Evaristo Martelo Paumán

Evaristo Martelo y Paumán del Nero Nuñez y Zuazo-Mondragón,[2] 6th Marquess of Almeiras (1850-1928), was a Spanish aristocrat, writer and politician. He is known chiefly as a poet who contributed to emergence of the literary Galician and who is counted among protagonists of the so-called Rexurdimento. He perceived galego as a royal language of ancient rulers, framed in the Celtic mythology, and opposed the concept of Galician as a rural folk speak. Martelo engaged in few organisations related to the Galician culture and was a member of the Royal Galician Academy. Politically he supported the Traditionalist cause and served as leader of the Carlist provincial organisation in La Coruña; he has never engaged in buildup of the Galician nationalism.

Evaristo Martelo Paumán
Born1850[1]
La Coruña, Spain
Died1928
La Coruña, Spain
NationalitySpanish
Occupationlandowner
Known forpoet
Political partyCarlism

Family and youth
Laxe (Casa do Arco bottom-left)

Martelo descended from numerous old Galician families,[3] though more prestigious were lines of his grandmothers.[4] The Martelos originated from France;[5] the paternal grandfather, Luis Martelo de Lema Núñez,[6] was a Laxe landowner and holder of various local official jobs.[7] The paternal grandmother, Josefa Núñez Romero, along the Moscoso line was related to a 15th-century knight Conde de Altamira.[8] The maternal grandfather Juan Paumán del Nero[9] married Mariana Zuazo Fajardo;[10] her father[11] Antonio Zuazo de Mondragón y Rendón[12] was regidor perpetuo of La Coruña. In 1780 Carlos III made him Marqués de Almeiras;[13] he claimed also the title of Vizconde de Andeiro. Her mother was heiress to the Fajardos, landowners of Rianxo; she was distantly related to "caballero y poeta de la mar océana"[14] Paio Gómez Chariño[15] and to Condes de Traba.[16]

Evaristo's father Ramón Martelo Núñez de Leys Romero y de Moscoso[17] (1804-1873)[18] was a military and magistrado;[19] he served as Jefe Político of La Coruña province in the 1840s[20] and as deputy to the Cortes[21] in 1854–1856.[22] The mother, María Dolores Paumán de Nero Zuazo de Andrade Fajardo y Sotomayor[23] (1815-1850),[24] died 6 days after giving birth to their only child.[25] Since his father did not remarry, Evaristo was growing as the only heir to numerous estates scattered across Galicia; they included "Casa do Pombal" in Boaño,[26] "O Chariñó" or "Casa de Faxardo"[27] - later to be known as "Pazo do Martelo" – in Rianxo,[28] "Casa do Arco" in Laxe,[29] "Solar dos Andeiro" in Cambre,[30] "Palacio de Almeiras" in La Coruña and especially Castillo de Vimianzo.[31]

Evaristo spent his early childhood between Laxe, Rianxo and Vimianzo.[32] In 1862-1868 he frequented Insituto Local de Segunda Enseñanza in La Coruña and Santiago de Compostela,[33] obtaining bachillerato in arts in 1868.[34] The same year he entered the navy academy in El Ferrol,[35] but having been promoted to guardiamarina[36] he abandoned military career.[37] He then enrolled at law in Santiago;[38] however, following death of his father, in the early 1870s he left the university to take care of the family economy.[39] He would complete the academic education in 1888–1889,[40] when he majored in law.[41]

Pazo do Martelo in Rianxo (left)

In 1873[42] Martelo married Josefa de la Maza y Agar (1852-1932),[43] daughter of the Pontevedra diputación president Ramón de la Maza y Quiroga, by her mother Petra de Agar y Roldán[44] related to Conde de Tablada.[45] The coupled lived on numerous family estates, during cold season in their houses in La Coruña,[46] and during summers in the Vimianzo castle. They had 3 children, born between 1874 and 1880; the youngest son died at 2 years of age,[47] while the other two, Dolores[48] and Ramón Martelo y de la Maza Paumán del Nero y Agar,[49] did not become public figures. It was neither the case of his grandchildren;[50] among the great-grandchildren the best known is a lawyer Marcial Martelo de la Maza García.[51] He is also the current holder of marquesado de Almeiras,[52] the title claimed by and confirmed to Martelo in 1920.[53]

Writer
Os afillados do demo

Martelo is best known as a poet. He published 6 volumes: Poesías líricas (1871, in Spanish), Os afiliados do demo (1885, in Galician), Líricas gallegas (1894, in Galician), El siglo XX. Cuatro verdades (1902, in Spanish), Landras e bayas (1919, in Galician) and Andeiro, poema histórico brigantino da Unión Ibérica (1922, in Galician). Since he started writing to periodicals already as a child[54] his earliest poetic contributions might not be identified;[55] his signed writings appeared in local press throughout 40 years,[56] scattered across titles like Galicia,[57] Santiago,[58] Follas Novas,[59] Coruña Moderna,[60] Boletín Oficial del Centro Gallego,[61] Revista Gallega,[62] El Ideal Gallego[63] or El Compostelano.[64] Martelo fathered also one drama in Galician, Rentar de Castromil, actually staged in La Coruña in 1904,[65] few articles,[66] and 2 juridical manuals.[67] Some of his poems remained in manuscripts.[68]

