Dual oxidase 2

Dual oxidase 2, also known as DUOX2 or ThOX2 (for thyroid oxidase), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DUOX2 gene.[5][6] Dual oxidase is an enzyme that was first identified in the mammalian thyroid gland. In humans, two isoforms are found; hDUOX1 and hDUOX2 (this enzyme). The protein location is not exclusive to thyroid tissue; hDUOX1 is prominent in airway epithelial cells[7] and hDUOX2 in the salivary glands and gastrointestinal tract.[8][9][10]

DUOX2
Identifiers
Aliases	DUOX2, LNOX2, NOXEF2, P138-TOX, TDH6, THOX2, dual oxidase 2
External IDs	OMIM: 606759 MGI: 3036280 HomoloGene: 9689 GeneCards: DUOX2
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 15 (human)[1] Band 15q21.1 Start 45,092,650 bp[1] End 45,114,344 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 2 (mouse)[2] Band 2|2 E5 Start 122,279,247 bp[2] End 122,298,449 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function • calcium ion binding • peroxidase activity • metal ion binding • heme binding • oxidoreductase activity • NAD(P)H oxidase activity • GO:0001948 protein binding • superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase activity Cellular component • integral component of membrane • membrane • cell membrane • cell junction • apical plasma membrane • extracellular exosome • endoplasmic reticulum • cytosol • cell surface • cell leading edge • apical part of cell • NADPH oxidase complex Biological process • cuticle development • bone mineralization • multicellular organism growth • cytokine-mediated signaling pathway • cellular oxidant detoxification • response to virus • response to oxidative stress • thyroid hormone metabolic process • thyroid hormone generation • thyroid gland development • hydrogen peroxide catabolic process • fertilization • inner ear development • response to cAMP • adenohypophysis morphogenesis • oxidation-reduction process • hormone metabolic process • hormone biosynthetic process • hydrogen peroxide biosynthetic process • superoxide anion generation • positive regulation of wound healing • positive regulation of cell motility • defense response Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	50506	214593
Ensembl	ENSG00000140279	ENSMUSG00000068452
UniProt	Q9NRD8	A2AQ99
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_014080 NM_001363711	NM_177610 NM_001362755
RefSeq (protein)	NP_054799 NP_001350640	NP_808278 NP_001349684
Location (UCSC)	Chr 15: 45.09 – 45.11 Mb	Chr 2: 122.28 – 122.3 Mb
PubMed search	[3]	[4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Function

Investigations into reactive oxygen species (ROS) in biological systems have, until recently, focused on characterization of phagocytic cell processes. It is now well accepted that production of such species is not restricted to phagocytic cells and can occur in eukaryotic non-phagocytic cell types via NADPH oxidase (NOX) or dual oxidase (DUOX). This new family of proteins, termed the NOX/DUOX family or NOX family of NADPH oxidases, consists of homologs to the catalytic moiety of phagocytic NADPH-oxidase, gp91^phox. Members of the NOX/DUOX family have been found throughout eukaryotic species, including invertebrates, insects, nematodes, fungi, amoeba, alga, and plants (not found in prokaryotes). These enzymes clearly demonstrate regulated production of ROS as their sole function. Genetic analyses have implicated NOX/DUOX derived ROS in biological roles and pathological conditions including hypertension (NOX1), innate immunity (NOX2/DUOX), otoconia formation in the inner ear (NOX3) and thyroid hormone biosynthesis (DUOX1/2). It has been suggested that DUOX2 is the isoform to generate H₂O₂ utilized by thyroid peroxidase (TPO) for the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, supported by the discovery of congenital hypothyroidism resultant from an inactivating mutation in the DUOX2 gene.[5][11]

The family currently has seven members including NOX1, NOX2 (formerly known as gp91^phox), NOX3, NOX4, NOX5, DUOX1 and DUOX2.

This protein is known as a dual oxidase because it has both a peroxidase homology domain and a gp91^phox domain.[12]

Duox are also implicated in lung defence system[13] and especially in cystic fibrosis.[14][15][16]

Schema of duox implication in human lung defence system

Schematic diagram of the respiratory tract antimicrobial defense system.

