Edith Clarke

Edith Clarke (February 10, 1883 – October 29, 1959) was the first woman to be professionally employed as an electrical engineer in the United States,[1] and the first female professor of electrical engineering in the country.[2] She was the first woman to deliver a paper at the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the first female engineer whose professional standing was recognized by Tau Beta Pi, and the first woman named as a Fellow of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. She specialized in electrical power system analysis[3] and wrote Circuit Analysis of A-C Power Systems.[4]

For the Jamaican anthropologist and social reformer, see Edith Clarke (anthropologist). For the Australian pianist, see Enith Clarke.

Edith Clarke
Born(1883-02-10)February 10, 1883
Howard County, Maryland
DiedOctober 29, 1959(1959-10-29) (aged 76)
NationalityAmerican
Alma materVassar College
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Known forClarke transformation
Clarke calculator
AwardsNational Inventors Hall of Fame
Scientific career
FieldsElectrical engineering
InstitutionsGeneral Electric
University of Texas at Austin

Early life and education

One of nine children, Edith Clarke was born to lawyer John Ridgely Clarke and Susan Dorsey Owings on February 10, 1883, in Howard County, Maryland.[5] After being orphaned at age 12, she was raised by an older sister. She used her inheritance to study mathematics and astronomy at Vassar College, where she graduated in 1908.[6]

After college, Clarke taught mathematics and physics at a private school in San Francisco and at Marshall College. She then spent some time studying civil engineering at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, but left to become a "computer" at AT&T in 1912. She computed for George Campbell, who applied mathematical methods to the problems of long-distance electrical transmissions.[7] While at AT&T, she studied electrical engineering at Columbia University by night.

In 1918, Clarke enrolled at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the following year she became the first woman to earn an M.S. in electrical engineering from MIT.[1] Her thesis at MIT was supervised by Arthur E. Kennelly and was titled "Behavior of a lumpy artificial transmission line as the frequency is indefinitely increased."[8]

Professional career

Unable to find work as an engineer, Clarke went to work for General Electric as a supervisor of computers in the Turbine Engineering Department. During this time, she invented the Clarke calculator,[1] an early graphing calculator, this simple graphical device solved equations involving electric current, voltage and impedance in power transmission lines. The device could solve line equations involving hyperbolic functions ten times faster than previous methods. She filed a patent for the calculator in 1921 and it was granted in 1925.[1][9]

In 1921, Clarke took a leave of absence from GE to teach physics at the Constantinople Women's College in Turkey because she was not allowed to do electrical engineering work, was not earning the same salary and had a lower professional status as men doing the same work.[10] The next year, when she returned from Turkey, she was offered a job by GE as a salaried electrical engineer in the Central Station Engineering Department – the first professional female electrical engineer in the United States. She retired from General Electric in 1945.[11][12]

Her background in mathematics helped her achieve fame in her field. On February 8, 1926, as the first woman to deliver a paper at the American Institute of Electrical Engineers' (AIEE) annual meeting, she showed the use of hyperbolic functions for calculating the maximum power that a line could carry without instability.[13] The paper was of importance due to the fact that the transmission lines were getting longer, leading to greater loads and more chances for system instability and Clarke's paper provided a model that applied to large systems.[14] Two of her later papers won awards from the AIEE: the Best Regional Paper Prize in 1932 and the Best National Paper Prize in 1941.[2]

She also worked on the design and building of hydroelectric dams in the West Hoover Dam, contributing her electrical expertise to develop and install the turbines that generate hydropower there to this day.[15]

In 1943, Clarke wrote an influential textbook in the field of power engineering, Circuit Analysis of A-C Power Systems, based on her notes for lectures to GE engineers. This two-volume textbook teaches about her adaption of the symmetrical components system, which she became interested in while working for the second time at GE. This system is a mathematical means for engineers to study and solve problems of power system losses and the performance of electrical equipment. Clarke adopted this system to the three-phase components that is the basis of the electrical grid in the United States. This textbook was used as the basis of education for electrical engineers for many years.[16]

