Engineering fit
Engineering fits are generally used as part of geometric dimensioning and tolerancing when a part or assembly is designed. In engineering terms, the "fit" is the clearance between two mating parts, and the size of this clearance determines whether the parts can, at one end of the spectrum, move or rotate independently from each other or, at the other end, are temporarily or permanently joined together. Engineering fits are generally described as a "shaft and hole" pairing, but are not necessarily limited to just round components. ISO is the internationally accepted standard for defining engineering fits, but ANSI is often still used in North America.
ISO and ANSI both group fits into three categories: clearance, location or transition, and interference. Within each category are several codes to define the size limits of the hole or shaft - the combination of which determines the type of fit. A fit is usually selected at the design stage according to whether the mating parts need to be accurately located, free to slide or rotate, separated easily, or resist separation. Cost is also a major factor in selecting a fit, as more accurate fits will be more expensive to produce, and tighter fits will be more expensive to assemble.
Methods of producing work to the required tolerances to achieve a desired fit range from casting, forging and drilling for the widest tolerances through broaching, reaming, milling and turning to lapping and honing at the tightest tolerances.[1]
ISO system of limits and fits
Overview
The International Organisation for Standardization system splits the three main categories into several individual fits based on the allowable limits for hole and shaft size. Each fit is allocated a code, made up of a number and a letter, which is used on engineering drawings in place of upper & lower size limits to reduce clutter in detailed areas.
Hole and shaft basis
A fit is either specified as shaft-basis or hole-basis, depending on which part has its size controlled to determine the fit. To elaborate: in a hole-basis system, the size of the hole remains constant and it is the diameter of the shaft that is varied to determine the fit; conversely in a shaft-basis system, the size of shaft remains constant and the hole diameter is varied to determine the fit.
The ISO system uses an alpha-numeric code to illustrate the tolerance ranges for the fit, with the upper-case representing the hole tolerance and lower-case representing the shaft. For example, in H7/h6 (a commonly-used fit) H7 represents the tolerance range of the hole and h6 represents the tolerance range of the shaft. These codes can be used by machinists or engineers to quickly identify the upper and lower size limits for either the hole or shaft. The potential range of clearance or interference can be found by subtracting the smallest shaft diameter from the largest hole, and largest shaft from the smallest hole.
Types of fit
The three types of fit are:
- Clearance: The hole is larger than the shaft, enabling the two parts to slide and / or rotate when assembled. Eg. piston & valves
- Location / transition: The hole is fractionally smaller than the shaft and mild force is required to assemble / disassemble Eg. Shaft key
- Interference: The hole is smaller than the shaft and high force and / or heat is required to assemble / disassemble Eg. Bearing bush
Clearance fits
| Category | Description and Usage | Hole Basis | Shaft Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Loose running | Larger clearance where accuracy is not essential - e.g. pivots, latches, parts affected by corrosion, heat, or contamination | H11/c11 | C11/h11 |
| Free running | Large clearance where accuracy is not essential and involves high running speeds, large temperature variations, or heavy journal pressures | H9/d9 | D9/h9 |
| Close running | Small clearances with moderate requirements for accuracy - e.g. moderate running speeds and journal pressures, shafts, spindles, sliding rods | H8/f7 | F8/h7 |
| Sliding | Minimal clearances for high accuracy requirements, which can be easily assembled and will turn & slide freely - e.g. guiding of shafts, sliding gears, crankshaft journals | H7/g6 | G7/h6 |
| Location | Very close clearances for precise accuracy requirements, which can be assembled without force and will turn & slide when lubricated - e.g. precise guiding of shafts | H7/h6 | H7/h6 |
For example, using an H8/f7 close-running fit on a 50 mm diameter:[1]
- H8 (hole) tolerance range = +0.000 mm to +0.039
- f7 (shaft) tolerance range = −0.050 mm to −0.025 mm
- Potential clearance will be between +0.025 mm and +0.089 mm
Transition fits
| Category | Description and Usage | Hole Basis | Shaft Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Similar fit | Negligible clearance or interference fit which can be assembled or disassembled with a rubber mallet - e.g. hubs, gears, pulleys, bushes, bearings | H7/k6 | K7/h6 |
| Fixed fit | Negligible clearance or small interference fit which can be assembled or disassembled with light pressing force - e.g. plugs, driven bushes, armatures on shafts | H7/n6 | N7/h6 |
For example, using an H7/k6 similar fit on a 50 mm diameter:[1]
- H7 (hole) tolerance range = +0.000 mm to +0.025 mm
- k6 (shaft) tolerance range = -0.018 mm to +0.002 mm
- Potential clearance / interference will be between +0.043 mm and −0.002 mm
Interference fits
| Category | Description and Usage | Hole Basis | Shaft Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Press fit | Light interference which can be assembled or disassembled with cold pressing - e.g. hubs, bearings, bushings, retainers | H7/p6 | P7/h6 |
| Driving fit | Medium interference which can be assembled with hot pressing or cold pressing with large forces - e.g. permanent mounting of gears, shafts, bushes (tightest possible with cast iron) | H7/s6 | S7/h6 |
| Forced fit | High interference shrink fit requiring large temperature differential of parts to assemble, permanent coupling of gears and shafts that cannot be disassembled without risking destruction | H7/u6 | U7/h6 |
For example, using an H7/p6 press fit on a 50mm diameter:[1]
- H7 (hole) tolerance range = +0.000 mm to +0.025 mm
- p6 (shaft) tolerance range = +0.042 mm to +0.026 mm
- Potential interference will be between −0.001 mm and −0.042 mm.
