Drexel 4180–4185

Drexel 4180–4185 is a set of six manuscript partbooks copied in Gloucester, England, containing primarily vocal music dating from approximately 1615-1625. Considered one of the most important sources for seventeenth century English secular song,[1] the repertoire included represents a mixture of sacred and secular music, attesting to the partbooks' use for entertainment and pleasure, rather than for liturgical use.

Drexel 4180–4185
New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
Drexel 4180–4185, a set of six manuscript partbooks
Date	1615-1625
Place of origin	England
Language(s)	English
Scribe(s)	John Merro
Author(s)	various
Size	6 partbooks
Format	oblong

When rebound in 1950, it was discovered that the pastedown endpapers from the original bindings had been created from 16th century English music manuscripts. These fragments have become an additional source of study.

Belonging to the New York Public Library, the partbooks are part of the Music Division's Drexel Collection, located at the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts. Following traditional library practice, their name is derived from their call numbers.[2]

John Merro, copyist

Although it is known that John Merro copied the manuscript known today as Drexel 4180–4185, little biographical information about him has surfaced. First mentioned in a passing reference in 1609, it is known that he was a singer at Gloucester Cathedral. Based on inscriptions in the two manuscripts in the British and Bodleian libraries, Pamela Willetts observed that Merro had an interest in theology.[3] Other references identify him as witness to the will of Ann Tomkins (wife of Thomas Tomkins, step-mother of famed composer also named Thomas Tomkins, and mother of John, Robert and Giles) as well as having taught viol to children. (He is probably not the John Merro who married Elizabeth Hiam on April 26, 1627.) Merro's will is dated December 10, 1638 giving bequests to various family members. He died March 23, 1639 with his will going into effect on April 20, 1639. The will of his wife Elizabeth is dated September 9, 1645. In addition to giving bequests, she asked that she be buried next to her husband in the Cathedral. She died November 13, 1645 and her will was enacted in December of that year.[4]

General information on Merro's manuscripts

Three manuscripts can be identified as coming from Merro's hand:

• Drexel 4180–4185 (New York Public Library)
• Additional 17,792-6 (British Library)
• Mss. Mus. Sch. D.245-7 (Bodleian Library)

Drexel 4180–4185 is the largest of the three collections and has the most diverse repertory.[5] Based on its contents, Monson estimated the date of Drexel 4180–4185 to be between 1615 and 1625, making it the earliest of the three manuscripts attributed to Merro.[6] Both Add. 17792-6 and D 245-7 contain of inscriptions by Merro indicating the manuscripts belonged to him. Such an indication is lacking in Drexel 4180–4185 suggesting that the partbooks were not part of Merro's personal collection but used by the cathedral, "made for informal use of choirmen and their friends."[7] However, they are not listed on the Gloucester Cathedral's inventory, indicating either that they were not part of that collection, or were removed before the inventory was made.

David Fallows hypothesized that the partbooks might have been the possession of Gloucester organists.[7] At the cathedral it was the organist's responsibility to copy music for use by the choir. Merro, who received an annual salary, might have been commissioned to do the copying because of his legible hand, though not necessarily in an official capacity. Unfortunately he was not accurate as many errors exists in the partbooks.[3][7]

Physical details

Gloucester Cathedral exterior front

The original covers to the partbooks were lost when the volumes were rebound in 1950.[7] However, Rimbault, who printed some of the works in his A Collection of Anthems for Voices and Instruments by Composers of the Madrigalian Era, included the following note observing the now-lost bindings in that volume's preface:

This valuable set of ancient Part-books consists of six small oblong volumes in the original binding, and with the Arms and Badge of Edward the Sixth stamped on the sides … The writing commences in the reign of Edward the Sixth, and ends in that of Charles the First, the last composition entered being an Ode composed by Orlando Gibbons for the marriage of that king with the princess Henrietta Maria.[8]

Even without seeing the covers Ashbee noted several obvious errors in Rimbault's account.[7] Rimbault said the final work is an ode composed by Gibbons, but Ashbee noted it is a fantasia. Ashbee notes that the coat-of-arms could not have been that of Edward VI, although it suggests one from Gloucester, as well as ownership subsequent to that of Merro.[7]

Although Monson suggested the dates of 1615-1630, Fallows felt the earliest part of the span is the more correct. Based on his study of the paste-down flyleaves, he felt that the collection was bound no later than 1620 in Oxford.[9] Ashbee suggests dates of 1615-1625 and agrees that the earliest dates are more likely.[7]

The physical layout of music resembles that manuscripts Christ Church MSS 984-8 (The Dow Partbooks) and British Museum Add. 22597. This might have been a conscious decision on Merro's part to acknowledge the music's historic nature by maintaining the appearance of an archaic manuscript.[10] In the cantus partbook (Drexel 4180), this archaic style can be seen on folios 1-16v, 18v-38v, 40-43, 54v-57 and 64v-68. To Monson this represents the oldest layer of the partbooks.[10]

Dating

Monson notes that the group of madrigals by Tomkins (leaves 124v-138) apparently come from Tomkin's 1622 publication.[11] The inclusion of Byrd's "O Lord make thy servant James" indicates it was entered before 1625. Thus Drexel 4180 suggests dating of 1622-25 for its final entries.[12]

The date when Merro began the collection is more difficult to determine. The publication of Amner's "Sacred Hymns" suggests a date no earlier than 1615.[13] Although Brett thought Merro might have begun copying his collection around 1600,[14] 1615 is the more likely date for when the collection was begun.[12]

Provenance

The choir of Gloucester Cathedral; the organ pipes can be seen in the background (photo by David Iliff)

Possibly once having been in the possession of its copyist, John Merro, the whereabouts of the partbooks is unknown until the 19th century. Philip Brett mentions annotations he attributed to Matthew Hutton,[14] but Monson believed Brett was mistaken,[12] for the only annotations appear to be by a contemporary librarian.[15] The first indication of the partbooks comes from a nineteenth-century owner and musicologist Edward F. Rimbault. From whom he obtained the partbooks is revealed by the title of the publication in which he printed a few of the selections: A Collection of Anthems for Voices and Instruments by Composers of the Madrigalian Era Scored From a Set of Ancient M.S. Part Books Formerly in the Evelyn Collection.[16] The opening line of Rimbault's preface reads:

The following collection of anthems by Este, Forde, Weelkes, and Bateson, have been scored from a manuscript set of part-books formerly in the possession of the celebrated John Evelyn, and now forming one of the many musical rarities in the library of the Editor.[8]

Despite Rimbault's acknowledgement of John Evelyn in the title and in the first line of the preface, Monson and Ashbee had problems with Rimbault's account, possibly because of the previously mentioned errors.[7] Monson observed Rimbault said that the books were "formerly in the possession of the celebrated John Evelyn." Yet they didn't appear in Evelyn's own manuscript catalog nor do they carry Evelyn's ownership mark.[17][18] Ashbee admits the possibilities that the partbooks might have been given away prior to the creation of Evelyn's catalog, but noted that no mention of Evelyn is in the auction catalog of Rimbault's library.[19]

Since Merro was living in Gloucester, Fallows hypothesized that the partbooks were probably acquired by Edward F. Rimbault from someone living in that region. He views John Stafford Smith as the likely candidate since his father, Martin Smith, was organist at Gloucester Cathedral from 1739 to 1781.[20] Ashbee notes that after his death, Smith's library was sold piecemeal which would have simplified acquisition.[19] (Rimbault acquired other works from Smith, such as Drexel 4175.)

After Rimbault's death in 1876, the partbooks were sold as part of his estate.[21] They were one of about 600 lots purchased by Philadelphia-born financier Joseph W. Drexel (through his agent Joseph Sabin[7]), who had already amassed a large music library. Upon Drexel's death, he bequeathed his music library to The Lenox Library. When the Lenox Library merged with the Astor Library to become the New York Public Library, the Drexel Collection became the basis for one of its founding units, the Music Division. Today, Drexel 4180–4185 is part of the Drexel Collection in the Music Division, now located at the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts at Lincoln Center.