A contemporary scholar identifies 6 major threads of Martelo's poetry. His intimate verses were mostly reflections on family, life, love, and happiness.[69] Social and patriotic poems revolved around defense of foral rights, social solidarity, traditional values, and Carlism, often explicitly aimed against Liberalism and homogeneity, promoted from Madrid.[70] Works falling into the “costumista-realista” rubric are exaltation or rural life and customs, pitted against advancing urbanization and change which dismantles the old agrarian order.[71] Writings adhering to the satirical tone target those who promoted crude and vulgar Galician dialects and form part of Martelo's voice in discussion on the role and future of Galician language.[72] Homages to nobility and related aristocratic virtues from a separate thread on its own.[73] Finally, historicist poetry advances narratives set in the regional past, often heavily embroiled in the Celtic mythology.[74]

Landras e bayas

Martelo's poetry adhered to numerous formats: from sonnets to epigrams, odes, narrative poems and satires, though he is appreciated mostly due to his lyrical verses.[75] As a poet – considered “not very prolific”[76] - he was inspired mostly by Pondal[77] and is referred to as “continuador da estética pondaliana”, with Celtic mythology and heroic Galego past singled out as 2 key motives of his poetry.[78] Some scholars place him within the tradition of “bardismo, Ossián, celtismo”,[79] other focus on aristocratic and patriotic spirit and name him rather a “hidalgo idealista”,[80] few call him “poeta de la Tradición”[81] and underline the Carlist motives.[82] Historian of Galician literature claims that he was a late minstrel of patriarchal, rural, Traditionalist Galicia, part of a wider Iberic rather than a Spanish community;[83] his aim was to hail the glorious past and enrich the Galician personality.[84] Linked to minor local groups Escola Corunesa and Escola Formalista, in terms of style Martelo's poetry is deemed related to symbolism and especially Saudosismo, in his case considered to be a specific expression of literary regenerationism; when discussed against a broad poetic background, he is placed in-between Saudosismo and Generación 98.[85]

Theorist, activist and official
Martelo during RAG session

Martelo was a protagonist of rexurdimento galego also as a theorist; he published few articles on linguistic and related issues.[86] He formed part of the so-called “cultistas”, the group which approached Galician as a royal language of local ancient rulers;[87] it opposed[88] the so-called “popularistas”, who saw Galician as common speak of the folk.[89] In favor of development of standard language, he supported the academy-driven codification against elevating spoken dialects to standard and promoted “gallego bergantiñan depurado de vulgarismos”.[90] He opposed neologisms and incursions from Spanish or Portuguese alike,[91] though he also used to introduce own linguistic inventions, reportedly re-discovered from the ancient vocabulary.[92]

Since 1893 Martelo engaged in A Cova Céltica, an informal La Coruña group of intellectuals striving to build a lettered Galician culture. He befriended numerous galleguistas,[93] especially Manuel Murguía and Eduardo Pondal; some became his “círculo habitual”.[94] He was briefly committed to emergence of Liga Gallega.[95] In the early 1900s he collaborated with the Cova-sponsored Escola Rexional de Declamación,[96] though he also tried to animate literary life beyond its circles.[97] When Real Academia Gallega was constituted in 1906, Martelo contributed to drafting of its rules[98] and became its member-correspondent.[99] Since the late 1910s[100] he was considered a candidate to become its academico numerario,[101] and indeed in 1921 he entered RAG[102] with a lecture on Pondal.[103]

During almost 50 years Martelo in a few strings served in the La Coruña ayuntamiento, e.g. noted in the late 1870s,[104] late 1900s[105] or early 1920s;[106] periodically holding the post of segundo sindico,[107] he was particularly[108] involved in works of the infrastructure commission.[109] Following the coup of Primo de Rivera he resigned,[110] but as corporative appointee re-entered the town hall in 1924.[111] He presided over some city-controlled companies, like the local insurance society.[112] For some 30 years Martelo was a member of Consejo Provincial de Agricultura, Industria y Comercio,[113] first noted in 1883[114] and last recorded in 1911;[115] in the 1890s he served as president of the body;[116] periodically he took part in works of other provincial institutions, e.g. Junta Provincial de Instrucción Pública.[117] Finally, he acted as adjunto in the provincial Tribunal de Justicia.[118]

La Coruna town hall

Apart from his roles in galleguista organisations and official administration, Martelo engaged also in numerous other institutions. Since the late 1870s he was a member of Asociación Internacional de Socorro an Enfermos and acted as Caballero de Número Hospitalario de San Juan.[119] Since the 1880s he was socio correspondente[120] of Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País[121] and since the 1890s he acted as honorary president of Círculo Católico de Obreros de Galicia.[122] Another Catholic institution he animated was the local Círculo de Recreo in La Coruña,[123] though there is some unclarity as to his relations with the hierarchy. In the 1880s the archbishop nominated Martelo to supervise orthodoxy of provincial prints[124] and in the 1900s he welcomed hierarchs at his private premises,[125] but some press notes from the 1920s hint at his anti-clericalism.[126]