ANSI fit classes (USA only)
Interference fits
Interference fits, also known as press fits or friction fits, are fastenings between two parts in which the inner component is larger than the outer component. Achieving an interference fit requires applying force during assembly. After the parts are joined, the mating surfaces will feel pressure due to friction, and deformation of the completed assembly will be observed.
Force fits
Force fits are designed to maintain a controlled pressure between mating parts, and are used where forces or torques are being transmitted through the joining point. Like interference fits, force fits are achieved by applying a force during component assembly.[2]
FN 1 to FN 5
Shrink fits
Shrink fits serve the same purpose as force fits, but are achieved by heating one member to expand it while the other remains cool. The parts can then be easily put together with little applied force, but after cooling and contraction, the same dimensional interference exists as for a force fit. Like force fits, shrink fits range from FN 1 to FN 5.[3]
Location fits
Location fits are for parts that do not normally move relative to each other.
Location interference fit
LN 1 to LN 3 ( or LT 7 to LT 21? )
Location transition fit
LT 1 to LT 6 Location fit is for have comparatively better fit than slide fit.
Location clearance fit
LC 1 to LC 11
RC fits
The smaller RC numbers have smaller clearances for tighter fits, the larger numbers have larger clearances for looser fits.[4]
RC1: close sliding fits
Fits of this kind are intended for the accurate location of parts which must assemble without noticeable play.
RC2: sliding fits
Fits of this kind are intended for the accurate location but with greater maximum clearance than class RC1. Parts made to this fit turn and move easily. This type is not designed for free run. Sliding fits in larger sizes may seize with small temperature changes due to little allowance for thermal expansion or contraction.
RC3: precision running fits
Fits of this kind are about the closest fits which can be expected to run freely. Precision fits are intended for precision work at low speed, low bearing pressures, and light journal pressures. RC3 is not suitable where noticeable temperature differences occur.
RC4: close running fits
Fits of this kind are mostly for running fits on accurate machinery with moderate surface speed, bearing pressures, and journal pressures where accurate location and minimum play are desired. Fits of this kind also can be described as smaller clearances with higher requirements for precision fit.
RC5 and R6: medium running fits
Fits of this kind are designed for machines running at higher running speeds, considerable bearing pressures, and heavy journal pressure. Fits of this kind also can be described with greater clearances with common requirements for fit precision.
RC7: Free running fits
Fits of this kind are intended for use where accuracy is not essential. It is suitable for great temperature variations. This fit is suitable to use without any special requirements for precise guiding of shafts into certain holes.
RC8 and RC9: loose running fits
Fits of this kind are intended for use where wide commercial tolerances may be required on the shaft. With these fits, the parts with great clearances with having great tolerances. Loose running fits may be exposed to effects of corrosion, contamination by dust, and thermal or mechanical deformations.
See also
References
- "Index of ISO Shaft and Hole Limits Tolerances". www.roymech.co.uk. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
- Mott, Robert. Machine Elements in Mechanical Design (Fifth ed.). Pearson. p. 495.
- Motty, Robert. Machine Elements in Mechanical Design (Fifth ed.). Pearson. p. 495.
- "ANSI Standard Limits and Fits (ANSI B4.1-1967,R1974)". Retrieved 9 September 2013.