Notation

Monson notes that while some of Merro's scribal characteristics remain consistent through the six partbooks (the writing of treble, bass and c-clefs), other details differ both in music and in text underlay and the way in which they are written. For music, he ranges from the more old-fashioned square notation to the more contemporary use of rounded noteheads. In writing of text, his handwriting ranges from a stiff secretarial hand to a florid italic.[22] The square music notation combined with the secretarial hand of text appears mostly in older works, the four- and five-part sacred works by Tallis and his generation. Monson remarks on the appropriateness of such notation applying to an older generation of Elizabethan composers.[22] He notes that works by Byrd included in the collection appear to be written in a more archaic style, describing it as "a gesture towards decorum in penmanship and towards a historical sense which he [Merro] seems to possess."[10]

In the last hundred leaves Monson observes a preponderance of rounded notation and less use of the secretarial script.[11] This is most obvious in the annotations of "5 voc" and "6 voc." Monson believes these to be the "latest layer" in Drexel 4180–4185. Based on the last few vocal entries, Monson suggests they may have been completed in conjunction with work commencing on Merro's next work, Add. 17792.[11]

Despite variances, Monson felt that Merro was the sole copyist of the six partbooks and that the changes are due to his writing the books over the course of a dozen years.[22]

Both Willetts and Ashbee noted many errors in Merro's musical text.[3][7]

Music content

Table of contents found at the beginning of Drexel 4182

Monson hypothesized that Merro's intention was compiling a collection of serious vocal music.[17] He based this conjecture on the presence of more than 70 full anthems in four and five parts, quite a large number. Of the modern entries (aside from those written by local composers), most are composed by John Amner and Thomas Tomkins whose style relates more to the older composers (such as Thomas Tallis and John Mundy) than of contemporaneous ones (such as Michael East). Monson deduces that Merro's curation can be seen as an act of preservation since the repertory he favored was quickly falling out of favor.[17]

After the consort song, the English madrigal is the next most prominent genre.[17] Rather than distributing the madrigals throughout the collection, Merro groups them together, selecting what are known as the most popular and most serious, whose sources are from four publications:

• Songs of 3.4.5. & 6. parts (1622) by Thomas Tomkins - 16[23]
• Balletts and Madrigals to Five Voyces, with One to 6. Voyces (1598) by Thomas Weelkes – 14
• The First Set of English Madrigals (1598) by Wilbye – 13
• Madrigales: The triumphes of Oriana, to 5. and 6. voices (1601) - 7

Monson observed the large number of works by Tomkins and suggests the reason could be due to the proximity of Worcester (where Tomkins was organist) to Gloucester (where Merro resided). Acknowledging the popularity of Weelkes and Wilbye, Monson was struck by the lack of any works by Thomas Morley in Merro's collection. This suggested to Monson that the composer's popularity was only temporary and was quickly forgotten. There are also no works by Orlando Gibbons—unusual considering the 1612 publication of his The first set of madrigals and mottets of 5 parts, apt for viols and voyces. (According to Monson, "virtually all scribes" similarly ignored Gibbons's works.[23])

Monson observed a significant number of Italian madrigals with English texts: 11 works from Musical Transalpina (1588), 6 from Italian Madrigals Englished (1590), and 2 from Musical Transalpina II (1597).[23] Luca Marenzio is the most popular of Italian composers represented by ten compositions, followed by the inclusion of four by Ferrabosco. The first Italian madrigal to be entered is by William Byrd, followed by Marenzio's "Every singing byrd" (which Monson hypothesized might be a tribute to the composer William Byrd).[23] All remaining Italian madrigals are without text except for their titles, an attribute to be found in other English manuscripts of the time. Monson attributed this lack of Italian texts to the inability to handle the language. He noted that in some cases works are included without their titles (such as on folios 62v-64v), presumably as they were intended for viols rather than voices. The inclusion of works such as those by Hassler suggests that Merro's interest in the madrigal extended to more unusual examples than those of copyists of similar English manuscripts,[23] even though he was apparently not concerned with preserving the integrity of the works as madrigals.[24]

Beginning at 139v Merro added another section of Italian works, this time including works for up to eight voices. Monson hypothesized that Merro must have had access to the three volumes of Gemmae Musicalis (published in 1588, 1589, and 1590) which would be the explanation for inclusions of the works on leaves 139v-149r.[24] The two isolated Italian madrigals, "Dolorosi martir" by Marenzio and Tutt'eri foco by Pallavicino were apparently entered as afterthoughts on what were blank leaves.[24]

For the Latin motets, Merro focused on Englishmen of the generation of Tallis (died 1585), Shepherd (active in the 1550s) and Mundy (died 1591). Merro copied these motets at a time when the composers had been dead for several decades which can explain why many are listed anonymously or have incorrect attributions.[24] Monson claimed that the motets by Lassus and Clemens non Papa were late additions. That they appear with no text save for their titles provided Monson with the evidence of Merro's "strangely insular attitude toward foreign composers in whatever language their works may appear."[24]

Music for voices and viols play only minor importance in the partbooks which could be taken as a sign of the difference between musical life in urban London (where the consort song has greater prevalence in existing sources) and that in provincial Gloucester.[24] The most significant composer of the consort song in the collection is Byrd; the collection contains 4 works from published sources as well as two unpublished songs.[25][26] The two unpublished songs by Byrd are"Come pretty babe" (the manuscript contains an attribution to Byrd) and "Delight is dead." Of the three consort songs ("Abradad," "Farewell the bliss" and "Come, Charon, come"), the latter two have no composer attributions.[25] Viewed as a whole, Merro's solo consort song repertory appears retrospective and antiquated (Monson calls it "ancient").[25] The partbooks contain no evidence of newer compositional approaches such as the lute ayre.[25]

The Cry of London, cantus part of an anonymous five-part anthem found in Drexel 4180, a 17th-century manuscript partbook

In the works copied for viols with solo and chorus, there is evidence of Merro's bending toward contemporary taste, most conspicuously in the works by John Amner. Two works by Michael East, "When Israel came out of Egypt" and "Sing we merrily" are not copied from the printed editions (which appeared in 1610 and 1624 respectively) but from earlier manuscript versions in secular sources. These two verse anthems in addition to "Rise O my soul" (Monson added "perhaps the most popular Jacobean verse anthem to appear in secular sources") are the only verse anthems taken from manuscript sources to appear in Drexel 4180–4185.[25]

Another sign of contemporary taste is the inclusion of works containing street cries: "The country cry" by Richard Dering, "The London cry" by Orlando Gibbons and the anonymous "The Cry of London."[27] Merro's version of Gibbons's "The London cry" differs from the one printed roughly contemporaneously in Thomas Myriell's "Tristitiae Remedium" (1615). In Drexel 4180 as well as Add. 29427, the two sections are in reverse. This is rectified in two later manuscripts, Add. 29372-7 and Add. 17792-6 (the latter manuscript also copied by Merro).[27]

Merro's version of Gibbons' "The London cry" is of interest. Though text underlay of these cry works were subject to variation, Merro's copy in Drexel 4180 is particularly extensive and occasionally explicit. An example concerns the depiction of a horse. Whereas one source gives a line as "She hath but on eye, and that is almost out, with a hole in he ear and a slit in her nose"; Add. 37402-6 has it as "...and a hole in her hip or there about." Merro's version in Drexel 4180–4185 reads: "She hath but on eye, and that is almost out, and a hole in her arse and there your snout." The explicit lines in Merro's version of Gibbons's popular work suggest a counterbalance to the conservative taste otherwise derived from the selection of works.[27]

Most of Merro's choices eschew interest in London or the court and reflect local and provincial taste. The exception is Gibbons's "Do not repine fair sun" which was written for the visit of James I to Scotland in 1617. Monson was perplexed as to how a work so closely connected with the court could find its way into Merro's collection. Although Monson suggested that Joseph Hall (1574-1656), a well-traveled clerk might have been the source, he was reluctant to accept the connection.[27]

As Merro worked for Gloucester Cathedral, it is not surprising to find works in Drexel 4180–4185 by composers active in the same vicinity. Those composers associated with a place in the manuscript are all from the West of England:

• "Mr Hugh Davies of Hereford"
• "Mr Tomkins of Woster"
• "Smith of Salop" [Shropshire]
• "Smith of Gloucester"

Except for Richard Nicholson, the more obscure composers are west countrymen and appear in other sources stemming from that region.[15][28]

Ashbee surmised that the repertoire of Drexel 4180–4185 was not dictated by Merro but rather the availability of sources by those performing it. The recreational nature of the collection is confirmed by the inclusion of non-liturgical works.[29]

Monson strove to understand the manuscript's grouping by looking at its structure and creation. The collection begins with four-part works (on leaves 1r through 23r), while five-part works begin on 23v with Byrd's "O God, give ear," "one of the most famous of all consort songs."[30] Monson believed that both the four-part and five-part sections were begun at the same time.[10] Monson guessed that the section beginning on 54v (opening with Byrd's "Lullaby") might have been intended as the start of another section containing consort songs.,[10] and that Merro began these three sections at the same time.[30] A fourth section (containing full anthems for five to eight voices) was begun on 64v.

