Ernest Augustus, Duke of York and Albany

Ernest Augustus, Duke of York and Albany (17 September 1674 – 14 August 1728), was the younger brother of George I of Great Britain.[1] Ernest Augustus was a soldier and served with some distinction under Emperor Leopold I during the Nine Years' War and the War of the Spanish Succession. In 1715, he became Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück.

Ernest Augustus
Duke of York and Albany
Born	17 September 1674 Osnabrück, Germany
Died	14 August 1728 (aged 53) Osnabrück, Germany
Full name Ernest Augustus
House	Hanover
Father	Ernest Augustus, Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Mother	Sophia of the Palatinate

Early life

Ernest Augustus was born on 17 September 1674. He was the sixth son and seventh child of Ernest Augustus, Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg, and Sophia of the Palatinate, and a younger brother of the future George I of Great Britain.[2]

Ernest Augustus's father was Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück,[3] and the first five years of his life were spent in Osnabrück, until his father became Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and the family moved to Hanover.[2]

His education followed the customs of the time, by which German princes were expected to travel to foreign courts to make contacts and learn how to conduct diplomatic relations. In the summer of his 20th year, he visited the French court at Versailles via Amsterdam. While there, he turned 20 and the two brothers were popular with the French royal family.[2]

Military career

Herrenhausen palace and gardens, Hanover

After his visit to France, he trod the well-worn path for young German princes of those times and served as a soldier. His family interests were aligned with those of Emperor Leopold I and so he fought again the French in the Nine Years' War and was present at the Battle of Neerwinden in 1693. He continued his military career during the War of Spanish Succession and was actively engaged in the Siege of Lille (1708).[2]

After his father's death, George inherited all his lands and titles, including the electorate. His father, as part of the conditions he had to fulfil to acquire an electorship, had adopted primogeniture, thus disinheriting younger sons. Unlike his four elder brothers, Ernest Augustus did not oppose this change; consequently he got on well with his eldest brother George who trusted him. He was a prominent member of his brother's court at Herrenhausen, in Hanover, receiving diplomatic visitors and taking an active role in the cultural interests of the court. His influence may have helped secure the position of Kapellmeister for Handel at the court.[2]

Dynastic role

The Bishop's Palace at Osnabrück (after 1777)

With his accession to the British throne, George moved to London and Ernest Augustus took on the mantle of the senior head of the family in Brunswick-Lüneburg. In this capacity, he became regent in all but name, and took on the duty of care for George's seven-year-old grandson, Frederick Lewis, the future Prince of Wales and father-to-be of George III. Frederick was left in Germany as a diplomatic move, to reassure the populace and any ambitious neighbouring states of the family's continuing commitment to its German lands.[2]

Upon the death of Charles Joseph, Elector of Trier, in 1715, under the terms of the Treaty of Westphalia, it was the turn of a Protestant to become Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück. This position as a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire and ruler of an independent principality had to alternate between Catholics and Lutherans according to the treaty. Usually a member of the House of Welf held the office whenever the turn came to Protestants. As Ernest Augustus's elder brother Maximilian William of Brunswick-Luneburg had become a Catholic, King George nominated Ernest Augustus to be elected by the Osnabrück cathedral chapter. The position was not just an honorific, and so Ernest Augustus had to divide his time between Schloss Osnabrück and the court at Herrenhausen.[2]

In 1716, Ernst visited England where, on 29 June 1716, he was created Duke of York and Albany, and Earl of Ulster.[4] On 30 April 1718 (OS), he was created a Knight of the Garter together with his grand-nephew Frederick, later Prince of Wales.[5][6]

Death

After his sojourn to Great Britain, Ernest Augustus returned to his previous life and continued to divide his time between Schloss Osnabrück and the court at Herrenhausen, while actively managing the affairs of both states. He died at Osnabrück on 14 August 1728 (NS) and was buried there.[2] One year earlier his brother George I had also died there on a journey. Believed to be homosexual, Ernest Augustus never married.[7] Upon his death, his British and Irish peerages became extinct.[2]

