Fifth generation fighter

A fifth generation fighter is a jet fighter aircraft which includes major technologies developed during the first part of the 21st century. As of 2021 these are the most advanced fighters in operation. The characteristics of a fifth-generation fighter are not universally agreed and not every fifth-generation type necessarily has them all, however they typically include stealth, low-probability-of-intercept radar (LPIR), agile airframes with supercruise performance, advanced avionics features, and highly integrated computer systems capable of networking with other elements within the battlespace for situation awareness and C3 (command, control and communications) capabilities.[1]

USAF F-22 Raptor launching an AIM-120 AMRAAM missile
PLAAF Chengdu J-20

As of December 2020, the combat-ready fifth-generation fighters are the Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor, which entered service with the United States Air Force (USAF) in December 2005; the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II, which entered service with the USAF in July 2015;[2][3] the Chengdu J-20, which entered service with the People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) in September 2017,[4] and the Sukhoi Su-57, which entered service with the Russian Air Force on 25 December 2020.[5] Other national and international projects are in various stages of development.

Characteristics

The emerging generation of advanced fighter aircraft in the first decades of the 21st century have come to be known as the fifth generation.[6] The defining characteristics of such a fifth-generation fighter are not universally agreed and not every fifth-generation type necessarily has them all. Some generation counts include more than five leading up to the emerging new generation.[7][8]

Typical characteristics include:[8][9]

In order to minimize their radar cross-section (RCS), most fifth-generation fighters use chines instead of standard leading edge extensions and lack canards, though the Sukhoi T-50 has engine intake extensions that seem to function somewhat like canards and the Chengdu J-20 designers have chosen the agility enhancements of canards in spite of their poor stealth characteristics.[10] They all have twin canted vertical tails (similar to a V-tail) also to minimize side RCS. Most fifth-generation fighters with supermaneuverability achieve it through thrust vectoring.

They all have internal weapon bays in order to avoid high RCS weapon pylons, but they all have external hardpoints on their wings for use on non-stealthy missions, such as the external fuel tanks the F-22 carries when deploying to a new theater.

All fifth-generation fighters have a high percentage of composite materials, in order to reduce RCS and weight.

Software defined aircraft

All revealed fifth-generation fighters use commercial off-the-shelf main processors to directly control all sensors to form a consolidated view of the battlespace with both onboard and networked sensors, while previous-generation jet fighters used federated systems where each sensor or pod would present its own readings for the pilot to combine in their own mind a view of the battlespace.[11][12][13] The F-22A was physically delivered without synthetic aperture radar (SAR) or situation awareness infra-red search and track. It will gain SAR later through software upgrades.[14] However any flaw in these huge software systems can knock out supposedly unrelated aircraft systems and the complexity of a software defined aircraft can lead to a software crisis with additional costs and delays.[15][16] By the end of 2013 the biggest concern with the F-35 program was software, especially the software required to do data fusion across the many sensors.[17]

Sukhoi calls their expert system for sensor fusion the artificial intelligence of the Su-57.[18] Flight tests of their integrated modular avionics started in 2017 on a fiber optic networked multicore processor system.[19]

An automatic software response to an overheat condition apparently has contributed to at least one fatal crash of an F-22.[20]

The F-35 uses Software-defined radio systems, where common middleware controls Field-programmable gate arrays.[14] Col. Arthur Tomassetti has said that the F-35 is a "software intensive airplane and software is easy to upgrade, as opposed to hardware."[21]

In order to ease the addition of new software features, the F-35 has adopted a kernel and app separation of security responsibilities.[22]

Steve O'Bryan of Lockheed Martin has said that the F-35 may gain the ability to operate UAVs through a future software upgrade.[23] The USN is already planning to place its Unmanned Carrier-Launched Airborne Surveillance and Strike system under the control of a manned aircraft, to act as a flying missile magazine.[24]

Situational awareness
Main article: Situation awareness

The combination of stealthy airframes, stealthy sensors, and stealthy communications is designed to allow fifth-generation fighters to engage other aircraft before those targets are aware of their presence.[25] Lt. Col. Gene McFalls of the USAF has said that sensor fusion will feed into inventory databases to precisely identify aircraft at a distance.[26]

