Factions of Halo

The Halo video game and media franchise takes place in a fictional universe, where there are four major factions players encounter or control. Halo's story has 26th century humanity, led by the United Nations Space Command (UNSC), caught in a war with an alien coalition known as the Covenant. In the 2001 video game Halo: Combat Evolved, the UNSC ship Pillar of Autumn discovers a mysterious ringworld known as "Halo". The massive installation was built by an enigmatic race known as the Forerunners, who have long since disappeared; the Covenant worship the Forerunners as gods. During the course of the game, players discover that the Halos were built as a weapon of last resort against the Flood, an extragalactic parasite which is driven to consume all sentient life. The Forerunners were forced to activate the Halo network, killing themselves and any potential Flood hosts, in an effort to starve the Flood to death. The Covenant leadership discovered Humans could interact with Forerunner technology, and decide to destroy humanity in order to suppress this fact. The Flood, meanwhile, escape the confines of Halo and threaten to spread across the galaxy again.

A large portion of the series' success lies in the creation of a believable world, and Bungie reinforced the fictional factions the player interacts via a lengthy design process with the release of each game. The overall design of each faction was slowly developed before the release of the first game in the series, Halo: Combat Evolved, and continually refined in the later games' development.

Reception of Halo's factions has generally been positive. The Covenant were praised by reviewers as exciting and challenging enemies. Characters, weapons, and vehicles of all the factions have been released as toys or promotional materials.

Development

Early in the video game Halo: Combat Evolved's development, Bungie environmental artist Paul Russel solidified the concept of three "schools" of Halo architecture for the main factions in the game—the humans of the United Nations Space Command (UNSC), the alien alliance of the Covenant, and the Forerunner structures on which most of the game takes place. For future humanity, the artists and developers settled on a functional, industrial look.[1] Art Director Marcus Lehto said that the artists examined current technology trends and tried to extrapolate what future technology would look like.[2] Designs were molded by the desire for building a realized and distinctive feel for the human ships and buildings, but also to make the areas fun to play in. For example, the design team wanted a cramped, claustrophobic feel for the human ship levels in Combat Evolved.[3] Ron Cobb's work on Aliens informed some of the design for a "lived in" appearance.[4] In comparison to the visions of dystopia common in many other science fiction works, the cities and buildings of Earth which were first shown in Halo 2 were clean and functional, with parks and attractive structures.[5] Character design for the UNSC was more straightforward, with uniforms based on existing military outfits, ranks, and insignia.[6] All aspects of the game were designed to feel believable and cultivate suspension of disbelief.[7]

Weapons and vehicles

Due to Halo being a first-person shooter, significant emphasis was put into the design of human weaponry. The chief designer for human weapons was Robert McLees, who at the time of Combat Evolved's development was the only staff member at Bungie with knowledge of firearms;[8] McLees wanted to make sure that the weapons looked "cool", but were also grounded by real-world physics and considerations.[8] The game designers also wanted items that would be recognizable to players, yet futuristic-looking enough to plausibly exist in Halo's 2552.[9] In an interview, McLees noted that after human weapons had been vetted and the rough design worked out, "I went ahead and built the highest-res LOD (level of detail) – and this is where I get "bogged down" with all of the stuff that "nobody cares about" like correct barrel diameter, placement of safeties, sights, magazine release buttons, and making sure that the magazines are actually large enough to hold all the bullets they're supposed to, that they would feed correctly and that the casings eject out of the correct side of the gun."[10] Occasionally, technical restraints forced design changes; the submachine gun introduced in Halo 2 originally featured a transparent magazine which allowed players to see the caseless ammo feed into the gun, but it proved too ambitious given the time and hardware available.[11]

Vehicles play an important role in the Halo games,[12][13] and so vehicles were also given a long development stage. The UNSC's vehicles were designed by Marcus Lehto, Eric Arroyo, and Eddie Smith, and were designed to be functional and utilitarian.[14] Their use of wheels also led many players to feel that they were more fun to drive.[14] The addition of the Mongoose ATV made headlines,[15][16] after being cut from Halo 2.[17] The original Warthog was considered a fan favorite.[18]