Each of these sections was preceded by a few blank pages. Based on the blank page before 40r, Monson hypothesized that Merro planned a section of five-part madrigals. This explains the blank pages leading up to the next section containing Palestrina's Vergine cycle on page 40r.[30]

Beginning on 158v of 4180 ("O sing unto the Lord" by Amner) is a final group of full anthems, haphazard mixture of five- to twelve-parts. (It is also present in Add. 17792, although in that manuscript Merro maintained section division by a5, a6 and a7.[11]) Merro was constrained by the organization of Drexel 4180–4185, so when he came up to William Randall's 6-part "Give sentence with me," he could not enter it after 167v so he went back and inserted it on half of 122v. The same situation occurred with Thomas Ford's 5-part "Let God arise" backtracking to enter it beginning on 123v. Thus the Randall and Ford works form the demarcation of madrigals by Weelkes (prior to 122v) and Tomkins (following on 125v).[11]

Later insertions such as those by Randall and Ford were the clues to Monson that aided in his dating of the partbooks.[11] He notes that the group of madrigals by Tomkins on folios 124v through 138r come from the published collection "Songs of 3. 4. 5. & 6. parts".[31] Monson makes note of Thomas Bateson's seven-part "Holy Lord God almighty," his only extant sacred work.[11][32]

Paste down endpapers

When the partbooks were rebound in 1950, it was discovered that the pastedown endpapers were made from discarded music manuscripts from the sixteenth century. Rather than be cross at the willful destruction of such leaves embedded in old bindings, Fallows asserted that we should be thankful to the collectors who sought to decorate their books using these otherwise discarded fragments.[33] Being that there are six partbooks, there should have been twelve pastedowns (two for each volume, one each for the front and back endpapers), but only nine were found.[34] These were first documented by John Stevens (who said that they were brought to his attention by Thurston Dart).[35] Of these nine fragments (some of which contain more than one composition), Stevens counted fifteen separate works, four which appear in the British Library manuscript Add. 5465, the Fayrfax manuscript (F19, F24, F37, F40), and one ("The bella, the bella") with the 1530 publication XX Songes. Two of the numbers from the Fayrfax manuscript (F19 & F24) correspond to 2 sides of a leaf fragment in the Fitzwilliam Museum. Also, John Heywood's name can be linked indirectly with songs nos. 2 and 5.[35]

After Stevens' brief 1961 study there was no substantive examination of the fragments until 1993 when David Fallows published his study.[36] Fallows takes his point of departure the song "Somewhat musyng." This fragment, designated "A3" by Fallows, is discernible on the back pastedown of Drexel 4185. Fallows recognized that fragment is the bottom half of a leaf now in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Music MS 1005.[37] This song has two complete manuscript copies, both in sources which are considered among the main sources of early Tudor song, British Library Add. 5465 known as the "Fayrfax Manuscript" and the Henry VIII Manuscript, British Library Add. 31922. Writers have considered it one of the most widely distributed Tudor songs, appearing in three sources. [38][39]

The binding of the Drexel partbooks was replaced by the library in 1950, strongly suggesting that the original binding was in poor shape. Based on the pattern of the original binder, Fallows hypothesized that the Fitzwilliam Museum fragment was originally in the front endpaper of Drexel 4185. Fallows notes that the original choirbook source for the fragments was 29 x 21 cm. and that, when folded, nearly matches the size of the Drexel fragment, save for a 2 millimeter sliver.[34] Fallows hypothesized that a fragment in Cleveland might have been also been part of the same leaf from which the Drexel and Fitzwilliam fragments once belonged to. [33]

Although the original binding was lost when NYPL rebound the partbooks in 1950, some information can be ascertained based on the Bodleian fragments. These fragments come from the binding of the works of Gervase Babington published in 1615. The copy in the Bodleian Library was enumerated in Thomas James's 1620 catalog of the Bodleian Library. The Bodleian Day Book for 1613-1620, a log of daily happenings at the library, recorded that it was sent to the binder John Adams on October 2, 1615, confirmed by the type of binding used from 1615 on. The related fragment stem from a book published in 1611. J.B. Oldham identified the binder as Francis Peerse, the binder at the Bodleian Library from 1613 until his death in 1622. Though Monson estimated the date of the partbooks at about 1615 through 1630, Fallows drew the conclusion that the partbooks were bound in Oxford no later than 1620. (This does not preclude that musical works were copied into the books after they had been bound.) Fallows mentions that although using fragments in bindings ceased in London around 1540 and in Cambridge around 1570, it remained the custom in Oxford until around 1620.[9]

Whereas fragment A3 is in oblong format, fragment B is in upright format, suggesting that the two fragments come from different manuscripts. Fragment B contains parts of two songs, both of which are in the Fayrfax manuscript. The second one contains the opening line from Davy's "A blessid Jhesu" (Fayrfax ms. No. 37). The recto and top of the verso were designated by Stevens as two different songs, although he left open the possibility that they could be from the same work. Fallows said they are two stanzas of the same carol and proposes that Fragment B contains the second and third stanzas.[33] This leads Fallows to hypothesize that fragment B was not from a choirbook, but from a discantus partbook, because recto and verso of the fragment are a continuous discantus line, leading into another song.[40]

The fragments present a varying array of scribal styles which could represent a single scribe engaging in different styles.[41] While similar, it is questionable whether the handwriting of B is the same as A3.[40] Fallows believes the handwriting is the same as another early Tudor fragment now in the Bodleian Library, Mus. D. 103. This fragment is two bifolia taken from an early seventheenth-century binding. The fragment from the Bodleian Library indicates that the scribe used music paper ruled with seven staves. As this fragment shows the full height of the page, it is the proof that it could not be cut in two in order to be used as the pastedowns for the Drexel manuscript. This also means that on Drexel fragment B one staff is missing from the top which corresponds to the beginning of the third stanza of the song "In a slumbir." Departing from Stevens's point of view Fallows recognizes that the original leaf would have been the verso (now lost) facing fragment B. This helps understanding the other Drexel fragments.[9]

Fragment C is also upright (as is fragment B). It is also from a discantus partbook, probably the same one as fragment B, bound into the other end of the Drexel partbook. It appears to have had seven staves on the page. The verso contains beginning of the discant to "Jhoone is sike" by Davy (Fayrfax no. 40). Six staves are visible and a fragment of the text indicates it began there. The recto contains the end of a carol celebrating the wedding of James IV of Scotland to Margaret (Henry VIII's daughter) in 1503.[42] Stevens had observed that the tessitura of fragment C is in the alto range. Its recto and verso are apparently two different hands, neither of which is the same handwriting as fragment B.[41]

Fragment D appears to come from a bassus partbook. Fallows entertains the possibilities that B, C, and D are the hand of a single scribe and that the fragments come from two sources, a choirbook and a set of three partbooks: fragments B, C, and H are from the discantus, fragment G from the tenor and fragment D from the bassus.[41]

Fragment E contains a portion of John Taverner's "La bella la bella." Because this song had been published in XX songes (London, 1530), it provides a context for it and the other fragments. Dating from a period later than fragments B or C,[41] there is a possibility that this fragment is from the same discantus partbook as fragments B and C. If so, that suggests a date of 1510-1519—a date compatible with Taverner's "La bella la bella" as well as the later Henry VIII manuscript version of Fayrfax's "Somewhat musying" that is part of fragment A.[43] As originally noted by John Ward, fragment F apparently was once part of the leaf that is now in Cleveland (no. 15b), originally facing Drexel A2.[44] Although ultimately unprovable, Fallows argues that, save for fragment A, all other fragments probably stem from a single set of partbooks. These partbooks were probably copied around 1515 (a date based on the inclusion of "La bella la bella").[44]

The explanation of fragments B and C help in understanding fragment F. The music on the two pages has the same music with different texts, leading to the conclusion that it is two stanzas of the same musical work. As it appears to be a single voice moving from recto to verso, the assumption can be made that this is also from a discantus partbook, even though this one has only five staves per page (whereas the previous fragments indicated seven staves).[43]

Fallows concludes by saying there are two significant issues which the Drexel fragments reveal. They show the existence of the more florid singing style, dating from about 1500, which was known only through the Fayrfax manuscript and the publication XX songes. In other words: the simpler style prevalent in the Henry VIII manuscript (from about 1515) did not replace the florid style, but the two existed simultaneously, demonstrated by the Drexel fragments. The second significant issue suggests that Oxford was a likely center of song production. Fallows concludes with the hope for editions of unpublished music which will move knowledge toward a clearer understanding of the history of English song.[44]

List of contents

The partbooks

This table is based on Monson.[45] r=recto; v=verso.