Carlist
Carlos VII, early 1870s

Since Martelo's father was a militant Liberal[127] it is not clear how he approached the Traditionalists,[128] especially that except Orense,[129] the movement was not particularly strong in Galicia.[130] Martelo declared himself the supporter of Carlos VII during the academic period; he engaged against Amadeo di Savoia, possibly taking part in local riots,[131] and spoke in favor of the “legitimate dynasty”.[132] Though he abandoned the university around 1872, no author suggests he left to join the Traditionalists during the Third Carlist War.[133] There is neither any information on Martelo's legitimist engagements during the following 3 decades. It is known that in the late 1880s and the early 1890s he was active in the La Coruña branch of Partido Liberal-Conservador[134] and acted as its secretary;[135] as a Conservative in 1893 he entered the ayuntamiento.[136]

In the 1900s Martelo assumed an openly Carlist political stand,[137] e.g. donating money to the cause[138] or signing protest letters.[139] In 1911 he was first noted as member of Junta Provincial of the Jaimista organization;[140] two years later he grew to vice-president of the provincial structures,[141] the position he held at least until 1915.[142] In 1916 he was first recorded as Jefe Provincial;[143] the last such reference identified comes from 1918.[144] During his term in the provincial party executive Martelo engaged in typical leadership activities: he took part in local celebrations like Fiesta de los Martires de la Tradición,[145] animated popular initiatives against secular and centralizing governmental projects like the so-called Ley del Candado,[146] with other party pundits like Luis Hernando de Larramendi presided over rallies protesting further plans of liberal education[147] and held honorary presidency of various provincial Traditionalist organizations, including the football section of Requeté Herculino. During the Mellista crisis of 1919 Martelo sided with the claimant Don Jaime and did not join the breakaways followers of Vázquez de Mella. In the early 1920s he still proudly boasted of his Jaimista identity.[148] There is no information on any of his later would-be engagements.

Carlist standard

Martelo has never grown beyond the role of provincial leader and was not noted in nationwide politics. General historiographic studies on Traditionalism of the late 19th/early 20th century ignore him,[149] though he is listed as representative of “el carlismo ideológico” in work on the Galician Carlism.[150] Scholars claim that for Martelo Traditionalism was sort of extension of his idealistic, historicist, aristocratic and regionalist outlook, “not an esthetic refuge but an heroic ideal”.[151] His Carlism is reportedly best embodied in poems, which “expresan un modo de vivir, de pensar y de esperar, que es el modo de ser carlista”;[152] the one which stands out as the most emblematic is Himno Militar Gallego Carlista, written in 1919.[153] Though some of his poems honor “rebelión del pueblo gallego contra la opresión castellana”,[154] his vehement regionalism and exaltation of local fueros have never evolved into Galician nationalism.[155] The unique feature of his Traditionalist outlook was Iberism; Martelo declared that Braga forms part of the fatherland just as much as Toledo does.[156]

Reception and legacy
Vimianzo castle

Since the late 1880s Martelo was sporadically acknowledged in local provincial or even regional press as “notable escritor”,[157] “inspirado poeta”[158] or “admirado poeta gallego”,[159] earning a few homage articles.[160] His 1921 entry to Real Academia Gallego elevated him to the status of official authority on Galician language, but it was hardly recognized beyond his native region[161] and even in La Coruña press he was presented as a bit of an eccentric.[162] Except periodicals focused on aristocracy,[163] his passing away[164] was noted only in local press;[165] Boletín de la Real Academia Gallega dedicated him a brief necrological piece which noted departure of “uno de los poetas que han manejado con mayor soltura y elegancia el léxico regional; uno de los gallegos de más fervoroso amor por la tierra nativa".[166]

Following death Martelo mostly went into oblivion. Rarely some of his poems got re-published in the press;[167] he was dedicated sub-chapters in a 1944 work on Galician Traditionalism[168] and in a 1957 anthology of poesía gallega;[169] in the 1950s Centro Gallego in Madrid organized a commemorative poetry session.[170] In 1967 he earned few pages in the in-depth synthesis of history of the Galician literature[171] and in the mid-1970s he was noted in few paragraphs of a study on Galician Carlism.[172] Since the 1980s he is usually acknowledged in galleguista works, appropriate mentions ranging from few lines[173] to a few pages.[174] In 2004 he earned a PhD thesis,[175] in 2013 he re-sized to a monographic article.[176]

Historians see Martelo as an important, though rather not a first-rate contributor to Galician literature. Some recognized him as “un dos máis inspirados e correitos poetos galegos”,[177] others prefer to credit him for the first drama and the first satire ever written in Galician.[178] Many note his non-tangible contribution to rexurdimento galego, namely this of the Cova Céltica intellectual who inspired other writers.[179] His poetic style is praised for charm, “unha unérxica dicción” and sincerity, though criticized for “somewhat licentious versification”,[180] “missing sense of form”, abuse of conversational tone[181] and “lira de seco e duro cordaxe".[182] However, it seems agreed that he has earned "relevant place in history of the Galician literature”.[183]