Sensor fusion and automatic target tracking are projected to give the fifth-generation jet fighter pilot a view of the battlespace superior to that of legacy AWACS (Airborne Warning and Control System) aircraft that may be forced back from the front lines by increasing threats. Therefore, tactical control could be shifted forwards to the pilots in the fighters.[27] Michael Wynne, former Secretary of the United States Air Force, has suggested elimination of the Boeing E-3 Sentry and Boeing E-8 Joint STARS in favor of more F-35s, simply because so much effort is being made by the Russians and Chinese to target these platforms that are built to commercial airliner standards.[28]

However, the more powerful sensors, such as AESA radar which is able to operate in multiple modes at the same time, may present too much information for the single pilot in the F-22, F-35 and Su-57 to adequately use. The Sukhoi/HAL FGFA offered a return to the two-seat configuration common in fourth generation strike fighters, but this was rejected over cost concerns.[29]

There is ongoing research to apply track-before-detect across sensor fusion in the core CPU to allow fifth-generation fighters to engage targets that no single sensor has by itself detected.[30] Probability theory is used to determine "what data to believe, when to believe and how much to believe".[31]

These sensors produce too much data for the onboard computers to fully process so sensor fusion is achieved by comparing what is observed against preloaded threat libraries that contain known enemy capabilities for a given region.[32] Items that do not match known threats are not even displayed.[33]

Limits of stealth
Main article: Radar cross-section

Even committed fifth-generation fighter users such as the Israelis concede that advances in sensors and computing will overcome a pure stealth configuration within a decade. This is why the Israelis insisted that the F-35 have defined interfaces so that the electronic warfare systems could be constantly improved to match the threat.[34] All known fifth-generation designs have extensive electronic warfare systems, partly in response to an incident where the limited EW systems on an F-117 may have led to its loss in combat.[35] Stealth is now seen as "part of the overall electronic warfare issue", in that a stealthy platform is easier to hide with the assistance of jamming.[36]

Chinese state media has claimed that their UHF JY-26 radar has tracked an F-22 on deployment to South Korea.[37]

Combat cloud
Main articles: network-centric warfare and Cooperative Engagement Capability

Gilmary M. Hostage III has suggested that fifth-generation jet fighters will operate together in a "combat cloud" along with future unmanned combat aircraft,[38] and Michael Manazir has suggested that this might come as quickly as loading a UCLASS with AMRAAMs to be launched at the command of an F-35.[39]

National programs

China
The Shenyang FC-31 aircraft at the 2014 Zhuhai Airshow

By the late 1990s, several Chinese fifth-generation fighter programs, grouped under the program codename J-XX or XXJ, were identified by western intelligence sources. PLAAF officials have confirmed the existence of such a program, which they estimated would enter service between 2017–2019.[40][41] By late 2010, two prototypes of the Chengdu J-20 had been constructed and were undergoing high-speed taxi trials.[42] The J-20 made its first flight on 11 January 2011.[43] On 26 December 2015, a new J-20 with serial number 2101 was seen leaving its Chengdu Aviation Corporation factory. It is believed to be the first of the low rate initial production (LRIP) aircraft.[44] 2101 conducted its maiden flight on 18 January 2016.[45]

The J-20 officially entered service in September 2017[46] and the PLAAF began inducting J-20s into combat units in February 2018.[47]

A proposed 5G fighter is the Shenyang FC-31 carrier-based stealth fighter – 2036

Another stealth fighter design from SAC started to circulate on the internet in September 2011.[48] In June 2012, photos about a possible prototype of F-60 being transferred on highway began to emerge on the internet.[49] This aircraft was named Shenyang FC-31 later, and made its maiden flight on 31 October 2012.[50]

European Union

In response to the use of the "fifth generation" term, Eurofighter has made a fifth-generation checklist placing different weights on the various capabilities, and arguing that the application of the label to strike aircraft such as Lockheed-Martin's F-35 is ill-advised, and even inconsistent with the aircraft's specifications. Meanwhile, Eurofighter adds "net-enabled operations" as a noteworthy requirement and de-emphasizes full-scope low observability as only one factor in survivability.[51] In the same article Eurofighter GmbH appear to acknowledge the remarkable performance of Lockheed Martin's F-22 aircraft, while demonstrating that labels as simple as "fifth generation" may easily be devised to serve the interests of the writer.