Title	Composer	Idiom	Cantus 4180	Altus 4181	Tenor 4182	Quintus 4183	Sextus 4184	Bassus 4185	Appearance in contemporary prints
O Lord the maker	William Mundy	full anthem	0v	0v	1v	1r
O Lord give thy holy spirit	Thomas Tallis	full anthem	1r	1r	2r	1v
Give alms	[anonymous]	full anthem	1v	1v	2v	2r
My God look upon me	Mr. Smith of Salop	full anthem	2v	2v	3v	2v
If ye love me	Thomas Tallis	full anthem	3v	3r	4r	3V			John Day, Certaine Notes (1560)
I give you a new commandment	John Sheppard	full anthem	3v	3v	4v	3v			John Day, Certaine Notes (1560)
Hear the voice	Thomas Tallis	full anthem	4v	4v	5v	4v			John Day, Certaine Notes (1560)
Let us now laud	William Mundy	full anthem	5r	5r	6r	5r
A new commandment	William Mundy	full anthem	6r	6r	7r	5v
This is my commandment	[William Mundy/Thomas Tallis/Johnson]	full anthem	6v	6v	7v	6r
If ye be risen	Christopher Tye	full anthem	6v	7r	8r	6v
Rejoice in the Lord	N. Strogers	full anthem	7v	7v	8v	7v
A new commandment	Thomas Tallis	full anthem	8v	8v	9v	8r
Submit yourselves	John Sheppard	full anthem	9r	9r	10r	8v			John Day, Certaine Notes (1560)
He that hath my commandment	William Mundy	full anthem	9v	9v	10v	9r
He that hath my commandment	T. Coste	full anthem	10r	10r	11v	9v
Behold it is Christ	William Mundy	full anthem	10v	10v	12r	10r
Praise the Lord	William Mundy	full anthem	11r	11v	12v	10v
O Lord from us	[anonymous]	full anthem	11v	12v	13v	11r
I will always give thanks	[anonymous]	full anthem	12v	12v	14r	12r
This sweet and merry	William Byrd	full anthem	13r	13r	14v	12v			Italian Madrigals Englished (1590), no. 8
Every singing byrd	Luca Marenzio	full anthem	14r	14r	15v	13r			Italian Madrigals Englished (1590), no. 6
When first my heedless	Luca Marenzio	full anthem	15r	15r	16v	14r			Italian Madrigals Englished (1590), no. 1
O merry world	Luca Marenzio	full anthem	15v	15v	17r	14v			Italian Madrigals Englished (1590), no. 2
Zephyrus [breathing]	Luca Marenzio	full anthem	16r	16r	17v	15r			Italian Madrigals Englished (1590), no. 4
Fair shepherd's queen	Luca Marenzio	full anthem	16v	16v	18r	15v			Italian Madrigals Englished (1590), no. 5
Circumdederunt me	Jacob Clemens non Papa		17r	17r	18v	16r
Quoniam tribulatio (ii)	Jacob Clemens non Papa		17v	17v	19r	16v
Saint Marie now (i)	John Amner	full anthem	18v	19r	20r	18r			Sacred hymnes Of 3. 4. 5 and 6. parts for voyces & vyols (1615), no. 9
At length (ii)	John Amner	full anthem	18v	19r	20r	18r			Sacred hymnes Of 3. 4. 5 and 6. parts for voyces & vyols (1615), no. 10
But he the God of love (iii)	John Amner	full anthem	19r	19v	20v	18v			Sacred hymnes Of 3. 4. 5 and 6. parts for voyces & vyols (1615), no. 11
Sweet are the thoughts	John Amner	full anthem	19v	20r	21r	19r			Sacred hymnes Of 3. 4. 5 and 6. parts for voyces & vyols (1615), no. 7
Woe is me that I am	John Amner	full anthem		21r	22r	20r			Sacred hymnes Of 3. 4. 5 and 6. parts for voyces & vyols (1615), no. 12
Come let's rejoice	John Amner	full anthem	21r	21v	22v	20v			Sacred hymnes Of 3. 4. 5 and 6. parts for voyces & vyols (1615), no. 8
O greif, if yet	Baldassare Donato	full anthem	21v	22r	23r	21r			Musica Transalpina (1588), no. 5
My heart, what hast	Thomas Morley	full anthem	22v	23r	24r	21v			Canzonets, or little short songs to fovre voyces (1597), no. 8
Still it frieth	Thomas Morley	full anthem	23r	23v	24v	22r			Canzonets, or little short songs to fovre voyces (1597), no. 9
O God, give ear	William Byrd	full anthem	23v	24r	25r	22v	1r		Musica Transalpina (1588), no. 1
O mortal man	William Byrd	full anthem	24r	24v	25v	23r	1v
O Lord I bow the knees	William Mundy	full anthem	25r	25v	26v	23v	2v
Grant unto us	N. Strogers	full anthem	26r	26v	27v	24v	3av
Wipe away my sins	Thomas Tallis	full anthem	26v	27r	28r	25v	3b
Deliver me from mine enemies	Robert Parsons	full anthem	27v	28r	29r	26v	4r
Lord, who shall dwell	Robert White	full anthem	28r	29r	29v	27r	4v
Prevent us O Lord	William Byrd	full anthem	29v	30r	31r	28v	6r
Blessed by thy name	Thomas Tallis		30r	30v	31v	29r	6v
Set up thyself	Mr. Smith of Gloucester	full anthem	30v	31r	31v	29v	7r
Almighty God, the fountain	Mr. Tomkins of Woster	full anthem	31r	32r	33v	30r	7v
I will sing unto the Lord	John Amner	full anthem	32r	33r	32v	31r	8v		Sacred hymnes Of 3. 4. 5 and 6. parts for voyces & vyols (1615), no. 18
The heavens stood	John Amner	full anthem	32v	33v	33r	31v	9r		Sacred hymnes Of 3. 4. 5 and 6. parts for voyces & vyols (1615), no. 15
He that descended	John Amner	full anthem	33r	34v	34v	32r	9v		Sacred hymnes Of 3. 4. 5 and 6. parts for voyces & vyols (1615), no. 17
Now doth the city	John Amner	full anthem	33v	35r	35r	32v	10r		Sacred hymnes Of 3. 4. 5 and 6. parts for voyces & vyols (1615), no. 16
When Israel (i)	Michael East	verse anthem	34r	35v	35v	33r	10r		The third set of bookes... (1610), no. 4
What aileth thee (ii)	Michael East	verse anthem	34r	35v	35v	33r	10r		The third set of bookes... (1610), no. 45
Rise O my soul (i)	William Simms	verse anthem	35v	36v	36v	34r	11V
And thou, my soul (ii)	William Simms	verse anthem	35v	36v	36v	34r	11V
To thee, O Jesu (iii)	William Simms]	verse anthem	35v	36v	36v	34r	11V
Do not repine fair sun	Orlando Gibbons	verse anthem	37r	38r	38v	35v	13v
Vergine bella	Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina		40r	41r	43r	39r	17r		Il primo libro de madrigali (1581), no. 1
Vergine saggia	Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina		40v	41v	43v	39v	17v		Il primo libro de madrigali (1581), no. 12
Vergine pura	Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina		41r	42r	44r	40r	18r		Il primo libro de madrigali (1581), no. 13
Vergine santa	Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina		41v	42v	44v	40v	18v		Il primo libro de madrigali (1581), no. 15
Vergine sol'al [mondo]	Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina		42r	43r	45r	41r	19r		Il primo libro de madrigali (1581), no. 16
Vergine chiara	Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina		42v	43v	45v	41v	19v		Il primo libro de madrigali (1581), no. 18
Vergine quante [lagrime]	Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina		43r	44r	46r	42r	20r		Il primo libro de madrigali (1581), no. 19
[Fantasia] the first	Thomas Lupo the elder		43v	44v	46v	42v	20v
[Fantasia] the second	Thomas Lupo the elder		44r	45r	47r	43r	21r
[Fantasia] the third	Richard Dering		44v	45v	47v	43v	21v
[Fantasia] the fourth	Richard Dering		45r	46r	48r	44r	22r
The white delightful swan	Orazio Vecchi		45v	46v	48v	44v	22v		Musica Transalpina (1597), no. 1
Cinthia [thy song]	Giovanni Croce		46r	47r	49r	45r	23r		Musica Transalpina (1597), no. 4
"Larissinall" [Le Rossignol]	Alfonso Ferrabosco		46v	47v	49v	45v	23v		Musica Transalpina (1588), no. 43
When I would thee embrace	Giovanni Battista Pinello di Ghirardi		47r	48r	50r	46r	24r		Musica Transalpina (1588), no. 41
When shall I cease	Noë Faignient		47v	48v	50v	46v	24v		Musica Transalpina (1588), no. 21
I must depart	Luca Marenzio		48r	49r	51r	47v	25v		Musica Transalpina (1588), no. 22
Susanna fair	Orlande de Lassus		48v	49v	51v	47v	25v		Musica Transalpina (1588), no. 19
So gratious	Giovanni Ferretti		49r	50r	52r	48r	26r		Musica Transalpina (1588), no. 25
In paradise	[anonymous]	consort song	49v	50v	52v	48v	26v	1v
Delight is dead	William Byrd	consort song	50r	51r	53r	49r	27r
Come pretty babe	William Byrd	consort song	50v	51v	53v	49v	27v
Abradad	[anonymous]	consort song	51r	52r	53v	50r	28r
Farewell the bliss	[anonymous]	consort song	52r	52v	54v	50v	28v
Come, Charon, come	[anonymous]	consort duet	53r	53r	55r	51r	29r
Lullaby (i)	William Byrd	consort song	54v	53v	55v	51v	29v		Psalmes, Sonets and Songs (1588), no. 32
Be still (ii)	William Byrd	consort song	54v	53v	55v	51v	29v		Psalmes, Sonets and Songs (1588), no. 32
Prostrate O Lord	William Byrd	consort song	55v	54v	56r	52r	30v		Psalmes, Sonets and Songs (1588), no. 27
In fields abroad	William Byrd	consort song	54r	55r	56v	52v	31r		Psalmes, Sonets and Songs (1588), no. 22
Constant Penelope	William Byrd	consort song	55v	55v	57r	53r	31v		Psalmes, Sonets and Songs (1588), no. 23