In popular discourse Martelo is occasionally noted in Galician[184] or Carlist[185] cyberspace. There are streets named after him in Culleredo and Vimianzo. In 2001 his great-grandson organized a commemorative literary evening.[186] In 2014 the Galician authorities co-funded publication of his poetic anthology,[187] which in turn triggered a few press articles.[188] Most of Martelo's numerous estates have changed hands since his death.[189] The most iconic one, his preferred summer residence Castillo de Vimianzo,[190] following changing fortunes[191] is currently the property of local ayuntamiento, which turned it into a tourist attraction;[192] the municipal authorities use it as the setting for “Noite no Castelo”, a nightly event which includes reading of Martelo's poetry.[193] Some of his papers are stored in the regional Galician archive.[194]

See also

Footnotes
  1. until the early 21st century the year of Martelo’s birth was usually quoted as 1853, see e.g. Ricardo Carballo Calero, Historia da literatura galega contemporanea 1808-1936, Vigo 1981, ISBN 9788471543912, p. 430. Author of the first monograph on Martelo claims the correct year of birth is 1850, see Laura Suárez Llano, Vida y obra de Evaristo Martelo Paumán, [in:] Adra. Revista dos socios e socias do Museo do Pobo Galego 8 (2013), pp. 83, 86
  2. in various sources Martelo appears under different surnames, which incorporate or omit specific aristocratic branches of his ancestors. The most complete one identified is referred after Revista de Historia y de Genealogía Española 10/11 (1928), available here
  3. a very detailed genealogical tree which features many of Martelo’s ancestors at XenealoxasDoBarbanza service, available here
  4. one author claims that “en su sangre habían vertido las más linajudas familias, José Ramón Barreiro Fernández, El carlismo gallego, Santiago de Compostela 1976, ISBN 8485170105, p. 323
  5. El Compostelano 15.07.25, available here
  6. Xosé Manuel Abel Expósito, Sanjurjo Montenegro. Felpás. Santa Mariña. Outeiro de Rei, [in:] Xenealoxia service 2003, available here
  7. some sources refer to him as “,inistro de impuestos”, see Leis service, available here, and some as “procurador xeral da xurisdicción de Vimianzo”, Xan X. Fernández Carrera, Antón García Losada, Andando por Bergantiños, vol. 2, s.l., p. 19
  8. Martelo himself was in the 15th generation descendant of Rodrigo de Moscoso y Osorio and Teresa de Andrade y Haro, El Compostelano 25.07.25, available here
  9. Carlos de la Peña Vidal, Condado de Taboada, un título nobiliario litigado en sonado preito, [in:] Nalgures XII (2016), p. 229
  10. Peña Vidal 2016, p. 229
  11. Suárez Llano 2013, p. 84
  12. Marquéses de Almeiras entry, [in:] Geneallnet service, available here
  13. Expósito 2003
  14. Historia, [in:] Xenealoxías do Barbanza service, available here
  15. Marta Rivera de la Cruz, Biography of Evaristo Martelo y Paumán del Nero, [in:] TheBiography service, available here
  16. Suárez Llano 2013, p. 83
  17. La Opinión 24.05.97, available here
  18. Revista de Historia de Genealogia Española II/7 (1928), p. 587
  19. Leis service, available here
  20. Jose María Fernandez Carmaño, La Coruña vista desde sus libros de actas, Madrid s.d., ISBN 9788498210880, p. 152
  21. see the official Cortes service, available here
  22. Estadística del personal y vicisitudes de las Cortes y de los Ministerios de España, Madrid 1838, p. 302
  23. the surname appears in somewhat different versions, see e.g. of her name in Peña Vidal 2016, p. 229, and La Opinión 24.05.97, available here
  24. Suárez Llano 2013, p. 83
  25. Suárez Llano 2013, p. 83. Some sources claim she died in 1853, presumably an erroneous presumption derived from the wrongly understood date of Evaristo’s birth, see e.g. Revista de la Historia y de la Genealogía Española 10/11 (1928), available here
  26. Boaño is a hamlet near Laxe; Xavier Castro Rodriguez, Xan de Andeiro, [in:] GaliciaXoxe service 30.12.06, available here
  27. Marta Rivera de la Cruz, Biography of Evaristo Martelo y Paumán del Nero, [in:] TheBiography service, available here
  28. Pazo de Viturro entry, [in:] Xenealoxías do Barbanza service, available here
  29. Casa del Arco was not inherited by Evaristo’s father but rather purchaded from Condesa de Altamira, herself also distantly related to Urraca de Moscoso and Pedro de Osorio, Castro Rodriguez 2006
  30. the purchase of estate which used to belong to the Andeiro family, and in particular to Xan de Andeiro, conde de Ourém, which allowed Martelo to consider himself sort of heir to the Andeiros and triggered his later Andeiro, poema histórico brigantino da Unión Ibérica, Suárez Llano 2013, p. 84