India
HAL AMCA, India's fifth generation stealth fighter

India is independently developing a twin-engine fifth-generation supermaneuverable stealth multirole fighter, called the HAL Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA). It is being developed and designed by the Aeronautical Development Agency and will be produced by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. As of 2019, the AMCA is in its detailed design phase with an expectation of the first prototype flying in or before 2025.[52][53]

In early 2018, India pulled out of the FGFA project, a fifth-generation derivative of the Sukhoi Su-57, which it alleged did not meet requirements for stealth, combat avionics, radars and sensors by that time.[54] The completed FGFA was to include 43 improvements over the Su-57, including stealth, supercruise, advanced sensors, networking and combat avionics.[55][56]

Iran

The IAIO Qaher-313 (Persian: قاهر-۳۱۳; also Ghaher-313, Conqueror (Tamer)-313, Q-313, F-313) is a planned Iranian single-seat stealth fighter aircraft that was publicly announced on 1 February 2013.[1] A press presentation about the project was made by President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Defense Minister Ahmad Vahidi on 2 February 2013, as part of the Ten-Day Dawn ceremonies.[1] Independent experts have expressed significant doubts about the viability of the aircraft.

Japan
Mitsubishi X-2 Shinshin

Japan is developing a prototype of a stealth jet fighter called the Mitsubishi X-2 Shinshin, previously referred to as the ATD-X. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, Japan, seeking to replace its aging fleet of fighter aircraft, began making overtures to the United States on the topic of purchasing F-22 fighters for their own forces.[57] However the U.S. Congress had banned the exporting of the aircraft in order to safeguard secrets of the aircraft's technology such as its extensive use of stealth; this rejection necessitated Japan's development of its own modern fighter, to be equipped with stealth features and other advanced systems.[58]

A mock-up of the X-2 Shinshin was constructed and used to study the radar cross section in France in 2009. The first prototype rolled out in July 2014 and the aircraft made its first flight on 22 April 2016. By July 2018, Japan had gleaned sufficient information, and decided that it would need to bring on international partners to complete this project. Several companies have responded.[59]

Pakistan

On 7 July 2017, The Pakistan Air Force announced its Project Azm to develop fifth-generation fighter (PAC PF-X) and Stealth MALE UAVs.[60][61]

Pakistan's former Chief of Air Staff Sohail Aman has claimed that PAF has already been developing the design for a fifth generation aircraft for two years, since the launch of Program Azm.[62][63]

According to the Pakistan Ministry of Defence Production's yearbook for 2017–2018, the Aviation Research, Innovation and Development (AvRID) Secretariat has completed the first of four conceptual design phase cycles for the Pakistan Air Force's (PAF) fifth-generation fighter aircraft (FGFA) program. In an interview conducted in May 2019 with the PAF Chief of Air Staff, Air Chief Marshal Mujahid Anwar Khan stated that he does not expect the Fifth Generation Fighter to become operational for another decade. He also revealed the current Air Staff Requirements of the FGFA are a "twin-engine single-seater, boasting the likes of super-cruise and laser weapons (directed energy weapons)." Thus, the FGFA is not only a clean-sheet design, but currently slated as a medium-to-heavyweight, high-performance jet. This design configuration indicates that the PAF intends to produce a platform capable of heavier payloads and range than the JF-17. In other words, a platform optimized for offensive counter-air (OCA), maritime, and deep-strike platforms, i.e., a direct successor of both the F-16A/B Block-15s and the Mirage III/Mirage 5.[64]

In July 2019, One of the Pakistan Air Force's C-130B, participating in RIAT 2019 Tail Art displayed a possible depiction of a fifth generation jet fighter, but not confirmed to be that of Azm. However it showed PAF's interest in the program.[64]

Russia

Technology Demonstrators included the Mikoyan Project 1.44 – 1998 (1 built) and Su-47 – 1997 (1 built).

Sukhoi Su-57 of the Russian Air Force

In the late 1980s, the Soviet Union outlined the need for a next-generation aircraft to replace its fourth-generation jet fighters, the Mikoyan MiG-29 and Sukhoi Su-27, in front line service. To meet the characteristics for the next-generation aircraft, work was underway on two aircraft projects: the twin-engined delta canard Sukhoi Su-47 with forward-swept wings and the Mikoyan Project 1.44. However, due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union and lack of funds, both remained only as technology demonstrators.

