Eleanora Knopf

Eleanora Frances Bliss Knopf (July 15, 1883 – January 21, 1974) was an American geologist who worked for the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and did research in the Appalachians during the first two decades of the twentieth century. She studied at Bryn Mawr College, and earned a bachelor's degree in chemistry, a master's degree in geology, and a Ph.D. in geology in 1912. She was the first American geologist to use the new technique of petrography which she pioneered in her life's work - the study of Stissing Mountain.[1]

Eleanora Frances Bliss Knopf
1928 US Geological Survey ID Portrait
Born
Eleanora Frances Bliss

(1883-07-15)July 15, 1883
Rosemont, Pennsylvania
DiedJanuary 21, 1974(1974-01-21) (aged 90)
Menlo Park, California
OccupationGeologist

Early life
Her father, General Tasker Bliss, about 1918.

Eleanora Frances Bliss was born in Rosemont, Pennsylvania on July 15, 1883. Her father was General Tasker Howard Bliss — a career soldier who became Chief of Staff of the US Army during the First World War as well as a principal representative of the United States in the Allied Councils. Her mother was Mary Anderson Bliss, and both sides of the family could trace their ancestry to settlers from England.[2] The Bliss family home was located near crystalline rocks which she later studied.[3] She married geologist Adolph Knopf, in 1920. They did not have children of their own but she became a step-mother to his three children, who were already of school age at the time.[4][3]

Education

She received her early education from Florence Baldwin School.[5] She attended Bryn Mawr College, where she earned her bachelor's degree in 1904. She was a student of a remarkable woman and geologist Florence Bascom, who specialized in study rocks, especially metamorphic rocks, and had started the Geology department there. Knopf completed both her undergraduate and graduate studies under Bascom. Eleanora worked as a demonstrator in the geology lab at Bryn Mawr as well as an assistant curator in the Geological Museum at the college(1904 -1909). After two years at Berkeley (1910-1911), she returned to Bryn Mawr to work with Anna Jonas Stose (another one of Bascom's students), on the study of the metamorphic rocks near the college. Stose and Bliss had followed Bascom into the study of petrology.[3] They presented their dissertation together and received doctorates in 1912.[4] They collaborated on multiple papers, and went on to publish the most notable ones, such as one relating to the structure of metamorphic rocks called Schists, and another regarding the geology of McCalls Ferry.

Career

Shortly after receiving a Ph.D. in geology from Bryn Mawr and passing the civil service examinations, she went to Washington, DC to assist as a geological aide to the United States Geological Survey (USGS) in 1912 and continued her work on the metamorphic rocks on sites around Bryn Mawr. In 1913 she published her findings in the American Museum of Natural History of the first American sighting of mineral glaucophane, located in Pennsylvania[6] [7] which had never been found before in the east part of the Pacific Coast in the U.S.[5] In 1917, she was promoted to a geological assistant, and later in 1920, she became an official Geologist. She worked as a visiting lecturer at both Yale and Harvard.[8] She continued to work for the USGS until 1955 on a when actually employed basis. In 1925 she began studying the rocks of the Stissing Mountain region.[4] This study necessitated her attentiveness for the rest of her career. These presented unusual difficulty for examination purposes due to thrust faults. After searching overseas for new ways to precisely study the region, she settled upon the methods of Bruno Sander (from Innsbruck University) in which the fine structure of the rock was examined — the grains and the optical properties. She translated his work and used it for the following 40 years in the United States for her studies, mastering this new technique. This technique of petrography was new to US geology. Her book from 1938 on the subject, Structural Petrography, brought her much distinction. Eleanora Knopf was one of several American women geologists who spent time working in the Appalachians during the twentieth century. Though she was primarily a petrologist, she made astute observations concerning inequalities in erosion in catchments and hence the survival of palaeoforms in the landscape. [9] Although these observations were opposed to one of primary principles of geomorphology at the time, Knopf implied that remnant landforms should still survive for an extended period due to unequal erosion. In 1951, she joined Stanford University in geology department as a research associate.[10]

She continued to study the Stissing Mountain rocks until her retirement in 1955 but also made some expeditions to the Rocky Mountains.

Later years

Knopf aided her husband with his studies in the Rocky Mountains until his death in 1966. Afterwards she devoted herself in completing his research regarding the Boulder Batholith but health complications aroused for her.[3] She died in 1974 from arteriosclerosis in Menlo Park, California, at the age of 90.[11]

References
  1. Oakes 2007, p. 408.
  2. Aldrich 1980, p. 401.
  3. Rodgers, John (February 1977). "Memorial to Eleanora Bliss Knopf" (PDF).
  4. Aldrich 1980, p. 402.
  5. Pennsylvania Conservation Heritage Project (2018). "Eleanora Frances Bliss Knopf".
  6. Commire 2007, p. 1044.
  7. Helcon (2018). "Knopf, Eleanora Frances".
  8. Helicon (2018). "Knopf, Eleanora Frances".
  9. Bourne 2008, p. 131.
  10. Bourne, Jennifer A. (2008). "Eleanora Bliss Knopf and unequal erosion".
  11. Aldrich 1980, p. 403.

Bibliography
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