O sing unto the Lord	Thomas Tomkins	full anthem	56v	56r	57v	53v	32r	2v/10v
Sing we merrily (i)	Michael East	verse anthem	57v	57r	58v	54v	33r	3v	The Sixt Set of Bookes... (1624), no. 14
Take the psalm (ii)	Michael East	verse anthem	57v	57r	58v	54v	33r		The Sixt Set of Bookes... (1624), no. 15
Blow up the trumpet (iii)	Michael East	verse anthem	58r	57v	59r	55r	33v	4r	The Sixt Set of Bookes... (1624), no. 16
Why dost thou shoot	John Wilbye	full anthem	59r	58v	61r	56r	34v	4v	The First Set of English Madrigals (1598), no. 30
Of joys and pleasing pains	John Wilbye	full anthem	59v	59r	61v	56v	35r	5v	The First Set of English Madrigals (1598), no. 26
My throat is sore	John Wilbye	full anthem	60r	59v	62r	57r	35v	6r	The First Set of English Madrigals (1598), no. 27
O ye little flocks (i)	John Amner	verse anthem	60v	60v	62v	57v	36v	7r	Sacred hymnes Of 3. 4. 5 and 6. parts for voyces & vyols (1615), no. 19
Fear not (ii)	John Amner	verse anthem	61v	61r	63v	58r	37r	7v	Sacred hymnes Of 3. 4. 5 and 6. parts for voyces & vyols (1615), no. 20
And they cry (iii)	John Amner	verse anthem	62r	61v	64r	58v	37v	8r	Sacred hymnes Of 3. 4. 5 and 6. parts for voyces & vyols (1615), no. 21
Lo how from heaven (i)	John Amner	verse anthem	62v	62v	64v	59r	38r	8v	Sacred hymnes Of 3. 4. 5 and 6. parts for voyces & vyols (1615), no. 22
I bring you tidings (ii)	John Amner	verse anthem	63r	62r	65r	59v	38v	9r	Sacred hymnes Of 3. 4. 5 and 6. parts for voyces & vyols (1615), no. 23
A stranger here	John Amner	full anthem	63v	63r	65v	60r	39v	9v	Sacred hymnes Of 3. 4. 5 and 6. parts for voyces & vyols (1615), no. 24
My Lord is hence removed	John Amner	verse anthem	64r	63v	66r	60v	40r	10r	Sacred hymnes Of 3. 4. 5 and 6. parts for voyces & vyols (1615), no. 25
Sing joyfully	William Byrd	full anthem	64v	64r	66v	61r	40v	12v
O God the proud	Thomas Tomkins	full anthem	65v	65r	57v	61v	41v	13v
Christ rising (i)	Thomas Tallis	full anthem	66r	65v	68v	62v	43v
Christ is risen (ii)	Thomas Tallis	full anthem	66r	65v	68v	62v	43v
O Lord how long wilt thou	[anonymous]	full anthem	67v	67r	69v	63v	44r
Salvator Mundi	Thomas Tallis	full anthem	68v	68r	70v	64v	45v		Cantiones Sacrae (1575), no. 1
Absterge Domine	Thomas Tallis	full anthem	69r	68v	71r	65r	46r		Cantiones Sacrae (1575), no. 2
Lamentations	Thomas Tallis	full anthem	70r	69v	72r	66r	47r
In resurrectione	William Byrd	full anthem	71v	71r	73v	67v	48v		Cantiones Sacrae (1575), no. 17
Adolescentulus sum	William Mundy	full anthem	72r	71V	74r	67V	49r	15V
Jerusalem plantabis	[anonymous]	full anthem	73r	72v	75r	58v	50r	16v
Credo quod redemptor	Robert Parsons	full anthem	73v	73v	75v	69r	50v	17v
O sacrum convivium	Thomas Tallis	full anthem	74r			69v	51r		Cantiones Sacrae (1575), no. 9
[Homo] quidam fecit	Thomas Tallis	full anthem	74v	74r	76r	70r	51v	18r
In Nomine	William Byrd		75r	75v	77v	70v	52r		In Nomine a5 No. 5
In Nomine	Robert Parsons		75v	76r	78r	71r	52v
In Nomine	Alfonso Ferrabosco		58r[46]	76v	78v	71v	53r
In Nomine	"Brewster"		58v	77r	79r	72r	53v
De la courte (part 1)	Robert Parsons		59r	78v	79v	72v	54r
De la courte (part 2)	Robert Parsons		59v	77v	80v	73r	54v
[Unidentified Italian madrigal]	[anonymous]		62v	79r	81v	73v	55v
[Ma la fiamma de l'alma]	Hans Leo Hassler		63r	79v	82r	74r	56r		Madrigali à 5. 6. 7. & 8. voci (1596)
[Musica e lo mio core]	Hans Leo Hassler		61v	80r	82v	74v	56v	18v	Madrigali à 5. 6. 7. & 8. voci (1596)
[Unidentified Italian madrigal	[anonymous]		63v	80v	83v	75r	57r	19v
[Unidentified Italian madrigal	[anonymous]		64r	81r	84r	75v	57v
[Care lagrime mie]	Hans Leo Hassler		64v	81v	84v	76r	58r		Madrigali à 5. 6. 7. & 8. voci (1596)
Dolorosi [martir]	Luca Marenzio		65r	82r	85r	76v	58v
Now must I part	Luca Marenzio		65v	82v	85v	77r	59r	20r	Musica Transalpina (1588), no. 51
So far from my delight	Alfonso Ferrabosco		66r	83r	86r	77v	59v	20v	Musica Transalpina (1588), no. 48
[She only doth not feel]	Alfonso Ferrabosco		66v	83v	86v	78r	60r	21r	Musica Transalpina (1588), no. 49
I sung sometime	Luca Marenzio		67r	84r	87r	78v	60v	21v	Musica Transalpina (1588), no. 56
[Because my love]	Luca Marenzio		67v	84v	87v	79r	61r	22r	Musica Transalpina (1588), no. 57
Laudate pueri	William Byrd	full anthem	68r	85r	88r	79v	61v	22v	Cantiones Sacrae (1575), no. 17
Deus misereatur	John Sheppard	full anthem	69v	86r	91r		62v	23v
Deus misereatur	Robert White	full anthem	71r	88r	89r	80v	64r	25r
Domine non exaltatum	William Mundy	full anthem	72v	89v	92v	81v	65v	26v
[Libera nos] salva	John Sheppard	full anthem	73v	90v	93v	82v	66v	27v
[Libera nos] salva	John Sheppard	full anthem	74r	91r	94r	83v	67r	28r
Esurientes	John Sheppard		74r	91v	94r	82v	67r
Jerusalem surge	Clemens non Papa		74r	92r	94v	84r	69r
Jerusalem surge, part 2r	Clemens non Papa		75r	92v	95r	84v	69v
Veni electa mea (i)	Clemens non Papa		75v	93r	95v	85r	70r
Audi filia (ii)	Clemens non Papa		76r	93v	96r	85v	70v
Dum transisset	Thomas Tallis	full anthem	76v	94r	96v	86r	68r
Cantate Domino	Richard Nicholson	full anthem	77v	94v	97v	86v	71r
Blessed art thou that fearest	[anonymous]	full anthem	78r	95v	98v	87r	71v
Veni in hortum	Orlande de Lassus	full anthem	79r	96v	98r	88r	72v
Angelus ad pastores	Orlande de Lassus	full anthem	79v	97r	100r	88v	73r
Sermone blando	William Mundy		80r	97v	100v	89r	73v
Cante, cantate	Robert Parsons		80v	98r	101r	89v	73v	28v
Johnson's knell	Robert Johnson		81r	98v	101v	90r	74r
Alas, alack, my heart is woe	[anonymous]		8 [82?]	99a	102r	91r	75r
Holy, holy, holy	Robert Parsons	full anthem	82v	99av	102v	91v	75v
All ye people, clap	William Byrd	full anthem	83v	99bv	103v	92v	76v
O Lord turn thy wrath	William Byrd	full anthem	84r	100r	104r	93r	77r
Bow thine ear (ii)	William Byrd	full anthem	84v	100v	104v	93v	77v
Out of the deep	William Byrd	full anthem	85v	101v	105v	94v	78v
Behold, how good and joyful	[anonymous]	full anthem	86v	102v	106v	95v	79v
How long shall mine enemies	William Byrd	full anthem	87v	103v	107v	96v	80v
O Lord, make thy servant, James	William Byrd	full anthem	89v	104v	180v	97v	81v
O fools can you not	John Wilbye	full anthem	90v	106v	109v	98r			The First Set of English Madrigals (1598), no. 8
Alas, what hope	John Wilbye	full anthem	91v	107r	110r	98v			The First Set of English Madrigals (1598), no. 9
Lady, when I behold	John Wilbye	full anthem	92v	107v	110v	99r			The First Set of English Madrigals (1598), no. 10
Thus saith my Cloris	John Wilbye	full anthem	93v	108v	111v	99v			The First Set of English Madrigals (1598), no. 11
Adieu, sweet Amarillis	John Wilbye	full anthem	94r	109r	112r	100r			The First Set of English Madrigals (1598), no. 12
Die, hapless man	John Wilbye	full anthem	94v	109v	112v	100v	82r		The First Set of English Madrigals (1598), no. 13
I fall	John Wilbye	full anthem	95r	110r	113r	101r	82v		The First Set of English Madrigals (1598), no. 14
Unkind O stay	John Wilbye	full anthem	95v	110v	113v	101v	83r		The First Set of English Madrigals (1598), no. 20
Flora gave me	John Wilbye	full anthem	96r	111r	114r	102r	83v		The First Set of English Madrigals (1598), no. 22
I sung sometimes	John Wilbye	full anthem	96v	111v	114v	102v	84v		The First Set of English Madrigals (1598), no. 21
When David heard	Mr. Smith	full anthem	97v	112v	115v	103v	85v
O give thanks	Nathaniel Giles	full anthem	98r	113r	116r	104r	86r
Behold it is Christ	Edmund Hooper	full anthem	99r	114r	117r	105r	87r
Rejoice in the Lord	Mr. Hugh Davies of Hereford	full anthem	100r	115r	118r	106r	88r
O God, whom our offences	William Byrd	full anthem	101v	116v	119v	106v	89v
Hear my crying	[anonymous]	full anthem	102v	117v	120v	107v	90v
All people clap	Thomas Weelkes	full anthem	104r	119r	122r	108v	92r
O Lord rebuke me not	[anonymous]	full anthem	105r	119v	123r	109v	92v
Christ rising (i)	Edmund Tucker	full anthem	106r	121r	124r	110v	94r
Christ is risen (ii)	Edmund Tucker	full anthem	106r	121r	124r	110v	94r
The Country cry	Richard Dering	verse anthem	107av	122v	125v	112r	95v
The London Cry (i)	Orlando Gibbons	verse anthem	109v	125v	128r	114v	98v
A good sausage (ii)	Orlando Gibbons	verse anthem	109v	125v	128r	114v	98v
The Cry of London	[anonymous]	verse anthem	112v	127v	130v	116v	101v
