Fezzan campaign

The Fezzan campaign was a military campaign conducted by the National Liberation Army to take control of southwestern Libya during the Libyan Civil War. During April to June 2011, anti-Gaddafi forces gained control of most of the eastern part of the southern desert region (i.e. the southern part of Cyrenaica) during the Cyrenaican desert campaign. In July, Qatrun changed to anti-Gaddafi control on 17 July[10] and back to pro-Gaddafi control on 23 July.[11] In late August, anti- and pro-Gaddafi forces struggled for control of Sabha.[12][13]

Fezzan campaign
Part of Libyan Civil War
Date17 July – 27 September 2011
Location
Fezzan, Libya
Result

Anti-Gaddafi victory

  • Anti-Gaddafi forces capture and hold Qatrun from 17–23 July
  • Pro-Gaddafi forces push back rebels from Qatrun to the south
  • Anti-Gaddafi forces capture Murzuk on 17 August
  • Anti-Gaddafi forces attacked and captured the Wadi al Shatii District mid-September
  • Anti-Gaddafi forces capture Sabha on 22 September
  • Anti-Gaddafi forces capture the Ghat and Jufra districts in late September
Belligerents

National Transitional Council

Gaddafi Loyalists

Commanders and leaders
Barka Wardougou[1] Ali Khana[2]
Massoud Abdelhafid[3]
Belgacem Al-Abaaj (POW)[4]
Casualties and losses
28 killed, 44 wounded[5] 51 killed[6][7][8][9]

Background

Before the war, parts of southern Libya were known for being almost lawless, and travel was often restricted in some areas due to the presence of bands of militants and bandits (often filtering across the border from Algeria) roaming the desert between towns. Clashes between Islamic militants linked to Al-Qaeda and Libyan security forces occurred several times near the town of Ghat in the years leading up to the conflict. Further south, near the border with Chad, the terrain is made hazardous by landmines in the desert left over from the Chadian-Libyan conflict, which lasted from 1978 to 1987. The far south also lacks paved roads and functioning mobile phone services, making communication difficult even in peacetime.[14]

Preceding events

Following the Cyrenaican desert campaign mounted by loyalist forces, focus shifted to the southern part of the Libyan Desert. By mid-June 2011, the Eastern Desert was under the control of forces answering to the National Transitional Council in Benghazi. Clashes in Sabha, the largest city in the Fezzan, in mid-June suggested previously unknown vulnerabilities in a settlement thought to be a loyalist stronghold. Although anti-Gaddafi activists and fighters in Sabha were successfully suppressed, the NTC suggested that the bold attempt at uprising was indicative of cracks in Gaddafi's support base in the oasis city.[15]

The campaign

Moving out of Kufra, a population center in the southeastern desert, rebel forces moved through Murzuq District along the international border with Chad and Niger in mid-July 2011. They secured the Tumu border crossing and took Qatrun on 17 July, without a shot, also capturing a military airfield and outpost at Al Wigh near the Niger border. Pro-Gaddafi forces were believed to have withdrawn to Traghan in order to block a suspected rebel advance on Sabha, but rebel forces bypassed Traghan in their northward press in order to capture the village of Umm Al Aranib as a forward base.[10]

Loyalist forces attacked Qatrun three times before finally recapturing it on 23 July. Toubou tribesmen, who declared support to the National Transitional Council, retreated to the south of the town, leaving about 20,000 civilians trapped between them and the army. At least two people are thought to had been killed and eight wounded in the final attack to retake the town.[11]

On 5 August, Alain Juppé, the French foreign minister, claimed that the southern regions of Libya are "practically under the NTC's control".[16] There was no confirmation of the claim by either independent media, the loyalists or the rebels.