After 2000, the Russian Defence Ministry initiated a new fighter competition known as "PAK FA" (Russian: ПАК ФА, short for: Перспективный авиационный комплекс фронтовой авиации, romanized: Perspektivny Aviatsionny Kompleks Frontovoy Aviatsii, lit. ''Prospective aeronautical complex of front-line air forces'') to develop a next-generation fighter for the Russian Air Force, with Sukhoi and MiG as the main competitors. Sukhoi came up with its heavier, two-engine T-50 proposal (now Sukhoi Su-57) while Mikoyan proposed a light, single-engine Mikoyan LMFS design, based on the former MiG-1.44 project.[65] Sukhoi won the competition and in 2002, it was selected to lead the development of Russia's next-generation fighter based on the T-50 design. Later development of the multirole Mikoyan LMFS continued from MiG funding.[66][67]

Russia's first fifth-generation aircraft, the Sukhoi Su-57 will replace aging MiG-29s and Su-27s in Russian inventory.[68][69] The first Su-57 prototype performed its maiden flight on 29 January 2010[70] and the first production Su-57 aircraft is slated for delivery to the Russian Air Force in 2019.[71] The fighter was delivered to the Russian Air Force on 25 December 2020.[72] When introduced into service, its main rivals will be the American F-22 Raptor and F-35 Lightning II.

The Mikoyan MiG-41 is another fifth-generation fighter, being developed to replace the MiG-31.[73][74][75][76] The project began in 2010, and "According to Russian news reports, the MiG-41 will be equipped with stealth technology, reach a speed of Mach 4-4.3, carry anti-satellite missiles, and be able to perform tasks in Arctic and near-space environments."[77]

Another proposed 5G fighter is the Mikoyan LMFS.

Sweden

Saab's Flygsystem 2020 is a programme to develop a 5G fighter.

Turkey
Mock-up of the TAI TFX at the 2019 Paris Air Show.

In 2011 Türk Havacılık ve Uzay Sanayii AŞ (Turkish Aerospace Industries or TAI) initiated a $20 million concept design phase for a fifth-generation air-to-air fighter, TAI TFX. During a State visit of the President of Turkey to Sweden on 13 March 2013, TAI signed an agreement with Sweden's Saab AB to provide design support services to Turkey for the TAI TFX program.[78][79][80][81] TAI has stated that the program will cost $120 billion (with engine development).[82] Prime Minister Erdoğan has stated that Turkey has allocated the funds for development of the fuselage (less engine) and that it intends to have the TAI TFX fully operational prior to 2025.

On 8 January 2015, Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu announced that the TFX program will be an entirely indigenous platform with no international support shelving any cooperation with South Korea, Sweden, Brazil or Indonesia. On 13 March 2015 the Turkish Undersecretariat for Defence Industries (SSM) officially issued a Request for Information from Turkish companies which had the capacity "to perform the indigenous design, development and production activities of the first Turkish Fighter Aircraft to meet Turkish Armed Forces' next generation fighter requirements", signalling the official start of the program.

United States

Technology Demonstrators included the YF-22 – 1990 (2 built), Boeing Bird of Prey – 1996 (1 built), X-36 – 1997 (2 scale models built), X-35 – 2000 (2 built), X-32 – 2001 (1 built).

The Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II in 2013

Previous-generation radar low observable (LO) aircraft, also referred to as stealth aircraft, such as the B-2 Spirit and F-117 Nighthawk were designed to be bombers or ground attack aircraft, lacking the active electronically scanned array (AESA) radars, low probability of intercept (LPI) data networks, aerial performance, and air-to-air weapons necessary to engage other aircraft.[83] In the early 1970s, various American design projects identified stealth, speed, and maneuverability as key characteristics of a next-generation air-to-air combat aircraft. This led to the Request for Information for the Advanced Tactical Fighter project in May 1981, which resulted in the F-22.[84]

The USMC is leveraging the USAF's experience with "fifth-generation air warfare" in the F-22, as they develop their own tactics for the F-35.[85]

According to Lockheed Martin in 2004, the only fifth-generation jet fighter then in operational service was their own F-22 Raptor.[2][86] Lockheed Martin uses "fifth generation fighter" to describe the F-22 and F-35 fighters, with the definition including "advanced stealth", "extreme performance", "information fusion" and "advanced sustainment".[2][87] For unknown reasons, their definition no longer includes supercruise capability, which has typically been associated with the more advanced modern fighters, but which the F-35 lacks.[88] Lockheed Martin attempted to trademark the term "5th generation fighters" in association with jet aircraft and structural parts thereof,[89] and has a trademark for a logo with the term.[90]