  31. the Vimianzo castle also did not form part of the old family heritage, but was purchased by Evaristo’s father, see Casa Fuerte de Felpás, [in:] Xenealoxia service 2003, available here, also Castro Rodriguez 2006
  32. Marta Rivera de la Cruz, Biography of Evaristo Martelo y Paumán del Nero, [in:] TheBiography service, available here, Evaristo Martelo o el Castelo de Vimianzo, [in:] Xunta de Galicia service, available here
  33. fairly unfrequent education for an aristocratic son, he normally would have frequented an educational institution run by a religious order; the choice demonstrates liberal preferences of his father
  34. Suárez Llano 2013, p. 85
  35. Evaristo’s decision to enter the navy school and commence the navy career was possibly influenced by the memory of his mythical distant ancestors, Paío Gómez Chariño
  36. Carballo Calero 1981, p. 430
  37. one author claims that Evaristo abandoned the navy career upon realizing he would have to live mostly away from his native Galicia, Suárez Llano 2013, p. 85. Another opinion advanced is that he decided not to abandon his sickly father, La Opinión 24.05.97, available here
  38. in 1870 Martelo was called to the regular army service; in line with regulations in place at the time, he paid 600 escudos fee which freed him from military obligations, Suárez Llano 2013, p. 86
  39. P. Blanco, X. Amexeiras, Evaristo Martelo amosou outra cara do castelo vimiancés, [in:] La Voz de Galicia 16.08.18, available here. In the mid-1870s Martelo was involved in numerous legal proceedings, which apparently formed sort of juridical procedures related to real estates inherited from his late father, see e.g. El Ejemplo 06.09.74, available here
  40. El Eco de Galicia 12.10.89, available here. Official confirmation of the titles took years and was complete in 1894, El Regional 23.09.84, available here
  41. El Eco de Galicia 12.10.89, available here. Official confirmation of the titles took years and was complete in 1894, El Regional 23.09.84, available here=pagina
  42. Suárez Llano 2013, p. 88. As Martelo's father passed away also in 1873, it is not clear whether the wedding preceded his death or the other way round (daily or monthly dates of both events are not known). The wedding-before-death sequence is more likely, as normally a period of mourning - which excluded weddings - was supposed to take place
  43. El Ideal Gallego 08.01.32, available here
  44. Peña Vidal 2016, p. 228
  45. Peña Vidal 2016, p. 227
  46. either at Calle San Nicolás 43 or at Rúa de Frantxa 14, Suárez Llano 2013, p. 88
  47. Suárez Llano 2013, p. 88
  48. she has never married and had no children. In her last will she transferred many of the family properties, including the Vimianzo castle, to the archbishop of La Coruña
  49. Revista de la Historia y de la Genealogía Española 10/11 (1928), available here
  50. the only one identified was María de los Angeles Martelo de la Maza y Alende
  51. he is the son María de los Angeles Martelo de la Maza y Alende, see e.g. Marcial Martelo de la Maza entry, [in:] Real Academia de Doctores de España service, available here, or Marcial Martelo de la Maza: “La nobleza podría ser un instrumento que contribuya a conjugar pasado y futuro”, [in:] ElCorreoGallego service 04.07.15, available here
  52. M.P., Así es el marqués de Almeiras, la pareja de la 'ciudadana' Marta Rivera de la Cruz, [in:] Vanitatis 10.02.17, available here
  53. Evaristo Martelo Paumán became the 6. marqués de Almeiras after death of his maternal relative and the 5. marqués, Juan Ignacio Zuazo de Mondragón. Since the latter died in 1903 it is not clear why Martelo claimed tha title as late as 1920, compare Marqueses de Almeiras entry, [in:] Geneallnet service, available here, and La Epoca 30.08.20, available here
  54. La Opinión 24.05.97, available here
  55. later he used different pen-names like Chinto de Almeiras, see Suárez Llano 2013, p. 90. In his juvenile years he used to take part in local juegos florales, see El Diario de Santiago 19.05.76, available here, over time growing to its jury member, El Constitutional 31.05.77, available here
  56. the last piece identified is from 1928, see El Compostelano 02.03.28, available here
  57. Galicia 3 (1887), available here
  58. Santiago 23.07.02, available here
  59. Follas Novas 12.07.08, available here
  60. Coruña Moderna 06.01.07, available here
  61. Boletín oficial del Centro Gallego 15.05.18, available here
  62. Suárez Llano 2013, p. 90
  63. El Ideal Gallego 22.02.22, available here
  64. El Compostelano 02.03.28, available here
  65. Suárez Llano 2013, p. 91
  66. Suárez Llano 2013, p. 93