In 1947, she joined the faculty of the Electrical Engineering Department at the University of Texas at Austin, making her the first female professor of electrical engineering in the country.[2] She taught for 10 years and retired in 1957.[2]

In an interview with The Daily Texan on March 14, 1948, Clarke observed: "There is no demand for women engineers, as such, as there are for women doctors; but there's always a demand for anyone who can do a good piece of work."[12]

Honors

Edith Clarke was the first female engineer to achieve professional standing in Tau Beta Pi.[2] In 1948, Clarke was the first female Fellow of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers.[2] She was the first woman to be accepted as a full voting member in the American Institute of Electrical Engineers.[17] In 1954, she received the Society of Women Engineers (SWE) Achievement Award,[18] which was presented to her by Evelyn Jetter, one of SWE's founders[19] and inventor of the automotive ignition transistor, "in recognition of her many original contributions to stability theory and circuit analysis."[8][20] Clarke was selected for inclusion in Women of Achievement in Maryland History in 1998 and was also included in American National Biography and Notable American Women of the Modern Period.[17]

In 2015, Clarke was posthumously inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.[21]

Further reading
  • Layne, Margaret E. (2009). Women in engineering. Pioneers and trailblazers. Reston, Va.: ASCE Press. ISBN 978-0784472354.

References
  1. Carey, Charles Jr. (1999). "Edith Clarke". American National Biography. New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved October 16, 2012. (subscription required)
  2. Durbin, John. "In Memoriam: Edith Clarke". Index of Memorial Resolutions and Biographical Sketches. University of Texas. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  3. Brittain, J.E. (January 1996). "Edith Clark and power system stability [Scanning the Past]". Proceedings of the IEEE. 84 (1): 90. doi:10.1109/JPROC.1996.476030. ISSN 0018-9219. S2CID 26830617.
  4. Clarke, Edith (1943). Circuit analysis of A-C power systems. J. Wiley & sons, inc.
  5. Riddle, Larry. "Edith Clarke". Biographies of Women Mathematicians. Agnes Scott College. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
  6. http://wit.library.cornell.edu/show.html?id=13
  7. "Edith Clarke". IEEE Global History Network. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Archived from the original on August 1, 2013.
  8. "Edith Clarke". www.agnesscott.edu. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
  9. US patent 1552113, Edith Clarke, "Calculator", issued September 1, 1925, assigned to Clarke, Edith
  10. S, Author; Levins, y (July 1, 2020). "The Electrifying Story of Engineer Edith Clarke". WednesdaysWomen. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
  11. "Edith Clarke". Maryland Women's Hall of Fame. Maryland State Archives. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
  12. "Pioneering Women in Computing Technology". The Ada Project. Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved April 11, 2014.
  13. "WOMAN ADDRESSES ELECTRICAL INSTITUTE; Miss Edith Clarke the Only One of Her Sex to Read a Paper at Engineers' Meeting". The New York Times. February 9, 1926. Retrieved June 8, 2013.
  14. "Edith Clarke - Engineering Hall of Fame". edisontechcenter.org. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
  15. (PDF). February 4, 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20150204065119/http://www.invent.org/media/nihf/docs/Clarke.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 4, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2020. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  16. http://www.herstoryatimeline.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/2013-June1.pdf
  17. "Edith Clarke, Maryland Women's Hall of Fame". msa.maryland.gov. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
  18. Hobbs, Amy. "Edith Clarke". Biographical Series. Archives of Maryland. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
  19. "Edith Clarke, S.W.E., 1954 Award Winner". The Woman Engineer. VII (13): 5 [page 294 in compilation]. 1954. Retrieved July 24, 2019.
  20. "Evelyn Jetter, Engineer And Inventor, 52, Dies". The New York Times. December 22, 1979. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 24, 2019.
  21. "Edith Clarke" (PDF). National Inventors Hall of Fame. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 4, 2015. Retrieved February 4, 2015.

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