected as the president and was sworn in April 2011.[1] Niger’s problem with rebellious groups continued during 2007 and 2008. Rebellion was controlled. However, its security problems with its neighbors such as Libya, Nigeria and Mali have been a cause for concern[1]

Geography

Niger, with a land area of 1.267 million km², is a land locked country which is bounded with a land boundary of 5,834 km by seven countries: Algeria (951 km), Benin (277 km), Burkina Faso (622 km), Chad (1,196 km), Libya (342 km), Mali (838 km, and Nigeria (1,608) km.[1]

Regions

Niger is divided into 7 Regions (French: régions; singular – région). Each department's capital is the same as its name.

A clickable map of Niger exhibiting its seven regions.

Region	Area (km^2)[2]	Population (2012 census)
Agadez	667,799	487,620
Diffa	156,906	593,821
Dosso	33,844	2,037,713
Maradi	41,796	3,402,094
Niamey	402	1,026,848
Tahoua	113,371	3,328,365
Tillabéri	97,251	2,722,842
Zinder	155,778	3,539,764

• The national capital, Niamey, comprises a capital district.

Departments

The pre-2011 36 Departments of Niger. A further 27 were then carved out of existing divisions.

The Regions of Niger are subdivided into 63 Departments.

Communes

The 63 Departments are broken down into Communes. As of 2006 there were 265 communes, including communes urbaines (Urban Communes: centred in or as subdivisions of cities of over 10000), communes rurales (Rural Communes) centred in cities of under 10,000 and/or sparsely populated areas, and a variety of traditional (clan or tribal) bodies amongst semi-nomadic populations.

• 
  Communes of Niger

Cities

• 
  Niger's cities, main towns and other centres
• 
  Agadez is the largest city in central Niger, with a population of 88,569 (2005 census)
• 
  Niamey, the Capital of Niger

Roadways

• 
  A state-run SNTV coach running between Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) and Niamey, Niger
• 
  Truck and car traffic along Boulevard Mali Bero, Niamey, Niger

Physical geography

Agricultural geography

A satellite image depicting the physical geography of Niger

Some of the land in Niger is used as arable land (660 km² of land in Niger is irrigated) and as pasture. There are some forests and woodland. The table below describes land use in Niger, as of 2011.

Land use

Use	Percentage of Area
Arable land	11.79[1]
Permanent crops	0.05[1]
Other	88.16[1]

Climate

Köppen climate classification map of Niger

Niger's climate is largely hot and dry, with most of the country in a desert region. The terrain is predominantly desert plains and sand dunes. There are also large plains in the south and hills in the north. In the extreme south, there is a tropical climate near the edges of the Niger River Basin. Lake Chad at the southeast corner of the country is shared between Niger, Nigeria, Chad, and Cameroon.

Current issues

Current environmental issues in Niger include overgrazing, soil erosion, deforestation, desertification, recurring droughts, and endangered wildlife populations (such as the African elephant, Northwest African cheetah, West African giraffe, and Addax), which are threatened because of poaching and habitat destruction.[3]

Natural hazards

The Sahel region is a belt up to 1,000 km wide that spans Africa from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea

Recurring droughts are a serious challenge for Niger.[4] The 2012 Sahel drought, along with failed crops, insect plagues, high food prices and conflicts is currently affecting Niger causing a hunger crisis.[5] Many families in Niger, still recovering from the 2010 Sahel famine, are being affected by the 2012 Sahel drought.[6]

The 2005–06 Niger food crisis created a severe, but localized food security crisis in the regions of northern Maradi, Tahoua, Tillabéri, and Zinder of Niger from 2005 to 2006. It was caused by an early end to the 2004 rains, desert locust damage to some pasture lands, high food prices, and chronic poverty.

