Dynastes tityus

Dynastes tityus, the eastern Hercules beetle, is a species of rhinoceros beetle that lives in the Eastern United States. The adult's elytra are green, gray or tan, with black markings, and the whole animal, including the male's horns, may reach 60 mm (2.4 in) in length. The grubs feed on decaying wood from various trees.

Dynastes tityus
Adult male
Adult female
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Coleoptera
Family:	Scarabaeidae
Genus:	Dynastes
Species:	D. tityus
Binomial name
Dynastes tityus (Linnaeus, 1763)
Synonyms
Scarabæus Tityus Linnaeus, 1763 Scarabaeus marianus Linnaeus, 1767 Scarabaeus pennsylvanicus De Geer, 1774 Dynastes corniger Sternberg, 1909 Dynastes tityrus Andrews, 1916 (Lapsus)

Description

Adults of both sexes are 20–27 millimeters (0.8–1.1 in) wide, and males are 40–60 millimeters (1.6–2.4 in) long,[1] including a long horn (the pronotal horn) which projects forwards from the thorax of the male; a second horn (the clypeal horn) projects upwards from the head.[2] Dynastes tityus is therefore "among the longest and heaviest beetles in the United States".[3] The horns are used in battles between rival males competing for a mate;[4] the size of the horn reflects the availability of food when the beetle was growing.[4] Despite the size of the horns, Dynastes tityus is harmless to humans.[4]

The elytra are green, gray, or tan, usually with black mottling.[4] The pattern of spots is unique to each individual.[3] Beetles that are found in the soil or in rotten wood often appear very dark, with the spots on the elytra obscured. This results from moisture which the shell has absorbed; when the elytra dry out, they return to their paler color.[4] Occasionally, both elytra may be a uniform mahogany color, or one elytron may be pale with dark blotches, while the other is a plain mahogany color.[1]

Dynastes tityus was featured on a stamp issued by the United States Postal Service in October 1999.[1]

Distribution

D. tityus lives in the eastern and southeastern United States, from New York state, Illinois and Indiana, south to Florida and the Gulf of Mexico, with eastern Texas marking the western limit of its range.[2]

Similar species

Three of the 6 species of Dynastes found in the New World occur in the United States or Mexico.[1] While D. tityus is found in the eastern United States, Dynastes granti (the western Hercules beetle) occurs at higher elevations in Arizona and Utah,[5] and Dynastes hyllus is found as far north as Tamaulipas, Mexico.[1] D. tityus and D. granti are very similar, and it is possible to mate them and produce viable hybrids.[4]

Ecology and life cycle

Mating can last up to 50 minutes in D. tityus.[4] Subsequent batches of eggs are oviposited in the same site until its resources are exhausted.[6] The larvae are large C-shaped grubs with white bodies and chewing mouthparts,[4] which feed on decaying wood and litter within rotten trees and produce distinctive rectangular fecal pellets about 10 mm (0.39 in) long.[6] After 12–18 months, the larvae pupate in late summer.[1] Adults remain underground through the winter, initially remaining in their pupal cell. They emerge in the summer and live for 6-8 months.[1] The adults' diet is not well known, but they have been observed lapping up the sap of ash trees.[1]

Predators

Different predators attack different life stages of Dynastes tityus. The eggs are vulnerable to attack from a predatory mite.[4] The grubs are eaten by mammals including skunks and raccoons, and soil-dwelling arthropods, including centipedes, ground beetles, spiders and the maggots of Mydas flies.[4]

Taxonomy and names

Dynastes tityus is known by a number of common names, including eastern Hercules beetle, elephant beetle and ox beetle.[1] It was first given a scientific name by Carl Linnaeus, in his 1763 work Centuria Insectorum, where it was called Scarabaeus tityus; when Linnaeus' genus Scarabaeus was divided into smaller genera, S. tityus was renamed Dynastes tityus.[7]

Additional images

• 
  Minor male from North Carolina
• 
  Adult female from North Carolina
• 
  A group of adults.

References

1. B. M. Drees & John Jackman (1999). Field Guide to Texas Insects. Houston, Texas: Gulf Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87719-263-3.. Cite by "Eastern Hercules Beetle". Texas A&M University. Archived from the original on June 12, 2010. Retrieved June 17, 2010.
2. Jeffrey K. Barnes (July 28, 2003). "Eastern Hercules beetle". Arthropod Museum Notes. University of Arkansas. 20. Archived from the original on June 18, 2010. Retrieved June 17, 2010.
3. Stephen Cresswell. "Dynastes tityus Hercules Beetle". Insects of West Virginia. Archived from the original on November 24, 2010. Retrieved June 17, 2010.
4. "Hercules beetles". Kentucky Insects. University of Kentucky. Retrieved June 17, 2010.
5. Eric R. Eaton & Kenn Kaufman (2007). "Rhinoceros Beetles and Others". Kaufman field guide to insects of North America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 146–147. ISBN 978-0-618-15310-7.
6. "Dynastes tityus (Linnaeus, 1763)". Generic Guide to New World Scarab Beetles. University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2010.
7. "Scarabaeidae". Nomina Insecta Nearctica. Archived from the original on December 13, 2010. Retrieved June 16, 2010.

External links

• "Eastern Hercules Beetle". Animal Art Along the Way. October 20, 2010. Includes an image of the postage stamp featuring D. tityus.