Arms

Coat of arms of Ernest Augustus, Duke of York and Albany

Adopted 1716 Coronet Coronet of a Child of the Sovereign Crest Coronet of a child of the Sovereign thereon a Lion statant guardant Or, langued Gules, crowned with the same coronet charged on the shoulder with a label as in the arms. Escutcheon Quarterly: 1st, Gules, three Lions passant guardant in pale Or, armed and langued Azure (England); Impaled with Or, a Lion rampant Gules within a Double-Tressure flory counter-flory Gules, armed and langued Azure (Scotland); 2nd, Azure, three Fleurs-de-lis Or (France); 3rd, Azure, a Harp Or stringed Argent (Ireland); 4th, tiercé reversed, i, Gules, two Lions passant Or, armed and langued Azure (Brunswick); ii, Or, semée of Hearts Gules, a Lion rampant Azure, armed and langued Gules (Lüneburg); iii, Gules, a Horse courant Argent (Westphalia), over all an Inescutcheon Argent, charged with a Wheel Gules (Osnabrück); the whole differenced by a label of three-points Argent, each point charged with three Hearts Gules. Supporters Dexter: a Lion rampant guardant Or, armed and langued Gules, with a coronet of rank Or, charged on the shoulder with a label for difference as in the arms. Sinister: a Unicorn Argent, armed, crined and unguled Or, langued Gules, gorged with a Coronet of rank, a chain affixed thereto passing between the forelegs and reflexed over the back Or, charged on the shoulder with a label for difference as in the arms. Orders Order of the Garter circlet (Appointed 3 July 1716)

Ancestors

Ancestors of Ernest Augustus, Duke of York and Albany

16. Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg 8. William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg 17. Sophia of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 4. George, Duke of Brunswick-Calenberg 18. Christian III of Denmark 9. Dorothea of Denmark 19. Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg 2. Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover 20. George I, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt 10. Louis V, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt 21. Magdalene of Lippe 5. Anne Eleonore of Hesse-Darmstadt 22. John George, Elector of Brandenburg 11. Magdalene of Brandenburg 23. Elisabeth of Anhalt-Zerbst 1. Ernest Augustus, Duke of York and Albany 24. Louis VI, Elector Palatine 12. Frederick IV, Elector Palatine 25. Elisabeth of Hesse 6. Frederick V, Elector Palatine 26. William I, Prince of Orange 13. Louise Juliana of Orange-Nassau 27. Charlotte of Bourbon 3. Sophia of the Palatinate 28. Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley 14. James I of England and VI of Scotland 29. Mary, Queen of Scots 7. Elizabeth Stuart 30. Frederick II of Denmark 15. Anne of Denmark 31. Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow

Notes

1. These dates use the Gregorian calendar. In Britain his date of birth was 7 September 1674 and his date of death 3 August 1728.

   In this article "NS" means the Gregorian calendar. OS the Julian calendar with the start of the year adjusted to 1 January. Events on the European mainland are usually given using the Gregorian calendar, while events in Great Britain are usually given using the Julian calendar with the year adjusted to 1 January. Dates with no explicit Julian or Gregorian postscript will be using the same calendar as the last date with an explicit postscript.

2. Kilburn 2005.
3. "The Treaty of Westphalia (1648) had stipulated that the bishopric of Osnabrück, a principality within the Holy Roman empire, should alternate between a Catholic prelate and a Protestant prince; the Protestant bishops were secular rulers rather than churchmen."(Kilburn 2005)
4. "These titles had previously been held by James II during the reign of his brother Charles II" (Kilburn 2005)
5. Vian 1889, p. 293.
6. Ernest Augustus and Frederick would have been knighted in August 1716, but was delayed until December and in the end it did not take place until 30 April 1718 when both were represented by proxies. (Kilburn 2005)
7. Campbell 2004, p. 281.

References

• Campbell, Clarissa (2004). Queenship in Europe 1660–1815: The Role of the Consort. Cambridge University Press. p. 281. ISBN 0521814227.
• Kilburn, Matthew (May 2005) [2004]. "Ernest Augustus, Prince, duke of York and Albany (1674–1728)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8839. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
• Vian, Alsager Richard (1889). "Ernest Augustus (1674–1728)" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. 17. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 393.

External links

• Media related to Ernest Augustus, Duke of York and Albany at Wikimedia Commons