ENAER T-35 Pillán

ENAER T-35 Pillán (mapudungún, Spanish pronunciation: [piˈʎan], volcano or ancestral spirit) is a Chilean propeller-driven basic trainer aircraft. The student and the instructor sit in tandem. Production ceased in 1991 after 7 years but restarted briefly in 1998.[2]

T-35 Pillán
An ENAER T-35 Pillán of the Spanish Air Force
Role Trainer
National origin Chile
Manufacturer ENAER
First flight 6 March 1981[1]
Primary users Chilean Air Force
Spanish Air Force
National Air and Naval Service of Panama
Paraguayan Air Force
Produced 28 December 1984[1] – 1991
Number built 154[2]

Design and development

Prior to the eighties Chile possessed a decrepit fleet of military trainers obtained under the Mutual Defense Assistance Act. However, these trainers had become exceedingly difficult to repair following passage of a US arms embargo in 1976.[3] The PA-28R-300 Pillán was developed by Piper Aircraft in the United States as a two-seat military trainer for assembly in Chile, based on a PA-32R fuselage with a new center-section and wing stressed for aerobatics.[4] The first prototype designated XBT first flew at Lakeland on 6 March 1981 and was followed by a second prototype, designated YBT.[4] The second prototype first flew on 31 August 1981 and was then delivered to Chile.[4] The prototype XBT was delivered to Chile in January 1982 but was written off on 10 March 1982.[4] Production of kits at Vero Beach Municipal Airport commenced with three pre-production kits which were delivered for assembly in Chile in 1982, Vero Beach then produced 120 kits for assembly in Chile for the Chilean and Spanish Air Force.[4] The first production aircraft was delivered by ENAER to the Chilean Air Force Air Academy in August 1985.[4] The Spanish aircraft were assembled in Spain by CASA.[1]

Apart from a few turbine powered aircraft, all Pilláns were powered by a 300 hp (224 kW) Textron Lycoming AEIO-540-K1K5 six cylinder horizontally opposed piston engine.

In 1985 a turboprop variant was developed by ENAER as the T-35A Aucan.[4] In early 1986 one of the piston-engined pre-production aircraft was sent to Soloy Aviation Solutions in the United States for modification to install a 420 shp Allison 250B-17D engine.[4]

Variants
ENAER T-35 Pillan of the Chilean Air Force
Piper PA-28R-300 Pillan
Two Piper built prototypes.[4]
T-35A
Two-seat primary training aircraft for the Chilean Air Force. 60 delivered by 1990.[5]
T-35B
Two-seat instrument training aircraft for the Chilean Air Force. 20 delivered by 1990.[5]
T-35C
Two-seat primary training aircraft for the Spanish Air Force, known as the E.26 Tamiz. 41 delivered by 1987.[5]
T-35D
Two-seat primary and instrument training aircraft for Panama and Paraguay.[6]
T-35DT
Turboprop powered version, powered by a 420-ehp (313-kW) Allison 250-B17D turboprop engine. Original designation T-35XT.
T-35S
Single-seat aerobatic aircraft.[6]
T-35T Aucan
Improved turboprop powered version.
Pillan 2000
Proposed (1998) updated version of the T-35 Pillan with new wing.[7]

Operators
A T-35 Pillán formation of Chilean Air Force above Santiago, 2009.
 Chile
 Dominican Republic
 Ecuador
 El Salvador
 Guatemala
 Panama
 Paraguay
  • Paraguayan Air Force – operates 9 as of 2017.[11]
 Spain

Specifications (T-35A)

Data from Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1988–89[13]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2
  • Length: 8 m (26 ft 3 in)
  • Wingspan: 8.84 m (29 ft 0 in)
  • Height: 2.64 m (8 ft 8 in)
  • Wing area: 13.69 m2 (147.4 sq ft)
  • Airfoil: root: NACA 652-415 ; tip: NACA 652-415 modified
  • Empty weight: 930 kg (2,050 lb) equipped
  • Max takeoff weight: 1,338 kg (2,950 lb) (and Maximum Landing Weight)
1,315 kg (2,899 lb) aerobatic
  • Fuel capacity: 291.5 l (77.0 US gal; 64.1 imp gal) in two wing leading edge integral tanks / 210 kg (463 lb) (272.5 l (72.0 US gal; 59.9 imp gal) usable)
  • Powerplant: 1 × Avco Lycoming AEIO-540-K1K5 6-cylinder air-cooled horizontally-opposed piston engine, 224 kW (300 hp)
  • Propellers: 3-bladed Hartzell HC-C3YR-4BF/FC7663R, 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in) diameter constant-speed propeller