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000140279 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000068452 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Dupuy C, Ohayon R, Valent A, Noël-Hudson MS, Dème D, Virion A (December 1999). "Purification of a novel flavoprotein involved in the thyroid NADPH oxidase. Cloning of the porcine and human cdnas". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (52): 37265–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.52.37265. PMID 10601291.
6. De Deken X, Wang D, Many MC, Costagliola S, Libert F, Vassart G, Dumont JE, Miot F (July 2000). of Two Human Thyroid cDNAs Encoding New Members of the NADPH Oxidase Family.pdf "Cloning of two human thyroid cDNAs encoding new members of the NADPH oxidase family" Check |url= value (help) (PDF). J. Biol. Chem. 275 (30): 23227–33. doi:10.1074/jbc.M000916200. PMID 10806195. S2CID 19424568.
7. Harper RW, Xu C, Eiserich JP, Chen Y, Kao CY, Thai P, Setiadi H, Wu R (August 2005). "Differential regulation of dual NADPH oxidases/peroxidases, Duox1 and Duox2, by Th1 and Th2 cytokines in respiratory tract epithelium". FEBS Lett. 579 (21): 4911–7. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2005.08.002. PMID 16111680. S2CID 34266530.
8. Geiszt M, Witta J, Baffi J, Lekstrom K, Leto TL (August 2003). "Dual oxidases represent novel hydrogen peroxide sources supporting mucosal surface host defense". FASEB J. 17 (11): 1502–4. doi:10.1096/fj.02-1104fje. PMID 12824283. S2CID 2187431.
9. El Hassani RA, Benfares N, Caillou B, Talbot M, Sabourin JC, Belotte V, Morand S, Gnidehou S, Agnandji D, Ohayon R, Kaniewski J, Noël-Hudson MS, Bidart JM, Schlumberger M, Virion A, Dupuy C (May 2005). "Dual oxidase2 is expressed all along the digestive tract". Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 288 (5): G933–42. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.334.1785. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00198.2004. PMID 15591162.
10. Rokutan K, Kawahara T, Kuwano Y, Tominaga K, Nishida K, Teshima-Kondo S (July 2008). "Nox enzymes and oxidative stress in the immunopathology of the gastrointestinal tract". Semin Immunopathol. 30 (3): 315–27. doi:10.1007/s00281-008-0124-5. PMID 18521607. S2CID 22923871.
11. Moreno JC, Bikker H, Kempers MJ, van Trotsenburg AS, Baas F, de Vijlder JJ, Vulsma T, Ris-Stalpers C (July 2002). "Inactivating mutations in the gene for thyroid oxidase 2 (THOX2) and congenital hypothyroidism". N. Engl. J. Med. 347 (2): 95–102. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa012752. PMID 12110737.
12. "Entrez Gene: DUOX2 dual oxidase 2".
13. Fischer H (October 2009). "Mechanisms and function of DUOX in epithelia of the lung". Antioxid. Redox Signal. 11 (10): 2453–65. doi:10.1089/ARS.2009.2558. PMC 2823369. PMID 19358684.
14. Rada B, Lekstrom K, Damian S, Dupuy C, Leto TL (October 2008). "The Pseudomonas toxin pyocyanin inhibits the dual oxidase-based antimicrobial system as it imposes oxidative stress on airway epithelial cells". J. Immunol. 181 (7): 4883–93. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.181.7.4883. PMC 2776642. PMID 18802092.
15. Conner GE, Salathe M, Forteza R (December 2002). "Lactoperoxidase and hydrogen peroxide metabolism in the airway". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 166 (12 Pt 2): S57–61. doi:10.1164/rccm.2206018. PMID 12471090.
16. Rada B, Leto TL (2008). "Oxidative innate immune defenses by Nox/Duox family NADPH oxidases". Trends in Innate Immunity. Contrib Microbiol. Contributions to Microbiology. 15. pp. 164–87. doi:10.1159/000136357. ISBN 978-3-8055-8548-4. PMC 2776633. PMID 18511861.