O amica mea	Thomas Morley		114r	129r	132r	118r	103r
All at once well met	Thomas Weelkes	full anthem	114v	129v	132v	118v	103v		Balletts and Madrigals to Five Voyces, with One to 6. Voyces (1598), no. 1
To shorten winter's	Thomas Weelkes	full anthem	115r	130r	133r	119r	104r		Balletts and Madrigals to Five Voyces, with One to 6. Voyces (1598), no. 2
Whilst youthful	Thomas Weelkes	full anthem	115v	130v	133v	119v	104v		Balletts and Madrigals to Five Voyces, with One to 6. Voyces (1598), no. 4
On the plains	Thomas Weelkes	full anthem	116r	131r	134r	120r	105r		Balletts and Madrigals to Five Voyces, with One to 6. Voyces (1598), no. 5
Hark all ye lovely	Thomas Weelkes	full anthem	116v	131v	134v	120v	105r		Balletts and Madrigals to Five Voyces, with One to 6. Voyces (1598), no. 8
Say, dainty dames	Thomas Weelkes	full anthem	117r	132r	135r	121r	106r		Balletts and Madrigals to Five Voyces, with One to 6. Voyces (1598), no. 9
In pride of May	Thomas Weelkes	full anthem	117v	132r	135r	121r	106v		Balletts and Madrigals to Five Voyces, with One to 6. Voyces (1598), no. 11
We shepherds sing	Thomas Weelkes	full anthem	118r	133r	136r	122r	107r		Balletts and Madrigals to Five Voyces, with One to 6. Voyces (1598), no. 17
I love and have my love	Thomas Weelkes	full anthem	118v	133v	136v	122v	107v		Balletts and Madrigals to Five Voyces, with One to 6. Voyces (1598), no. 18
Give me my heart	Thomas Weelkes	full anthem	119v	134v	137r	123r	108r		Balletts and Madrigals to Five Voyces, with One to 6. Voyces (1598), no. 7
Now is my Cloris	Thomas Weelkes	full anthem	120r	136a	137v	123v	108v		Balletts and Madrigals to Five Voyces, with One to 6. Voyces (1598), no. 22
Cease now delight	Thomas Weelkes	full anthem	120v	136av	138r	123v	109r	29v	Balletts and Madrigals to Five Voyces, with One to 6. Voyces (1598), no. 24
Come clap thy hands	Thomas Weelkes	full anthem	121v	135v	139r	124v	111r		Balletts and Madrigals to Five Voyces, with One to 6. Voyces (1598), no. 19
Phillis hath sworn	Thomas Weelkes	full anthem	122a	136a	139v	125r	111v		Balletts and Madrigals to Five Voyces, with One to 6. Voyces (1598), no. 20
Give sentence with me	William Randall	full anthem	122av	136bv	140r	125V	112r	30V
Let God arise	Thomas Ford	full anthem	123v	138v	142r	127v	114r
To the shady woods	Thomas Tomkins	full anthem	125v	139v	143v	128v		32r	Songs of 3.4.5. & 6. parts (1622), no. 13
Too much I once lamented	Thomas Tomkins	full anthem	125r	140r	144r	128v		32v	Songs of 3.4.5. & 6. parts (1622), no. 14
Come shepherds	Thomas Tomkins	full anthem	126v	140v	144v	129v		33v	Songs of 3.4.5. & 6. parts (1622), no. 15
Cloris, why still	Thomas Tomkins	full anthem	127v	141v	145r	130r		334v	Songs of 3.4.5. & 6. parts (1622), no. 16
See the shepherd's queen	Thomas Tomkins	full anthem	128v	142r	145v	130v		35v	Songs of 3.4.5. & 6. parts (1622), no. 17
Phillis now cease	Thomas Tomkins	full anthem	129v	142v	146r	131v		36v	Songs of 3.4.5. & 6. parts (1622), no. 18
When David heard	Thomas Tomkins	full anthem	130v	143r	146v	132v		37v	Songs of 3.4.5. & 6. parts (1622), no. 19
Phillis, yet see him	Thomas Tomkins	full anthem	131v	143v	147v	133r		38v	Songs of 3.4.5. & 6. parts (1622), no. 20
Fusca, in thy starry eyes	Thomas Tomkins	full anthem	132v	144v	148v	134r		39v	Songs of 3.4.5. & 6. parts (1622), no. 21
Adieu ye city prisoning towers	Thomas Tomkins	full anthem	133v	145v	149r	134v		40v	Songs of 3.4.5. & 6. parts (1622), no. 22
When I observe	Thomas Tomkins	full anthem	134v	146v	149v	135r	115v	41v	Songs of 3.4.5. & 6. parts (1622), no. 23
Music divine	Thomas Tomkins	full anthem	135v	147v	150v	135v	116v	42v	Songs of 3.4.5. & 6. parts (1622), no. 23
Oft did I marle	Thomas Tomkins	full anthem	136v	148v	151v	136v	117v	43v	Songs of 3.4.5. & 6. parts (1622), no. 24
Woe is me	Thomas Tomkins	full anthem	137v	149v	152v	137v	118v	44v	Songs of 3.4.5. & 6. parts (1622), no. 25
It is my well-beloved's voice	Thomas Tomkins	full anthem	138v	150v	153v	138v	119v	45v	Songs of 3.4.5. & 6. parts (1622), no. 26
Turn unto the Lord	Thomas Tomkins	full anthem	138r	151v	154v	138r	120v	46v	Songs of 3.4.5. & 6. parts (1622), no. 27
A le quancie de rose	Andrea Gabrieli		139v	152r	155r	139v	121r	47r	Gemma Musicalis (1588)
Ecco vinegio	Andrea Gabrieli		140v	152v	155v	140v	121v	47v	Gemma Musicalis (1588)
Sacri [di Giove]	Giovanni Gabrieli		141v	153v	156v	141v	122v	48v	Liber secundus Gemmae musicalis (1589)
O passi sparsi	Andrea Gabrieli		142v	154v	157v	142v	123v	49v	Liber secundus Gemmae musicalis (1589)
A dio [dolce mia vita]	Giovanni Gabrieli		143v	155v	158v	143v	124v	50v	Gemma Musicalis (1588)
D'un si bel foco	Alessandro Striggio		144v	156r	159v	144r	125v	51v	Gemma Musicalis (1588)
Quei vinto dal furor	Andrea Gabrieli		145v	156v	160v	144v	126v	52v	Liber secundus Gemmae musicalis (1589)
Ecco l'alma beata	Giovanni Croce		146v	157v	161v	145r	127r	53v	Liber secundus Gemmae musicalis (1589)
Basti [fin qui]	Luca Marenzio		147v	158v	162v	145v	127v	54v	Liber secundus Gemmae musicalis (1589)
Lieto godea [sedendo]	Giovanni Gabrieli		148v	159v	163v	146v	128v	55v	Gemma Musicalis (1588)
O misero mio core	Giulio Eremita		149r	160r	164r	147r	129v	56v	Tertius Gemmae musicalis liber (1589)
Hence stars	Michael East	full anthem	149v	160v	164v	147v	130v		Madrigales: The triumphes of Oriana, to 5. and 6. voices (1601) [unnumbered]
With angel's face	Daniel Norcomb	full anthem	150v	161v	165v	148v	131v		Madrigales: The triumphes of Oriana, to 5. and 6. voices (1601), no. 1
Lightly she whipped	John Mundy	full anthem	151v	162v	166v	149v	132v		Madrigales: The triumphes of Oriana, to 5. and 6. voices (1601), no. 2
Long live fair Oriana	Ellis Gibbons	full anthem	152v	163v	157v	150v	133v		Madrigales: The triumphes of Oriana, to 5. and 6. voices (1601), no. 3
All creatures now	John Bennet	full anthem	153v	164v	168v	151v	134v		Madrigales: The triumphes of Oriana, to 5. and 6. voices (1601), no. 4
Fair Oriana	John Hilton	full anthem	154v	165v	169v	153v	135v		Madrigales: The triumphes of Oriana, to 5. and 6. voices (1601), no. 5
Sing shepherds all	Richard Nicholson	full anthem	155r	166v	170r	152v	136r		Madrigales: The triumphes of Oriana, to 5. and 6. voices (1601), no. 9
Tutteri foco	Benedetto Pallavicino		156v	167v	171v	154v	137v
[untitled]	[anonymous]		157v	168v	172v	155r	138v
O sing unto the Lord	John Amner	full anthem	158v	169v	173v	155v	139v	57v
Holy Lord God almighty	Thomas Bateson	full anthem	160r	170v	175r	156v	140v	60v
Out of the deep	William Byrd	full anthem	160v	171v	175v	157v	141v	62r
Rejoice in the Lord	Matthew Jeffries	full anthem	162r	172v	176v	158v	142v	63v
O give thanks	John Mundy	full anthem	163r	173v	177v	159v	144r	64v
Awake up my glory	”Mr. Hugh Davies of Hereford”	full anthem	164v	175r	179v	160v	145v	65v
Lord enter not into judgment	Thomas Tomkins	full anthem	166r	176r	180v	161v	147r
O Lord arise	Thomas Weelkes	full anthem	167v	176v	181r	162v	147v	68v
O praise the Lord, all ye heathen	Thomas Tomkins	full anthem	166v	177v	181v	163v	148v	69v
Fantasia	William Byrd		168v	179v	183v	165v	150v	71v	Fantasia a6 No. 3
Fantasia	William Byrd		169v	180v	184v	166v	151v
Dorick	John Bull			181r	185r	167r	152r
Fantasia	Simon Ives			184v	185v	167v		72v	Fantasia a4 No. 2
Fantasia	Simon Ives			181v	186v	168v		73v	Fantasia a4 No. 1
Fantasia	John Jenkins			182v	187v	169v		74v
Fantasia	John Jenkins			183v	188v	170v		75v
Fantasia	Simon Ives			185v	189v	171v		76v	Fantasia a4 No. 4
Fantasia	Simon Ives			186v	190v	172v		77v	Fantasia a4 No. 3
Fantasia	Alfonso Ferrabosco			187v	191v	173v		78v
Fantasia	[anonymous]		169v	188v		174r	152v	79v
Fantasia 1	Orlando Gibbons					174v	153v	80v
Fantasia 2	Orlando Gibbons					175v	154r	81v
Fantasia 3	Orlando Gibbons					176v	154v	82v
Fantasia 4	Orlando Gibbons					177v	155r	83v
Fantasia 5	Orlando Gibbons					178v	155v	84v
Fantasia 6	Orlando Gibbons					179r	156r	85r
Fantasia 7	Orlando Gibbons					179v	156v	85v
Fantasia 8	Orlando Gibbons					180v	157r	86v
Fantasia 9	Orlando Gibbons					181r	157v	87v
Fantasia 9	Orlando Gibbons							88v