Paul Russel is considered the architect of the Forerunner's design.[19][20] In an interview, Russel stated that creating the Forerunner's "visual language" was a tough process which only came together "like five months away" from the game's completion;[21] much of the design was finalized on a single level, "The Silent Cartographer", which features both exterior Forerunner structures as well as deep interior chasms.[22] Concept artist Eddie Smith is also credited with helping hone the Forerunner's direction, and said that he started work by reading the game's mission synopsis. "I knew what human and Covenant architecture looked like, so I tried to make the Forerunner concepts different," Smith said.[22] The result was a sleek angular design[23] which was distinct from the curves of the Covenant's architecture and the functional human designs. For Halo 2, designers wanted to refine and elaborate on the Forerunner design, without abandoning the style set by Russel;[24] environment artist Frank Capezzuto found that looking at the Forerunner structures as sculptures rather than buildings helped to drive the designs for Halo 2.[24]

The Flood were added early in the game development stage of Halo: Combat Evolved, and life of Halo was specifically tailored to increasing the surprise of the Flood's sudden appearance, halfway through the first game. At one point, Halo featured large numbers of terrestrial dinosaur-like creatures, but Bungie felt the presence of other native species would dilute the impact of the Flood and removed them.[25]

Covenant technology, architecture, and design continually changed throughout development, occasionally for practical reasons as well as aesthetics; one piece of alien technology, a "gravity lift", was created so that a Covenant ship's low-resolution textures were not so obvious.[26] In comparison to the other factions, Covenant architecture is smooth and organic, with the use of purple or blue tones throughout.

Forerunners
Concept art by Eddie Smith for Forerunner structures in the game Halo 2, showing the Forerunners' angular architecture, an architecture style only they used and are known for.

The Forerunners are a long-lost species which are first cryptically mentioned in Halo: Combat Evolved. Little is revealed about the Forerunners in the games, but some (notably, the Librarian) consider humanity to be most eligible as reclaimers of the Mantle; humanity is thus the only race which is allowed to retrieve the indexes with which to activate the Halo network.

According to the official backstory to the series, the Forerunners came to power after they successfully rebelled against their creators - the Precursors. To ensure that the Precursors will never again threaten their existence, the Forerunners exterminated them, except for one imprisoned which they called The Primordial.[27] At the height of their power the Forerunners formed a galaxy-wide empire for more than 100,000 years before the events of the main Halo story arc.[28] The Forerunners successfully usurped the Mantle—protection of all life in the galaxy—from the Precursors.

Much later, they were threatened by the parasitic Flood. The Forerunners took action, but the parasite was unstoppable. A group of Forerunners conceived a plan to stop the Flood once and for all, building an installation known as the Ark that created seven ring-shaped megastructures called "Halos". The Halo Array, when activated, would destroy all sentient life within range—depriving the Flood of its food.

After waiting as long as they could, and traveling the galaxy to collect species from planets, which would later be used to "re-seed" the galaxy, the Forerunners activated the Array and vanished.[29] Although the parasite's spread across the galaxy was halted, the Forerunners paid a terrible price as they, and all sentient life capable of sustaining the Flood in the galaxy, were annihilated. The Covenant worship the Forerunners as deities and relentlessly search for Forerunner relics. The reason for the Forerunner's disappearance is revealed in Halo: Combat Evolved when the artificial intelligence Cortana enters one of the Halo's computer networks and learns the true purpose of the Halos. In the Halo: Fractures short story "Promises to Keep," it's revealed that the surviving Forerunners exiled themselves from the galaxy after reseeding life which took about a century.

Additionally, the Forerunners created battle constructs known as "Prometheans", robotic AIs armed with Forerunner weapons to defend areas such as the shield world of Requiem.

The Forerunners also created highly advanced AI's known as Contender-class AI which were numerous AI "minds" working in synchrony, thus giving it intellectual properties greater than any other AI. The Forerunners also created Sentinels which are machines designed for the defense, construction, and maintenance of Forerunner facilities. Sentinels are also used in Flood outbreaks since their "beam" is useful as it not only destroys dead combat forms, it disintegrates them to prevent reanimation.