Extreme points

• Northernmost point: Tripoint with Algeria and Libya, Agadez Region: 23°31'N.[7]
• Southernmost point: Benin/Niger/Nigeria tripoint, Dosso Region: 11°42'N
• Easternmost point: border with Chad, Agadez Region: 16°00'E
• Westernmost point: border with Mali and Burkina Faso, Tillabéri Region: 0°07'E
• Highest point: Mont Idoukal-n-Taghès, Aïr Massif, Agadez Region:2,022 m (6,634 ft)[1]
• Lowest point: Niger River at Nigeria border, Dosso Region: 200 m (656 ft)[1]

• 
  Topography of Niger

International agreements

Niger is a party to the following agreements:

• Biodiversity
• Climate Change
• Desertification
• Endangered species
• Environmental Modification
• Hazardous Wastes
• Nuclear Test Ban
• Ozone Layer Protection
• Sustainable development goals
• Wetlands

Niger has signed, but not ratified the Kyoto Protocol and Law of the Sea.[8][9]

National parks and reserves

IUCN Protected area in Niger

Niger's protected areas comprise about 7.7 percent of the total land area.[10] Six of the reserves are fully categorized under the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

Natural resources

Niger possesses the following natural resources:

• Uranium[11][12]
• Coal[13]
• Iron ore[14]
• Tin[12]
• Phosphates[12]
• Gold[15]
• Molybdenum
• Gypsum
• Salt[16]
• Oil[17]

Waterways

• 
  Lake Chad as seen from Apollo 7
• 
  Mud houses on the center island at Lake Debo, a wide section of the Niger River
• 
  The oasis at Bilma, Niger
• 
  The Timia oasis

Wildlife

• 
  African bush elephants photographed in the Niger section of the W National Park complex of protected areas.
• 
  West African giraffes in Kouré, Niger.
• 
  A Violet turaco.

Political geography

Surrounded by seven other countries, Niger has a total of 5,834 km of borders. The longest border is with Nigeria to the south, at 1,608 km. This is followed by Chad to the east (1,196 km), Algeria to the north-northwest (951 km), and Mali to the west (838 km). Niger also has short borders in its far southwest frontier (Burkina Faso at 622 km and Benin at 277 km) and to the north-northeast (Libya at 342 km).[1]

See also

• Departments of Niger
• List of national parks of Niger
• Outline of Niger
• Regions of Niger

References

1. "The World Factbook". CIA.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
2. Niger at GeoHive Archived 20 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine
3. "Niger: African Wildlife Foundation". AfricanWildlifeFoundation.com. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
4. "Learning the Lessons?" (PDF). Oxfam. 16 April 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
5. Fominyen, George (24 May 2012). "Coming weeks critical to tackle Sahel hunger ? U.N. humanitarian chief". trust.cm. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
6. "West African food crisis 2012". trust.com. 22 January 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
7. "Libya – Niger Boundary" (PDF). International Boundary Study. Office of the Geographer - Bureau of Intelligence and Research. 4 May 1961. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
8. "UNTC". United Nations.
9. "UNTC". United Nations.
10. "Niger: Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles". FAO Organization. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
11. "France backs Niger in talks with Areva over uranium mining". The Guardian. 6 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
12. "THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF OTHER COUNTRIES OF AFRICA" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. 1994. p. 21. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
13. "NIGER: Coal the new weapon to stop desert advance". Integrated Regional Information Networks. 1 July 2004. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
14. "CROSS-BORDER DIARIES" (PDF). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. June 2007. p. 52. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
15. Els, Frik (19 June 2013). "Semafo up 4% after tracing new trend over 10 kilometers in Niger". Mining.com. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
16. Issa, Ousseini (15 May 2013). "Protecting Niger's Desert Salt Pans". Inter Press Service. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
17. "As refinery opens, Niger joins club of oil producers". Agence France-Presse. 28 November 2011. Retrieved 9 February 2014.

Further reading

• L. Herrmann, K. Stahr and K. Vennemann. Atlas of Natural and Agronomic Resources of Niger and Benin, "Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft" (German Research Foundation), the University of Hohenheim. (No date). Retrieved 2008-02-22.