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 311 km/h (193 mph, 168 kn) at sea level
  • Cruise speed: 266 km/h (165 mph, 144 kn) 75% power at 2,680 m (8,793 ft)
255 km/h (158 mph; 138 kn) 55% power at 5,120 m (16,798 ft)
  • Stall speed: 125 km/h (78 mph, 67 kn) flaps up
115 km/h (71 mph; 62 kn) flaps down
  • Maximum flap extension speed: 218 km/h (135 mph; 118 kn)
  • Maximum undercarriage extension speed: 256 km/h (159 mph; 138 kn)
  • Approach speed over 15 m (49 ft) obstacle: 148 km/h (92 mph; 80 kn)
  • Landing speed: 120 km/h (75 mph; 65 kn)
  • Never exceed speed: 446 km/h (277 mph, 241 kn)
  • Range: 1,093 km (679 mi, 590 nmi) 75% power at 2,440 m (8,005 ft) (45 minutes reserve)
1,204 km (748 mi; 650 nmi) 55% power at 3,660 m (12,008 ft) (45 minutes reserve)
1,260 km (780 mi; 680 nmi) 75% power at 3,660 m (12,008 ft) (no reserve)
1,362 km (846 mi; 735 nmi) 55% power at 3,660 m (12,008 ft) (no reserve)
  • Endurance: 75% power at sea level 4 hours 24 minutes
55% power at sea level 5 hours 36 minutes
  • Service ceiling: 5,840 m (19,160 ft)
  • Absolute ceiling: 6,250 m (20,505 ft)
  • g limits: +6 -3
  • Rate of climb: 7.75 m/s (1,526 ft/min)
  • Time to altitude: 1,830 m (6,004 ft) in 4 minutes 42 seconds
3,050 m (10,007 ft) in 8 minutes 48 seconds
  • Wing loading: 97.73 kg/m2 (20.02 lb/sq ft)
  • Power/mass: 0.167 kW/kg (0.102 hp/lb)
  • Take-off run: 287 m (942 ft)
  • Take-off distance to 15 m (49 ft): 494 m (1,621 ft)
  • Landing run: 238 m (781 ft)
  • Landing distance from 15 m (49 ft): 509 m (1,670 ft)

Avionics

  • 2x Collins VHF
  • CollinsV1R VOR
  • Collins ADF-650A
  • Collins TOR-950 IFF
  • King KTR 908 with 2X King KFS 598A control units
  • 2x King KMA 244 audio panels
  • 2x King KR 87 ADF
  • (Blind-flying instruments with full IFR capability in T-35B)

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Notes
  1. Green 1988, pp. 98–9
  2. Endres, Gunther; Gething, Mike (2002). Jane's Aircraft Recognition Guide. Glasgow, UK: HarperCollinsPublishers. p. 392. ISBN 0-00-713721-4.
  3. John R. Bawden,"Cutting Off the Dictator: the United States Arms Embargo of the Pinochet Regime, 1974–1988", Journal of Latin American Studies, 45:3 (August 2013): 513–43.
  4. Peperell & Smith 1987, p. 159
  5. Lambert 1990, p. 30
  6. Jackson 2003, p. 71
  7. Jackson 2003, p. 72
  8. Hoyle 2017, p. 36
  9. Hoyle 2017, p. 38
  10. Hoyle 2017, p. 41
  11. Hoyle 2017, p. 48
  12. Hoyle 2017, p. 51
  13. Taylor, John W.R., ed. (1988). Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1988–89 (79th ed.). London: Jane's Information Group. pp. 32–33. ISBN 0-7106-0867-5.

References
  • "Hecho En Chile...An Innocuous Devil". Air International. Vol. 28 no. 4. April 1985. pp. 170–175, 208–209.
  • Hoyle, Craig (5–11 December 2017). "World Air Force Directory". Flight International. Vol. 192 no. 5615. pp. 26–57. ISSN 0015-3710.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Jackson, Paul, ed. (2003). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 2003–2004. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Information Group. ISBN 0-7106-2537-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Lambert, Mark, ed. (1990). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1990–91. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Defence Data. ISBN 0-7106-0908-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Peperell, Roger W; Smith, Colin M (1987). Piper Aircraft and their forerunners. Tonbridge, Kent, England: Air-Britain. ISBN 0-85130-149-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Green, William (1988). Observer's book of aircraft (1988 ed.). London: Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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