Another invention of the Forerunners depicted in the games and novels are artificial planets known as shield worlds. First appearing in Halo: Ghosts of Onyx, shield worlds are constructs designed to act as bomb shelters from the Halo Array. Generally, they are made up of an outer terrestrial planet with the shield world contained inside in the form of a micro-Dyson sphere. The inner shield world acts as a terrestrial world on its own, containing a wealth of Forerunner technologies and information. As revealed in the Forerunner Saga books, shield worlds were originally created by the Didact in his war against ancient humans and were adapted to fight the Flood. One of the most prominent shield worlds is the Onyx shield world introduced in Ghosts of Onyx. Appearing in several novels, the shield world is currently the site of a joint UNSC-Swords of Sanghelios research outpost and, following the events of Halo 5: Guardians, under conflict with a former Covenant faction seeking shelter and control of the world. It currently acts as a safe harbor from Cortana and her Guardians, having been returned to its slipspace bubble for safety. Another example is the Forerunner planet appearing in Halo Wars, identified in other media as the Etran Harborage. In the game, taking place in 2531, the shield world is contested between forces from the Spirit of Fire, the Flood and the Covenant who seek a Forerunner fleet docked within to decimate humanity with. At the end of the game, the Spirit of Fire sacrifices its slipspace drive to destroy the shield world by causing its interior star to go supernova, leaving the Spirit of Fire stranded in uncharted space. The debris field from the Etran Harborage appears in the novels Halo: Smoke and Shadow and Halo: Renegades. In the latter, the debris field is destroyed by a UNSC fleet in 2557. In Halo 4 and Spartan Ops, the Requiem shield world becomes the primary battleground between the UNSC and the Forerunner known as the Didact as well as Covenant remnant forces led by Jul 'Mdama. It is destroyed by 'Mdama at the end of Spartan Ops.

Flood
Main article: Flood (Halo)

The Flood (originally called the shaping sickness) is a parasite which is driven by a desire to infect, kill, or consume all sentient life it encounters. The Flood first appears in Halo: Combat Evolved, when the Covenant release some captured specimens from stasis on Installation 04; the parasite spreads and threatens to escape the ring, until the Master Chief destabilizes the installation with a massive explosion coming from the Pillar of Autumn. It is also later found in Halo 2 on Installation 05 along with the Gravemind, an enormous tentacled creature that acts as the parasite's central intelligence. In Halo 3, the Flood reaches the Halo Ark using the giant Covenant holy city High Charity. Master Chief then defeats the Flood once again by firing the incomplete replacement for Installation 04, which damages but does not destroy the Ark. The Gravemind, present on the replacement ring when it explodes from the strain, accepts defeat, but insists that it will only slow, not stop, the Flood.

In the Halo Wars 2 expansion pack Awakening the Nightmare, some of the Flood is revealed to have survived the firing of Installation 08 in the ruins of the Covenant holy city High Charity. Recognizing the danger, the Ark's defenses erected a containment shield around the ruins to successfully quarantine the surviving Flood inside the city. However, Banished forces, believing the Flood to just be another of the Covenant's lies, deactivate the Ark's defense systems and breach the containment shield, releasing the Flood upon the Ark once again. The Flood forms a Proto-Gravemind which grows quickly and becomes dangerously close to becoming a new Gravemind. However, the Banished reactivate the Ark's defenses and kill the Proto-Gravemind. With the Proto-Gravemind dead, the Banished and the Ark's Sentinels are able to contain the new Flood outbreak and seal off High Charity once again.

United Nations Space Command
"UNSC Marine Corps Troops" redirects here. It is not to be confused with United Nations peacekeeping.

The United Nations Space Command (UNSC) is the main faction of future humanity and is the main protagonist of the original Halo trilogy. The UNSC was formed in the mid-2160s under the United Nations and would later become the military arm of the Unified Earth Government (UEG). According to Halo story architects Frank O'Conner and Robert McLees, during the 26th-century events of Halo, the UNSC exercises considerably more power than its civilian counterpart.[30]

Before the beginnings of the war with the Covenant, humanity was in turmoil, with the remote colonies fighting for independence from the UEG. To help quell the revolts, the UNSC commissioned the highly classified SPARTAN Project, responsible for the development of four generations of unique, highly trained infantry, collectively called Spartans, who operate in powered armor known as MJOLNIR. The Spartans undertook classified missions against rebels and insurrectionists. When the Covenant began destroying the outer colonies, these Spartans became humanity's best hope against the technological superiority of the Covenant.