Further reading

• Lambeth JD (2002). "Nox/Duox family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) oxidases". Curr. Opin. Hematol. 9 (1): 11–7. doi:10.1097/00062752-200201000-00003. PMID 11753072. S2CID 29968089.
• Moreno JC, Visser TJ (2007). New phenotypes in thyroid dyshormonogenesis: hypothyroidism due to DUOX2 mutations. Endocrine Development. 10. pp. 99–117. doi:10.1159/000106822. ISBN 978-3-8055-8075-5. PMID 17684392.
• Dupuy C, Ohayon R, Valent A, Noël-Hudson MS, Dème D, Virion A (2000). "Purification of a novel flavoprotein involved in the thyroid NADPH oxidase. Cloning of the porcine and human cdnas". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (52): 37265–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.52.37265. PMID 10601291.
• Dias Neto E, Correa RG, Verjovski-Almeida S, Briones MR, Nagai MA, da Silva W, Zago MA, Bordin S, Costa FF, Goldman GH, Carvalho AF, Matsukuma A, Baia GS, Simpson DH, Brunstein A, de Oliveira PS, Bucher P, Jongeneel CV, O'Hare MJ, Soares F, Brentani RR, Reis LF, de Souza SJ, Simpson AJ (2000). "Shotgun sequencing of the human transcriptome with ORF expressed sequence tags". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (7): 3491–6. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.3491D. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.7.3491. PMC 16267. PMID 10737800.
• De Deken X, Wang D, Many MC, Costagliola S, Libert F, Vassart G, Dumont JE, Miot F (2000). of Two Human Thyroid cDNAs Encoding New Members of the NADPH Oxidase Family.pdf "Cloning of two human thyroid cDNAs encoding new members of the NADPH oxidase family" Check |url= value (help) (PDF). J. Biol. Chem. 275 (30): 23227–33. doi:10.1074/jbc.M000916200. PMID 10806195. S2CID 19424568.
• Dupuy C, Pomerance M, Ohayon R, Noël-Hudson MS, Dème D, Chaaraoui M, Francon J, Virion A (2000). "Thyroid oxidase (THOX2) gene expression in the rat thyroid cell line FRTL-5". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 277 (2): 287–92. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2000.3671. PMID 11032719.
• Caillou B, Dupuy C, Lacroix L, Nocera M, Talbot M, Ohayon R, Dème D, Bidart JM, Schlumberger M, Virion A (2001). "Expression of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (ThoX, LNOX, Duox) genes and proteins in human thyroid tissues". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86 (7): 3351–8. doi:10.1210/jc.86.7.3351. PMID 11443211.
• Edens WA, Sharling L, Cheng G, Shapira R, Kinkade JM, Lee T, Edens HA, Tang X, Sullards C, Flaherty DB, Benian GM, Lambeth JD (2001). "Tyrosine cross-linking of extracellular matrix is catalyzed by Duox, a multidomain oxidase/peroxidase with homology to the phagocyte oxidase subunit gp91phox". J. Cell Biol. 154 (4): 879–91. doi:10.1083/jcb.200103132. PMC 2196470. PMID 11514595.
• Lacroix L, Nocera M, Mian C, Caillou B, Virion A, Dupuy C, Filetti S, Bidart JM, Schlumberger M (2002). "Expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase flavoprotein DUOX genes and proteins in human papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas". Thyroid. 11 (11): 1017–23. doi:10.1089/105072501753271699. PMID 11762710.
• De Deken X, Wang D, Dumont JE, Miot F (2002). of ThOX Proteins as Components of the Thyroid H2O2-Generating System.pdf "Characterization of ThOX proteins as components of the thyroid H(2)O(2)-generating system" Check |url= value (help) (PDF). Exp. Cell Res. 273 (2): 187–96. doi:10.1006/excr.2001.5444. PMID 11822874.
• Moreno JC, Bikker H, Kempers MJ, van Trotsenburg AS, Baas F, de Vijlder JJ, Vulsma T, Ris-Stalpers C (2002). "Inactivating mutations in the gene for thyroid oxidase 2 (THOX2) and congenital hypothyroidism". N. Engl. J. Med. 347 (2): 95–102. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa012752. PMID 12110737.
• Geiszt M, Witta J, Baffi J, Lekstrom K, Leto TL (2003). "Dual oxidases represent novel hydrogen peroxide sources supporting mucosal surface host defense". FASEB J. 17 (11): 1502–4. doi:10.1096/fj.02-1104fje. PMID 12824283. S2CID 2187431.
• Pachucki J, Wang D, Christophe D, Miot F (2004). "Structural and functional characterization of the two human ThOX/Duox genes and their 5'-flanking regions". Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 214 (1–2): 53–62. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2003.11.026. PMID 15062544. S2CID 13241525.
• Morand S, Agnandji D, Noel-Hudson MS, Nicolas V, Buisson S, Macon-Lemaitre L, Gnidehou S, Kaniewski J, Ohayon R, Virion A, Dupuy C (2004). "Targeting of the dual oxidase 2 N-terminal region to the plasma membrane". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (29): 30244–51. doi:10.1074/jbc.M405406200. PMID 15150274.
• Schwarzer C, Machen TE, Illek B, Fischer H (2004). "NADPH oxidase-dependent acid production in airway epithelial cells". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (35): 36454–61. doi:10.1074/jbc.M404983200. PMID 15210697.
• Wang D, De Deken X, Milenkovic M, Song Y, Pirson I, Dumont JE, Miot F (2005). "Identification of a novel partner of duox: EFP1, a thioredoxin-related protein". J. Biol. Chem. 280 (4): 3096–103. doi:10.1074/jbc.M407709200. PMID 15561711.
• El Hassani RA, Benfares N, Caillou B, Talbot M, Sabourin JC, Belotte V, Morand S, Gnidehou S, Agnandji D, Ohayon R, Kaniewski J, Noël-Hudson MS, Bidart JM, Schlumberger M, Virion A, Dupuy C (2005). "Dual oxidase2 is expressed all along the digestive tract". Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 288 (5): G933–42. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.334.1785. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00198.2004. PMID 15591162.
• Forteza R, Salathe M, Miot F, Forteza R, Conner GE (2005). "Regulated hydrogen peroxide production by Duox in human airway epithelial cells". Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 32 (5): 462–9. doi:10.1165/rcmb.2004-0302OC. PMID 15677770.
• Ameziane-El-Hassani R, Morand S, Boucher JL, Frapart YM, Apostolou D, Agnandji D, Gnidehou S, Ohayon R, Noël-Hudson MS, Francon J, Lalaoui K, Virion A, Dupuy C (2005). "Dual oxidase-2 has an intrinsic Ca2+-dependent H2O2-generating activity". J. Biol. Chem. 280 (34): 30046–54. doi:10.1074/jbc.M500516200. PMID 15972824.