The pastedowns

This table is based on the articles by Stevens[47] and Fallows.[36] Neither author based their list on the integrity of the physical fragments but rather on their musical content. Thus, although there are nine fragments, both Stevens and Fallows enumerate more than nine items, as they discern more than a single musical work on some fragments. Fallows's list also includes designations for items in other libraries as he believes they were once joined with some of the Drexel fragments (fragments in other libraries are not included here). Stevens's list eschews use of bibliographic terms in identifying whether a fragment is recto or verso, or whether it comes from the front or the back of a volume.

Call number	Location in volume	Recto or verso	Stevens's designation	Fallows's designation	Text	Remarks
Drexel 4180	front	recto	3	B	[c]rowne of thorne so scharpe & kene throw my heyd	Upright; Probably from a poem of Jesus's pleading
		verso	4	B	for thy sake man to whom yf pu call at a[ny?]; [refrain]: In a f[orest?] laytt as I was I ...vt supra finis	Upright; probably from a poem of Jesus's pleading; possibly continuation of recto
			1	D	"My mode is changyd in euery wyse"	"A blessed Jhesu, hough fortunyd this"; Fayrfax 37; bottom line of fragment
	back	recto	8	C	The red rosse fayre and sote of sent	Upright;
		verso	5	C	"...y[ow] please alake good Jone what may...."	Upright; "Jhoone is sick and ill at ease"; Fayrfax 40;
Drexel 4181	[front]					Lacking; perhaps "A8" now in Cleveland
	back	recto	15	D		Unidentified; perhaps related to the work on the verso
		verso	11	D	...thus hath mayd my payne	The first staff is a vocal work containing a bass part, possibly of a love song
			14	D		Stevens: The remaining four staves are from an unidentified instrumental work, possibly related to 15; Fallows: untexted bassus part
Drexel 4182	[front]					Lacking; Fallows mistakes a leaf with empty staves as being a pastedown (it is really the beginning of the manuscript)[48]
	[back]					Lacking; perhaps "F3" now in Cleveland
Drexel 4183	front	recto	10	E1		The bella, the bella we maydens, measures 23-52; this leaf has been tipped in the volume upside down
		verso		E1		blank page
	back	recto	7	F2	...love shuld com. On euery syde the way she pryde	Fragment of an unidentified love song
		verso	2	F2	"...whan I haue plesyd my lady now and than"	"All a green willow"; Song 25 (Stevens misidentifies this as belonging to Drexel 4184)
Drexel 4184	front	recto	10	E2	The bella, the bella we maydens	"We be maidens fair and gent," song 296 in XX songes, no. 6; measures 1-36
		verso	10	E2	...Syster loke pt ye be not forlorn	Continuation of The bella; Song 296; in XX songes, no. 6; treble: measures 53-66; alto: 53-61
	back	recto	6	F1	...[lo]kyng for her trew love long or that yt was day	fragment of a love song; bottom portion written over in a later hand
		verso	13	F1	He þat smytyth hy...	He that smiteth with a stave of oak; refrain: Card lye down & whele stond styll / lett [ ] / [ ] tyll peny pot to þe nale tryll[49]
Drexel 4185	[front]					Lacking; perhaps A3 bottom, now in Fitzwilliam Museum
	back	recto	9	A3 top	Sumwhat musyng and more morenyng in remembryng the unstedfastnes	tenor voice; misidentified by Stevens as being from 4183; Fayrfax 24; Henry VIII 107
		verso	9	A3 top	to let it ouerpass and thynk þeron no more	First-second staves: conclusion of "Sumwhat musyng"; (third staff is blank)
			-	A3 top	As solen as staytly as strange toward me as I of	Third-fourth staves: beginning of "As solemn as stately as strange toward me"[50]