The Warthog produced by Weta Workshop for use in live-action shorts

One of the UNSC's unclassified special forces units are the Orbital Drop Shock Troopers or ODSTs. They are also called Helljumpers after their motto "Feet first into hell." They specialize in orbital combat insertions via Single-Occupant Exoatmospheric Insertion Vehicles (SOEIVs) jettisoned from ships in low orbit. The 105th Marine Expeditionary Unit (SOC) are labeled as the 'Helljumpers'.[31] As characterized by author William C. Dietz in Halo: The Flood, the future corps shares thematic similarities to the present-day United States Marines.[32]

The most important Special Force unit in the game is the SPARTAN project, more importantly, the second generation of Spartans within the project – a group of specially trained supersoldiers. The main playable character in the main trilogy, John-117, is one of the few known surviving Spartan IIs. The UNSC also has an army, which serves as a ground defensive force within the UNSC military along with the UNSC Air Force. The UNSC Navy and Marine Corps are mainly responsible for space combat.[30]

The UNSC also field various ground vehicles for combat; among these is a general purpose scout 'jeep' dubbed the "Warthog" or simply the "'Hog", a real working replica of which was created by special effects company Weta Workshop for a series of shorts by director Neill Blomkamp.[33] This vehicle had fully functioning four-wheel steering, machine-gun, digital displays, and air-bags.[34]

The initialisation "UNSC" has occasionally been confused with the United Nations Security Council. For example, on May 24, 2012, a BBC news report on the UN used the Halo UNSC logo, as opposed to the United Nations Security Council logo, as a background image.[35]

Covenant
Main article: Covenant (Halo)

The Covenant is a theocratic collection of alien races, existing as a massive empire for thousands of years. In many Halo video games, they fill an antagonistic role. The alliance worships an ancient alien race known as the Forerunners and search for their gods' relics. The novel Halo: Contact Harvest reveals that the Covenant's luminaries, devices which search for Forerunner relics, discovered a massive cache of the relics on a human colony, Harvest. The Forerunner artificial intelligence Mendicant Bias awakens and reveals to three Covenant politicians that the "relics" are in fact the humans themselves—Bias identifies them as descendants of his makers. Worried that the discovery of such a secret would destroy the Covenant, the High Prophet leadership instead directs the Covenant to destroy humanity and it's United Nations Space Command (UNSC) as an affront to the gods. This leads to the search for Halo, an ancient weapon designed by the Forerunners to attempt to contain the flood which was destroyed by the UNSC in Halo: Combat Evolved. In Halo 2, the Covenant splits apart in civil war when the Elites learn of their leaders' treachery; the Elites eventually ally with humanity to stop the rest of the Covenant from activating the Halos in an attempt to follow the Forerunners into godhood. In Halo 3, the Covenant is completely destroyed during the battle on the Ark by the joint forces of the Elites and the UNSC.[36][37]

Prior to the events of Halo 4, some of the Elites who had left the Covenant and fought against it,[38] form a new faction led by Jul 'Mdama. This smaller faction self proclaims to be a new "Covenant", existing as an entirely different organization.[39][40] Jul 'Mdama's faction serves as an antagonist against the UNSC and is defeated in Halo 5: Guardians.

Banished

A mercenary organization that splintered off from the Covenant, the Banished, is led by the Brute known as Atriox.[41] They rose to power after Atriox led other disgruntled members of the Jiralhanae species against their Sangheili masters. Tired of being used as cannon fodder, the newly formed “Banished” became rebels and pirates, conducting surgical strikes against the Covenant and scavenging for resources and supplies. Composed of various alien mercenaries, Atriox welcomes competent members from all species to join the Banished, including humans.[42] They first appear in Halo Wars 2, after they invade the Forerunner installation known as the Ark, later coming in conflict with the crew of the presumed-lost UNSC ship Spirit of Fire. The Banished are set to return in Halo Infinite as an antagonist hostile to humanity's UNSC, under the command of the Brute War Chief Escharum.[43]

Cultural impact

Merchandise

Halo has a variety of affiliated merchandise. A version of the strategy board game Risk was released based on Halo Wars with game pieces being modeled after the UNSC, Covenant, and Flood. A mix of human and Covenant vehicles and weapons were also featured in the Halo ActionClix tabletop game[44] and a series by McFarlane Toys.[45] Game journalists have even noted the similarities between the Warthog and the Hummer HX, which GM denies.[46] The merchandise includes several series of action figures. The first series of figures were created by Joyride Studios, and featured characters, weapons, and vehicles representing all of Halo's factions. The task of creating Halo 3's action figures fell to McFarlane Toys;[47] in an interview with Bungie, Todd McFarlane stated that the challenge of creating figures for a franchise was that designers had to accommodate and integrate both articulation and attention to detail, "without compromising one or the other too heavily".[48] A total of three series of figurines have since been produced, featuring UNSC, Flood, and Covenant forces.[49] Manufacturer Kotobukiya also produced "high-end statues" for Halo 3's debut.[50] Other merchandise based on the weapons of the Halo universe include die cast weapons replicas[51] and a set of Covenant weapons used for Laser tag.[52]