  67. El Laudemio. Su legislación y jurisprudencia hasta el año 1898, con un preliminar histórico y algunas observaciones acerca de los Foros (1899), and Manual de los Consejos de Agricultura, Industria y Comercio (1900), both in Spanish
  68. Suárez Llano 2013, p. 93
  69. Suárez Llano 2013, pp. 94-96
  70. see e.g. A misión dos bardos, Himno militar gallego, A Xan de Ouces and Os foros, Suárez Llano 2013, p. 96-99
  71. see e.g. Cántigas, Entre os penedos de Traba and San Xosé de Rianxińo, Suárez Llano 2013, pp. 99-100
  72. see e.g. Hey ti! Poeta de Anllóns, and especially Os afillados do demo, Suárez Llano 2013, pp. 100-102
  73. see e.g. Lembranza , Encantos, A sombra do normando and As Torres de Vimianzo, Suárez Llano 2013, p. 102
  74. see e.g. O brinde. Romance do século XV and As Torres de Avińo, Suárez Llano 2013, pp. 102-104
  75. La Opinión 24.05.97, available here
  76. Vida Gallega 02.01.20, available here
  77. El Ideal Gallego 01.04.28, available here
  78. Evaristo Martelo o el Castelo de Vimianzo, [in:] Xunta de Galicia service, available here
  79. Castro Rodriguez 2006
  80. Barreiro Fernández 1976, p. 323
  81. El Compostelano 09.03.20, available here
  82. Marta Rivera de la Cruz, Martelo y Paumán del Nero, Evaristo (1850-1928), [in:] MCNBiografias service, available here
  83. Carballo Callero 1981, pp. 429-433
  84. Suárez Llano 2013, p. 93
  85. Suárez Llano 2013, p. 93
  86. see e.g. Los orígenes del gallego [in:] Revista Gallega 50/4 (1896), A D. Alfredo Brañas, [in:] Revista Gallega 260/1-2 (1900)
  87. even though he was perfectly aware that in his times, Galician was the language of the working class; in 1885 he noted with regret: “nobody speaks Galician today except the ploughmen and farmhands and all the uncouth people and not the distinguished; and as only gentlemen and the educated speak Castilian”, quoted after Henrique Monteagudo, Antón Santamarína, Galician and Castilian in contact: historical, social and linguistic aspects, [in:] Rebecca Posner, John N. Green, Bilingualism and Linguistic Conflict in Romance, vol. 5, Berlin 2011, ISBN 9783110848649, p. 166
  88. some authors consider Martelo's opposition to rural folkish Galego “an obsession”, see Xesús Alonso Montero, Prehistoria de Academia Gallega, [in:] Grial. Revista Galega de Cultura 99 (1988), pp. 12-13
  89. Suárez Llano 2013, p. 91
  90. Carballo Calero 1981, p. 431
  91. Carballo Calero 1981, p. 430
  92. Carballo Calero 1981, p. 433
  93. like Eugenio Carré Aldao, Benito Vicetto, Andrés Martínez Salazar, José Galo Salinas and Florencio Vaamonde
  94. Marta Rivera de la Cruz, Martelo y Paumán del Nero, Evaristo (1850-1928), [in:] MCNBiografias service, available here
  95. Martelo withdrew once the organisation failed to unite regionalist candidates in local elections, Suárez Llano 2013, p. 90
  96. Suárez Llano 2013, p. 91
  97. e.g. in 1898 he took part in a session dedicated to Sofía Casanova, Lo Somatent 21.04.98, available here
  98. Suárez Llano 2013, p. 91
  99. El Eco de Santiago 23.05.05, available here
  100. El Orzán 08.11.18, available here
  101. El Progreso 22.12.18, available here
  102. El Orzán 16.06.21, available here
  103. his entry lecture was titled “Pondal e a súa obra”, Suárez Llano 2013, p. 91
  104. Suárez Llano 2013, p. 89
  105. El Noroeste 06.07.09, available here
  106. El Orzán 06.10.23, available here
  107. Suárez Llano 2013, p. 89
  108. see e.g. El Orzán 06.10.23, available here
  109. in 1909 Martelo was a member of Comisión de Ensanche in ayuntamiento, El Noroeste 06.07.09, available here, at one point he presided over Concejo de Fomento, El Ideal Gallego 01.04.28, available here
  110. El Orzán 16.11.23, available here
  111. El Ideal Gallego 03.04.24, available here
  112. in the late 1870s Martelo served as the archivist of Sociedad de Seguros Mutuos contra Incendios, becoming its director in 1885, Suárez Llano 2013, p. 89
  113. for the 1880s see e.g. Gaceta de Galicia 12.01.86, available here, for the 1890s see e.g. Diario de Avisos de La Coruña 15.05.90, available here, for the 1900s see e.g. Anuario-Riera 1908, available here
  114. Suárez Llano 2013, p. 89
  115. Directorio de Galicia 1911, available here
  116. La Opinión 24.05.97, available here, also El Eco de Santiago 01.01.98, available here
  117. El Diario de Galicia 09.01.96, available here
  118. El Noroeste 24.11.08, available here, also El Noroeste 15.11.13, available here
  119. Suárez Llano 2013, p. 89
  120. Revista de la Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País de Santiago, 31.07.83, available here
  121. Suárez Llano 2013, p. 89
  122. Suárez Llano 2013, pp. 89-90
  123. El Correo Español 12.04.01, available here