Works consulted

• Ashbee, Andrew (1967), "Lowe, Jenkins and Merro", Music and Letters, 48: 310–311
• Ashbee, Andrew (2013), "John Merro's Manuscripts Revisited" (PDF), The Viola da Gamba Society Journal, 7: 1–19, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-05, retrieved 2015-02-25
• Ashbee, Andrew; Thompson, Robert; Wainwright, Jonathan (2001). The Viola da Gamba Society index of manuscripts containing consort music. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate. ISBN 9780754601302.
• Brett, Philip, ed. (1967). Consort Songs. Musica Brittanica. 22. London: Stainer and Bell.
• Drexel 4180–4185, New York: New York Public Library, 1942, OCLC 79468694
• Fallows, David (1993), "The Drexel Fragments of Early Tudor Song", Royal Musical Association Research Chronicle, 26: 5–18, JSTOR 25099433 (JSTOR access by subscription)
• Monson, Craig (1982). Voices and Viols in England, 1600-1650: the Sources and the Music. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Research Press. pp. 133–58. ISBN 9780835713023.
• Rimbault, Edward F., ed. (1845), A Collection of Anthems for Voices and Instruments by Composers of the Madrigalian Era Scored From a Set of Ancient m.s. Part Books Formerly in the Evelyn Collection, London: Printed for the members of the Musical Antiquarian Society by Chappell, OCLC 23536116
• Stevens, John (1961), "Postscript: The Drexel Fragments", Music and Poetry in the Early Tudor Court, London: Methuen, pp. 426–28
• Willetts, Pamela J. (1961), "Music from the Circle of Anthony Wood at Oxford", British Museum Quarterly, 24: 71

Editions

Some material from Drexel 4180–4185 has appeared in modern editions:

• Beck, Sydney, ed. Nine Fantasias in Four Parts. New York: New York Public Library/C.F. Peters, 1947.
  • Contains:
• Brett, Philip, ed. Consort Songs. Musica Britanica, volume 25. London: Stainer and Bell, 1967.
  • Contains Alas, alack, my heart is woe, Farewell the bliss, In paradise, Come, Charon, come, ... The country cry
• Rimbault, Edward F., ed. A Collection of Anthems for Voices and Instruments by Composers of the Madrigalian Era Scored From a Set of Ancient m.s. Part Books Formerly in the Evelyn Collection. London: Printed for the members of the Musical Antiquarian Society by Chappell, [1845].
  • Contains: Blow out (up) the trumpet, When Israel came out of Egypt, Let God arise, All people clap, Sing we merrily, Holy Lord God almighty.

References

1. Peter Le Huray, Music and the Reformation in England 1549-1660 (New York: Oxford University Press), p. 99.
2. Resource Description and Access, rule 6.2.2.7, option c (access by subscription).
3. Willetts 1961, p. 74.
4. Ashbee 2001, p. 10. sfn error: no target: CITEREFAshbee2001 (help)
5. Monson 1982, p. 133.
6. Ashbee 2013, p. 1.
7. Ashbee 2013, p. 2.
8. Rimbault 1845, p. 1.
9. Fallows 1993, p. 9.
10. Monson 1982, p. 135.
11. Monson 1982, p. 137.
12. Monson 1982, p. 138.
13. John Amner, Sacred Hymns. Of. 3. 4. 5. and 6. parts for Voyces and Vyols (London : Edw. Allde, 1615).
14. Brett 1967, p. 173.
15. Monson 1982, p. 308.
16. Rimbault 1845.
17. Monson 1982, p. 139.
18. Evelyn's catalog is located at Christ Church, cataloged as Catalogus Evelynianus 1687, MS 20a.
19. Asbhbee 2001, p. 237. sfn error: no target: CITEREFAsbhbee2001 (help)
20. Fallows 1993, p. 13, footnote 13.
21. Catalogue of the Valuable Library of the Late Edward Francis Rimbault, Comprising an Extensive and Rare Collection of Ancient Music, Printed and in Manuscript ... which will be sold by auction, by Messrs. Sotheby, Wilkinson & Hodge ... on Tuesday, the 31st of July, 1877, and five following days (London: Sotheby, Wilkinson & Hodge, 1877), p. 86, lot 1337.
22. Monson 1982, p. 134.
23. Monson 1982, p. 140.
24. Monson 1982, p. 141.
25. Monson 1982, p. 142.
26. One of the songs mentioned by Monson is "Out of the deep" in versions for four and five voices, which Grove Music Online says is of doubtful authenticity. See Joseph Kerman and Kerry McCarthy, "Byrd, William" Grove Music Online accessed 19 January 2015 (access by subscription).
27. Monson 1982, p. 143.
28. Hugh Davies appears in the Gloucester bassus book, Christ Church 544-53, Bodleian manuscript Mus. D 162 and in Barnard sources Royal College of Music 1045-51 and Tenbury 791. Smith of Salop only appears in Ludlow SRO 356, MS.
29. Ashbee 2013, p. 3.
30. Monson 1982, p. 136.
31. Thomas Tomkins, Songs of 3.4.5. and 6. parts, London: Printed for Matthew Lownes, John Browne and Thomas Snodham, 1622.
32. In the 5th edition of Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musician, Edmund H. Fellows says this work is thought to have been submitted by Bateson as a requirement for receiving his master's degree (Edmund H. Fellowes, "Bateson, Thomas," Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians (New York : Macmillan, 1904-10), vol. 1, p. 498). There is no mention of this work's origin in New Grove, implying that Fellows's story lacked verification or was subsequently refuted (David Brown, "Bateson, Thomas," New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, New York: Oxford Music Online, accessed 18 January 2015. (access by subscription)
33. Fallows 1993, p. 7.
34. Fallows 1993, p. 6.
35. Stevens 1961, p. 426.
36. Fallows 1993.
37. Fallows 1993, p. 5.
38. Fallows 1993, p. 5-6.
39. Fallows goes into depth explaining a misunderstanding that originally enumerated five sources for the song.
40. Fallows 1993, p. 8.
41. Fallows 1993, p. 10.
42. John E. Stevens, Music & poetry in the Early Tudor Court (London: Methuen, 1961), p. 427.
43. Fallows 1993, p. 11.
44. Fallows 1993, p. 12.
45. Monson 1982, p. 198.
46. The contemporaneous page numbering restarts at 58 at this point in the cantus partbook.
47. Stevens 1961.
48. Fallows 1993, p. 15.
49. http://www.cddc.vt.edu/host/imev/record.php?recID=1894/%5B%5D
50. Footnote to The Digital Index of Middle English Verse

External links

• Catalog record
• Drexel 4180–4185 at DIAMM
• The Digital Index of Middle English Verse (New York Public Library entries)
• entry at Early English Church Music

Gallery

Endpapers

• 
  Drexel 4180 front recto
• 
  Drexel 4180 front verso
• 
  Drexel 4180 back recto
• 
  Drexel 4180 back verso
• 
  Drexel 4181 back recto
• 
  Drexel 4181 back verso
• 
  Drexel 4183 front recto
• 
  Drexel 4183 front verso
• 
  Drexel 4183 back recto
• 
  Drexel 4183 back verso
• 
  Drexel 4184 front recto
• 
  Drexel 4184 front verso
• 
  Drexel 4184 back recto
• 
  Drexel 4184 back verso
• 
  Drexel 4185 back recto
• 
  Drexel 4185 back verso