The definition of the term fifth-generation fighter from Lockheed Martin has been criticized by companies whose products do not conform to these particular specifications, such as Boeing and Eurofighter, and by other commentators such as Bill Sweetman:[91] "it is misleading to portray the F-22 and F-35 as a linear evolution in fighter design. Rather, they are a closely related pair of outliers, relying on a higher level of stealth as a key element of survivability – as the Lockheed YF-12 and Mikoyan MIG-25, in the 1960s, relied on speed and altitude."[92]

The United States Navy and Boeing have placed the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet in a "next generation" fighter category along with the F-22 and F-35,[93] as the Super Hornet has a "fifth-generation" AESA radar, modest radar cross-section (RCS) reductions and sensor fusion.[94][95] A senior USAF pilot has complained about fifth-generation claims for the Super Hornet: "The whole point to fifth generation is the synergy of stealth, fusion and complete situational awareness. The point about fifth-generation aircraft is that they can do their mission anywhere – even in sophisticated integrated air defense [IADS] environments. If you fly into heavy IADS with a great radar and sensor fusion, but no stealth, you will have complete situational awareness of the guy that kills you."[96] Michael "Ponch" Garcia of Raytheon has said that the addition of their AESA radars to the Super Hornet provides "90 percent of your fifth-generation capability at half the cost."[97] And a top Boeing official has called their newest 4.5 generation fighters "stealth killers".[98]

Comparison of existing fifth-generation fighters

General
Type Country Date Number
built		 Status Service
date		 Average
cost USD		 Notes
Chengdu J-20China201150in service2017110 M (LRIP)[99][100]
Lockheed Martin F-22 RaptorUSA1997195in service2005150 M
Lockheed Martin F-35AUSA2006354in service201694.3 M (LRIP lot 10)[101][102][103]
Lockheed Martin F-35BUSA2008108in service2015122.4 M (LRIP lot 10)[101][104][103]
Lockheed Martin F-35CUSA201038in service2019121.2 M (LRIP lot 10)[101][105][103]
Shenyang FC-31China2012>2under testn/a70 M[106]
Sukhoi Su-57Russia201010in service202034 M[107][108][109][110]

Physical
Type Length
m		 Wingspan
m		 Wing area
sq. m		 Empty
weight		 Loaded
weight		 Max takeoff
weight		 Thrust
vectoring		 Takeoff and
landing
Chengdu J-2020.3613.4773.0019,390 kg32,090 kg37,013 kg3DCTOL
Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor18.8713.5678.0419,700 kg29,410 kg38,000 kg2DCTOL
Lockheed Martin F-35A15.6710.7042.7013,300 kg22,470 kg31,800 kgnoneCTOL
Lockheed Martin F-35B15.6110.7042.7014,700 kg27,300 kgSTOVLSTOVL
Lockheed Martin F-35C15.6713.1062.1015,800 kg31,800 kgnoneCATOBAR
Shenyang FC-3117.311.540.028,000 kgnoneCTOL
Sukhoi Su-5719.8014.0078.8018,500 kg29,270 kg37,000 kg3DCTOL

Performance
Type Max Speed
km/h		 Cruise speed
km/h		 Ferry range
km		 Ceiling
m		 Engines Total
dry thrust		 Total thrust
with afterburner		 Thrust/
weight		 Stealth RCS Notes
J-20around 2,400>6,00020,0002210 kN360 kN0.950.0003–0.5[111][112]
F-222,4141,9633,22020,0002232 kN312 kN1.080.0001
F-35A2,22018,2881125 kN191 kN0.870.005–0.3[113][114]
F-35B1,67018,2881125 kN191 kN0.900.005–0.3
F-35C2,52018,2881125 kN191 kN0.750.005–0.3
FC-312,2002158 kN190 kN
Su-572,4401,7003,50020,0002216 kN353 kN1.02[115][116]

Armament and avionics
Type Internal
hardpoints		 External
hardpoints		 Front
X-Band radar		 Rear
X-Band radar		 L-Band
radar		 Radar detection
range 1 m2 target		 IRST
J-2084YesUnknownUnknown>240 kmFull (DAS)
F-2284Yes––240 kmMissile warning
F-35A46Yes––150 kmFull (DAS)
F-35B46Yes––150 kmFull (DAS)
F-35C46Yes––150 kmFull (DAS)
FC-3164YesUnknownUnknownUnknownFull (DAS)
Su-5766YesYesYesUnknownForward arc

See also

References

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Bibliography
  • David Baker; Fifth Generation Fighters, Mortons, 2018.
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