  124. La Opinión 24.05.97, available here
  125. El Eco de Santiago 27.09.07, available here
  126. in 1920 a journalist visiting Martelo in Vimianzo noted: “Don Evaristo – observamos al oirle – no debe estar en buenas relaciones con el clero. Es jaimista el señor de Rianjo, y el jaimismo de don Evaristo deve ser de boulevard: demimondain y anticlerical”, Vida Gallega 02.01.20, available here
  127. by a present-day historian he is referred to as “progressista en política”, Suárez Llano 2013, p. 83
  128. none of his other relatives is listed as involved in Carlism
  129. Julio Prada Rodriguez, El Fénix que siempre renace. El carlismo ourensano (1894-1936), [in:] Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, Series V, Historia Contemporánea 17 (2005), pp. 119-146
  130. for monograph on Galician Carlism see Fenández Barreiro 1976
  131. Suárez Llano 2013, p. 86
  132. La Opinión 24.05.97, available here
  133. sources claim he did it forced by the death of his father and the need to take care of the family business, P. Blanco, X. Amexeiras, Evaristo Martelo amosou outra cara do castelo vimiancés, [in:] La Voz de Galicia 16.08.18, available here. The monographic study which discusses Third Carlist War in Galicia does not mention either the name of Martelo or Pauman, compare Alfredo Comesaña Paz, Hijos del Trueno: La Tercera Guerra Carlista en Galicia y el Norte de Portugal, Madrid 2016, ISBN 9788416558360
  134. Gaceta de Galicia 18.05.89, available here
  135. Gaceta de Galicia 18.05.89, available here
  136. Gaceta de Galicia 26.05.93, available here
  137. e.g. in 1901 he was president of Junta Local Tradicionalista, assaulted when the militant hit-squad of Sociedad La Atorcha Galaica del Libre Pensamiento pelted their premises with stones, El Correo Español 12.04.01, available here
  138. El Correo Español 18.09.08, available here
  139. El Eco de Galicia 20.03.09, available here
  140. El Correo Español 27.03.11, available here
  141. El Eco de Galicia 17.06.13, available here
  142. El Correo de Galicia 02.03.15, available here
  143. Suárez Llano 2013, p. 89
  144. El Progreso 01.11.18, available here
  145. El Correo de Galicia 23.03.12, available here
  146. El Eco de Galicia 04.01.11, available here
  147. El Correo de Galicia 23.03.12, available here
  148. Vida Gallega 02.01.20, available here
  149. Martelo is not mentioned in a massive monograph on Marqués de Cerralbo, covering Carlism of the late 19th and early 20th century, Agustín Fernández Escudero, El marqués de Cerralbo (1845-1922): biografía politica [PhD thesis], Madrid 2012, in a contemporary synthesis of Carlist history Jordi Canal, El carlismo, Madrid 2000, ISBN 8420639478, or in the classic work of Carlist historiography, Melchor Ferrer Dalmau, Historia del tradicionalismo español, Sevilla 1959, especially vols. XXVIII (Carlos VII. Desde la terminación de la tercera guerra en 1876 hasta el fallecimiento de Carlos VII en 1909) and XXIX (Jaime III. Desde su proclamación en julio de 1909 hasta su fallecimiento en octubre de 1931)
  150. Barreiro Fernández 1976, p. 323
  151. for Martelo “el carlismo no era un refugio estético – como para don Ramón [Valle-Inclan] – sino un ideal heroico; poeta enamorado de las tradiciones de su tierra, no sólo carlistas”, ABC 22.05.76, available here
  152. Barreiro Fernández 1976, p. 323
  153. Carballo Calero 1981, p. 431
  154. Marta Rivera de la Cruz, Martelo y Paumán del Nero, Evaristo (1850-1928), [in:] MCNBiografias service, available here
  155. a scholar who specializes in research on Galician nationalism lists 3 currents preceding the modern Galician nation-building, the liberal regionalists, the Federalists and the Catholic-Traditionalists, the latter led by Alfredo Brañas and related to Carlism, see Ramón Máiz, The open-ended construction of a nation: the Galician case in Spain, [in:] Justo G. Berramendi, Ramón Máiz, Xosé M. Núñez (eds.), Nationalism in Europe. Past and Present, Santiago de Compostela 1994, pp. 182-183. However, neither in this nor in other works he mentions Martelo as contributor to buildup to the Galician nationalism
  156. compare “pois Lugo e Braga sempre son o mesmo / e a gran Lisboa é mesmo patria nosa, / que ese Madrid dos mouros de Toledo”. For Iberic threads in Martelo’s poetry see also Suárez Llano 2013, p. 94, Carballo Calero 1981, p. 432
  157. Gaceta de Galicia 27.07.99, available here
  158. La temporada en Mondariz 02.09.06, available here
  159. Vida Gallega 25.01.17, available here
  160. La Opinión 24.05.97, available here