Toubou tribal fighters reportedly captured Murzuk.[1]

Jufra

At least one NTC official suggested that the Jufra District, including Hun, Waddan, and neighbouring towns, as well as the Al Jufra Air Base, was a key target, more valuable than Bani Walid or Sirte.[17] On 19 September, NTC forces took over Zella, an oasis town near the Jufra area, Al Jazeera reported.[18] On 21 September, pro-Gaddafi forces shelled the town of Hun after NTC forces reportedly took control of it.[19][20] On the same day, the NTC announced that they took control over the town of Jufra and surrounding area.[21] This was later confirmed at a NATO press conference by Lieutenant General Charles Bouchard.[22]

Sabha
Main article: Battle of Sabha

Several months after clashes occurred in the southern Libyan city of Sabha in June, Libyan opposition forces reported fierce fighting between revolutionary fighters and forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi on 23 August.[12] Several days later, on 25 August, rebels claimed to have again captured the outpost of Al Wigh, several hundred kilometres south of Sabha, towards the Libya/Chad/Niger tripoint.[23]

On 28 August, three NLA soldiers were killed in the city of Sabha after they ran out of ammunition. Pro-Gaddafi brigades were joined by reinforcements from other towns.[13] On the same day, Colonel Bani of the NLA forces said that they would "advance on" Sabha after taking control of Sirte on the coast.[24]

On 4 September, NLA forces claimed that they had surrounded Sabha. The city would receive humanitarian aid but has one week to surrender.[25]

On 19 September, spokesman for NTC Ministry of Defence, Col. Ahmed Bani, announced at a press conference that NTC fighters managed to capture Sabha airport and fort. There was no immediate independent verification of his claims.[26]

On 20 September, NTC forces entered the city of Sabha, taking the city center with little resistance. A CNN reporter accompanied NTC forces, confirming the reports.[27][28] An NTC military spokesman in Benghazi said Sabha Airport was under the control of anti-Gaddafi fighters, but fighting was continuing in some quarters of the city proper.[29]

Brak

On 14 September, an NTC Commander said an anti-Gaddafi column 500 strong (coming from the north/Mizda region) had captured the military air-base at Brak in south-central Libya, some 50 kilometres north of Sabha. The NTC commander (Ahamda Almagri) also said two Gaddafi loyalists were arrested, while 70 loyalists fled the air-base, the second-largest in the south of Libya.[30] On the morning of 15 September, anti-Gaddafi forces entered the city itself where fighting erupted.[31]

On 16 September, anti-Gaddafi forces had taken control over the towns of Brak and Gira, just 50 kilometers north of Sabha.[32] During the fighting, incoming rocket fire struck the airbase, that the rebels captured the day before, which ignited the underground ammunition stores that held thousands of artillery rounds causing massive explosions.[31] A day later, on 17 September, the rest of the towns in Wadi al Shatii District were peacefully taken by NTC forces.[33]

Murzuq

On 21 September, after NTC forces have taken control of Sabha, Desert Shield Brigade spokesman in Benghazi said that NTC forces moved from Sabha south and engaged pro-Gaddafi loyalists in town Traghan, between Umm al-Aranib and capital city of district Murzuq.[34]

Ubari

On 22 September, an NTC commander in Sabha told CNN correspondent Ben Wedeman that his forces have taken control over the town of Ubari, the capital of the Wadi al Hayaa District.[35]

Ghat

By 25 September, fighting moved onto the border town of Ghat where the last remnants of pro-Gaddafi loyalists in Fezzan were claimed to be stationed.[36] The same day, NTC forces took control over Ghat airport, located north of the city[37] and a day later Ghat itself and the Tinkarine border crossing with Algeria.[37]