Critical reception

Halo's universe and the factions in it have been well-received, both from a storytelling point of view and from game play. Gamasutra lauded Halo's artificial intelligence. For example, Covenant or Flood forces never spawn in the same places when the player restarts from checkpoints, which gives the player "the sense that the [alien] creatures have things to do besides killing humans".[53] Bungie's goal of making characters behave realistically in the games[54] has led to the behavior of the Covenant, Flood, and Forerunner units being praised in each game of the series. A point of criticism has been the AI of allied UNSC characters; reviewers noted that in Halo 3, they were often more of a hindrance than help.[55][56]

The various factions that make up the Halo universe were each received differently. The Flood have been alternatively praised as terrifying foes, and lambasted as annoying zombie-like enemies; the literary adaptations of the Flood, particularly their representation in The Halo Graphic Novel, have been best received.

Notes
  1. Trautmann (2004), 86.
  2. Marks, Peter (January 22, 2002). "Marcus Lehto on Halo's Art". Bungie. Archived from the original on November 8, 2003.
  3. Trautmann (2004), 89.
  4. Trautmann (2004), 90.
  5. Trautmann (2004), 104.
  6. Trautmann (2004), 33.
  7. "Reality Held in Suspense". Xbox.com. Microsoft. Archived from the original on June 2, 2009. Retrieved April 1, 2008.
  8. Trautmann (2004), 111.
  9. Trautmann (2004), 122.
  10. Staff (February 13, 2002). "Robert McLees Interviewed By You!". Bungie. Archived from the original on June 8, 2003.
  11. Trautmann (2004), 123.
  12. Tuttle, Will (November 1, 2004). "Interview - Halo 2: Vehicles (Xbox)". GameSpy. Retrieved May 12, 2008.
  13. Boulding, Aaron (November 1, 2001). "'Halo' Review". IGN. Archived from the original on March 10, 2018. Retrieved November 5, 2007.
  14. Trautmann (2004), 135.
  15. Purchese, Rob (January 12, 2007). "Halo 3 Mongoose details". Eurogamer. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
  16. Kotaku - Revealed: Halo 3's Mongoose Archived December 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  17. Ransom-Wiley, James (October 27, 2006). "Halo 3 info leaked: new weapons, vehicles, features & Collector's Edition detailed". Joystiq. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
  18. "Vicious Sid" (January 11, 2007). "Bungie talks up new Halo 3 vehicle "Mongoose"". GamePro. Archived from the original on January 18, 2007. Retrieved August 27, 2008.
  19. Smith, Luke (March 25, 2008). "Legendary Map: Blackout". Bungie. Retrieved April 5, 2008.
  20. Armstrong, Chad; Brian Jarrard, Luke Smith (August 21, 2008). Bungie Podcast: With Paul Russel and Jerome Simpson (Podcast). Kirkland, Washington: Bungie. Archived from the original (MP3) on February 3, 2009. Retrieved August 27, 2008.
  21. The Art of Halo: "Environments", pg. 94.
  22. The Art of Halo: "Environments", pg. 95.
  23. Smith, Luke (November 20, 2006). "Previews: Halo 3". 1UP.com. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012. Retrieved April 1, 2008.
  24. The Art of Halo: "Environments", pg. 96.
  25. Bungie (February 10, 2006). "One Million Years B.X." Bungie. Archived from the original on February 10, 2006.
  26. The Art of Halo: "Environments", pg. 100.
  27. Bungie (2007). Halo 3 Limited Edition Bestiarum.
  28. Staten, Joseph; Wu, Louis (August 1, 2006). "HBO interview with Staten". Halo.Bungie.Org. Retrieved January 1, 2007.
  29. "The Halo Universe 101". Xbox.com. Microsoft. Retrieved September 26, 2009.
  30. Halo Story Page (August 5, 2008). "Frank O'Connor/Robt McLees Interview - August 2008". Halo.Bungie.Org. Retrieved August 6, 2008.
  31. Dietz (2003), 77.
  32. "Interview with William C. Dietz". Halo.Bungie.Org. June 7, 2008. p. 1.
  33. O'Connor, Frank (July 20, 2007). "Bungie Weekly Update: 7/20/07". Bungie. Retrieved March 10, 2009.
  34. "Featured Projects: Halo 3 Short Films". Weta Workshop. 2007. Archived from the original on September 13, 2013.