  161. Martelo was sporadically noted in the Madrid press of the 1890s, 1900s and 1910s, but never as a poet. He was referred because of his official engagements in the Commission of Agriculture, because of his juridical manuals, because of various donations or because of the marquesado claims. The first identified note in the Madrid press which referred to him as to a man of letters, “el gran lírico y poeta satírico, de corte fino y elegante”, was from the mid-1920s, see La Ilustración Mundial 15.07.26, available here
  162. Vida Gallega 02.01.20, available here
  163. Revista de Historia y de Genealogía Española 8 (1928), available here
  164. Martelo died of asystole, El Orzán 03.04.28, available here
  165. see e.g. El Ideal Gallego 01.04.1928, available here
  166. Fernando Martínez Morás, Don Evaristo Martelo Paumán, [in:] Boletín de la Real Academia Gallega 204 (1928), pp. 313-314
  167. El Pueblo Gallego 02.03.33, available here
  168. Francisco Elías de Tejada Spinola, La tradición gallega, Madrid 1944, see the chapter Martelo-Pauman, añoranza viva, pp. 173-177
  169. Francisco Fernández del Riego, Escolma de poesía gallega, vol. 3, Madrid 1957, see the chapter Martelo Paumán, pp. 137-142
  170. El Correo Gallego 10.01.53, available here
  171. Ricardo Carballo Calero, Historia da literatura galega contemporanea 1808-1936, Madrid 1967, p. 429-433
  172. Barreiro Fernández 1976, p. 323
  173. Isaac Díaz Pardo, Diciopedia do século 21: dicionario enciclopédico da lingua galega e da cultura universal ilustrado, Vigo 2006, ISBN 9788482893594, p. 1317
  174. Dolores Vilavedra, Diccionario da literatura galega: Obras, Vigo 2000, ISBN 9788482883656, pp. 272-273
  175. Laura Suárez Llano, Edición da poesía galega de Evaristo Martelo Paumán [PhD thesis Universidade da Coruña], La Coruña 2004
  176. Suárez Llano 2013, p. 89
  177. Francisco Fernandez del Riego (ed.), Escolma de Poeia Galega, Vigo 1957, p. 137
  178. Suárez Llano 2013, pp. 104-105
  179. Martelo reportedly influenced Castelao, José Arcos, Enrique Correa, Manual Antonio and Rafael Dieste, the last two indirectly, Castro Rodriguez 2006
  180. Carballo Calero 1981, p. 432
  181. O señor de Rianxo, de novo entre nós, [in:] Cafe Barbantia service, available here
  182. Castro Rodriguez 2006
  183. Suárez Llano 2013, pp. 104-106
  184. see e.g. Evaristo Martelo Paumán 3, [in:] Tarrengo! service 25.04.19, available here
  185. see e.g. Evaristo Martelo Paumán, poeta carlista gallego, [in:] Hispanismo service, available here, or Poema carlista gallego, [in:] Carlismo Galicia service 27.06.17, available here
  186. La Casa de Galicia en Madrid exalta la figura de Evaristo Martelo, [in:] La Voz de Galicia service 21.11.01, available here
  187. Xose B. Alborés (ed.), Evaristo Martelo. Antoloxía poética, Vigo 2014, ISBN 9788493879556
  188. see e.g. La antología de Evaristo Martelo y «Salseiros», en la Feira do Libro de Rianxo, [in:] La Voz de Galicia 26.07.14, available here
  189. for Laxe see O Pombal, [in:] ATorreDeLaxe service, available here, for La Coruńa see Proyecto de ampliación del Instituto Calvo Sotelo, [in:] PatrimonioVillaGarcia service 09.12.16, available here
  190. Evaristo Martelo Paumán del Nero, [in:] Vimianzo service, available here
  191. Martelo’s daughter Dolores Martelo de la Maza, single and with no children, as her last will transferred the castle to the archbishop of Santiago. In 1936 it was expropriated by the Republican government, which intended to set up casa consistorial and a social centre in the castle. Following the coup of 1936 the castle was briefly a nucleus of Republican resistance, see Evaristo Martelo Paumán del Nero, [in:] Vimianzo service, available here
  192. Morada de los condes de Altamira, [in:] Turismo Vimianzo service, available here
  193. Evaristo Martelo amosou outra cara do castelo vimiancés, [in:] La Voz de Galicia 16.08.18, available here
  194. Excmo. Sr. D. Evaristo Martelo y Paumán del Nero entry, [in:] Arxivo Dixital de Galicia, available here

Further reading
  • José Ramón Barreiro Fernández, El carlismo gallego, Santiago de Compostela 1976, ISBN 8485170105
  • Ricardo Carballo Calero, Historia da literatura galega contemporanea 1808-1936, Madrid 1967
  • Francisco Elías de Tejada Spinola, La tradición gallega, Madrid 1944
  • Francisco Fernández del Riego, Escolma de poesía gallega, vol. 3, Madrid 1957
  • Laura Suárez Llano, Edición da poesía galega de Evaristo Martelo Paumán [PhD thesis Universidade da Coruña], La Coruña 2004
  • Laura Suárez Llano, Vida y obra de Evaristo Martelo Paumán, in: Adra. Revista dos socios e socias do Museo do Pobo Galego 8 (2013), pp. 83–107
  • Dolores Vilavedra, Diccionario da literatura galega: Obras, Vigo 2000, ISBN 9788482883656
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