References
  1. "Libya: Toubou rebels engage in battle against Gaddafi". Ennahar Online. 20 August 2011. Archived from the original on 2014-11-07. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  2. "Large Libyan convoy arrives in Niger". Al Jazeera. 6 September 2011. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  3. Ruth Sherlock and Richard Spencer in Tripoli (10 September 2011). "All eyes on the desert as the hunt for Gaddafi continues". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  4. "Henchman Belgacem al Abaaj captured, but no sign of Gaddafi". Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  5. 3 killed, 16 wounded (23 July); 1 killed (18 August); Archived 2011-09-01 at the Wayback Machine 3 killed (28 August); 3 wounded (14 September); 2 killed, 22 wounded (15 September); 1 killed, 3 wounded (16 September); 18 killed (19–22 September), total of 28 killed, 44 wounded
  6. "Noticia". Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  7. Michael Ofori Amanfo Boateng. "Libya fighters issue deadline to civilians in Gadhafi stronghold". Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  8. "Libyans flee Sirte as Khadafy foes close in". SFGate. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  9. "Libya holds back from assault on last Qadhafi redoubts". Business Recorder. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  10. "Rebels Move Toward Gadhafi Stronghold". Wall Street Journal. 20 July 2011.
  11. "Libya rebels report loss of Qatrun". The Daily Star. 23 July 2011. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  12. "Libya rebels in "fierce" fight for Sabha--spokesman". Reuters. 23 August 2011. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  13. "Libyan war 'not over' as Gadhafi's son killed in battle, rebels say". CNN. 29 August 2011. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  14. Warren, Alex (24 August 2011). "Libya: what about the south?". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  15. "Libya conflict reaches oasis city of Sabha". MAARS News. 13 June 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
  16. Al Jazeera Libya Live Blog. "Friday, August 5, 2011 - 07:44 Entry". Al Jazeera. 5 August 2011.
  17. "Libyan oasis of Jufra is NTC's key target". Radio Netherlands. 9 September 2011. Archived from the original on 21 August 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
  18. "Libyan Fighters Repelled in Bani Walid as Sirte Battle Rages". San Francisco Chronicle. 19 September 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
  19. "Libya uprising: Gaddafi 'losing control of Sabha'". BBC World News. 21 September 2011. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  20. "Kadhafi forces shell oasis, casualties". Focus News Agency. 21 September 2011. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  21. "Libya fighters seize southern Gaddafi town - spokesman". Reuters. 21 September 2011. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  22. "Press briefing on Libya". NATO.
  23. "Friday, August 26, 2011 - 02:02 GMT+3 - Libya". Al Jazeera. 26 August 2011.
  24. Farge, Emma; Richard Valdmanis (2011-08-28). "Rebels say control road to Gaddafi bastion Sabha". Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 2011-09-01.
  25. "Libya conflict: anti-Gaddafi forces threaten Bani Walid". BBC. 2011-09-04. Retrieved 2011-09-04.
  26. "Libyan forces say they have captured part of Sabha". Reuters. 19 September 2011. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  27. "Alleged Gadhafi message says his system cannot be overthrown; rebels enter Sabha". CNN. 20 September 2011.
  28. "CNN Ben Wedeman report from Sabha". CNN. 20 September 2011.
  29. "Tue, 20 Sep 2011, 02:17 GMT+3 - Libya". Al Jazeera Blogs. 20 September 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
  30. "Libya Fighters Issue Deadline To Civilians In Gadhafi Stronghold". CNN. 14 September 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  31. "CNN's Ben Wedeman, traveling with anti-Gadhafi forces, encounters gunfire in the Sahara". CNN. 16 September 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
  32. "Libyan forces pull back after Bani Walid battles". Associated Press. 16 September 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
  33. "Anti-Gadhafi forces battle again for loyalist strongholds". CNN. 17 September 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
  34. "Libya's NTC claims vital Sabha victory". Associated Foreign Press (vis Univision). 21 September 2011. Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  35. "Libya military site yields possible radioactive material". CNN. 22 September 2011. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  36. Spencer, Richard (25 September 2011). "Dumped in the desert ... Gaddafi's yellowcake stockpile". The Telegraph. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  37. "فيديو: السيطرة على مطار غات الدولي". Libya TV. Archived from the original on 2011-10-07. Retrieved 2011-10-07.
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