  35. Alleyne, Richard (May 29, 2012). "BBC mistake computer game logo for United Nations Security Council symbol". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
  36. Bungie. Halo 3. Cortana: But you did it. Truth and the Covenant. The Flood. It's Finished.
  37. "Halo Waypoint: Covenant". July 8, 2020. DISSOLUTION: 2552 CE
  38. "Halo Waypoint - Lore of the Rings". Xbox.com. Microsoft. Like the rest of the Sangheili, the surviving Councilors were not completely unified in their opinions on how to proceed following the Great Schism. While some did take up the Arbiter’s cause, many others had become enamored with the idea of bringing the Covenant empire under complete Sangheili rule, quickly scrambling to grab power wherever they could. Some of these eventually served under Jul ‘Mdama...
  39. Halo: Escalation: 155/"Zef 'Trahl: What does it mean to be 'Covenant' today? A hundred warlords claim they rule the Covenant, but each of them leads only a small faction." (April 23, 2014), United States: Dark Horse Comics, 9781616559076
  40. Halo: Escalation v3,: Summary/"...between Commander Sarah Palmer’s Spartans and Jul 'Mdama's New Covenant is just beginning..." (December 24, 2014), United States: Dark Horse Comics, 9781616557591
  41. "HALO WARS 2". Halo - Official Site. June 13, 2016. Retrieved March 5, 2017. Halo Wars 2 introduces a new menacing villain to the Halo universe – Atriox, the leader of a violent, mercenary force known as The Banished.
  42. Peters, Kenneth; Phegley, Kiel (September 25, 2018). HALO: Official Spartan Field Manual. United States of America: Scholastic. p. 161. ISBN 9781338253634. In theory, all who can aid Atriox's ambition and will bend the knee are welcome, from human to hunter, but their violence and conditions of service limit recruitment opportunities.
  43. Goslin, Austen (June 24, 2020). "Halo Infinite teaser suggests The Banished enemies". Polygon. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
  44. GTtv (March 6, 2007). "Halo ActionClix NYC Comic-Con 07 Interview". GameTrailers. Retrieved November 15, 2007.
  45. Game Informer - McFarlane Toys To Unleash Halo Action Figures, Vehicles by Jeff Cork Archived June 21, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  46. Kotaku - Hummer Designers Deny Halo Influence On New Concept Truck Archived April 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  47. Burg, Dustin (June 18, 2007). "Fanboylicious! McFarlane to create Halo 3 figurines". Joystiq. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  48. Smith, Luke (March 10, 2008). "Action Figure Party". Bungie. Retrieved April 1, 2008.
  49. Todd McFarlane Productions (April 11, 2008). "'Halo 3' Series 3 Photography Update". Spawn.com. Archived from the original on April 15, 2008. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
  50. Plunkett, Luke (February 7, 2007). "Kotobukiya Working On Halo Figures". Kotaku. Archived from the original on December 8, 2007. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  51. Swilinski, Alex (July 20, 2007). "Halo 3 Replica Mini Weapons". Joystiq. Retrieved April 1, 2008.
  52. Wilson, Mark (June 25, 2007). "Halo 3 Covenant Replicas, No Ammo, Plenty of Heat". Kotaku. Archived from the original on December 8, 2007. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
  53. Tapper (December 3, 2003). "Flexibly and Extensibly Providing a Variety of AI Opponents' Behaviors". Gamasutra. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
  54. Valdes, Robert (2004). "The Artificial Intelligence of Halo 2". HowStuffWorks. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  55. Goldstein, Hilary (September 20, 2007). "Halo 3 Review". IGN. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  56. Gerstmann, Jeff (September 23, 2007). "Halo 3 for Xbox 360 Review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on August 6, 2013. Retrieved March 12, 2008.

References
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