Double Dragon (video game)

Double Dragon (Japanese: 双截龍 (ダブルドラゴン), Hepburn: Daburu Doragon)[5] is a 1987 beat 'em up video game developed by Technōs Japan and distributed in North America, Europe, Southeast Asia, Hong Kong, mainland China and Taiwan by Taito. The game is a spiritual and technological successor to Technos' earlier beat 'em up, Nekketsu Kōha Kunio-kun (released outside of Japan by Taito as Renegade), but introduced several additions such as two-player cooperative gameplay and the ability to arm oneself with an enemy's weapon after disarming them. Double Dragon is considered to be one of the first successful examples of the genre, resulting in the creation of two arcade sequels and several spinoffs, as well as inspiring other companies in creating their own beat 'em ups.

This article is about the 1987 video game release. For the franchise, see Double Dragon. For other video game topics, see Double Dragon (disambiguation).
Double Dragon
American promotional flyer for the arcade release by Taito. In this flyer, the main characters have their localized names as "Hammer" and "Spike".
Developer(s)
Publisher(s)
Director(s)Yoshihisa Kishimoto
Shinichi Saito
Producer(s)Yoshihisa Kishimoto
Designer(s)Koji Kai
Shinichi Saito
Programmer(s)Hiroshi Satoh
Tomoyasu Koga
Nari Nishimura
Hideki Kaneda
Artist(s)Kumiko Mukai
Mizuho Yama
Akemi Tasaki
Misae Nakaya
Masato Shiroto
Composer(s)Kazunaka Yamane
SeriesDouble Dragon
Platform(s)
Release
Genre(s)Beat 'em up
Mode(s)Up to 2 players, simultaneous
Arcade systemCustom

Originally an arcade game, home versions were released for the NES, Master System, Atari 2600, Atari 7800, Atari ST, Amiga, Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64, Game Boy, Genesis/Mega Drive and Atari Lynx, among other platforms during the series's height of popularity. A remake titled Double Dragon Advance was released for the Game Boy Advance in 2003.

Arcade version
Billy and Jimmy face off against Jick, the boss at the end of the first stage (arcade version)

The player takes control of martial artist Billy Lee, or his twin brother Jimmy (also known as Hammer and Spike in the supplementary materials for the American arcade release), as they fight their way into the turf of the Black Warriors gang in order to rescue Billy's girlfriend, Marian. The player character has a repertoire of martial arts techniques which they can perform by using the joystick and three action buttons (kick, jump, and punch) individually or in combination. Techniques range from basic punches and kicks to more elaborate attacks such as throws and elbow strikes. When playing with another player, one can grab an opponent from behind, allowing the other to attack unimpeded; some enemies are able to do the same thing to the players. The player begins the game with a certain number of extra lives and a life gauge which depletes as the player takes hits, and must complete each stage within a time limit. One life is lost if either the life gauge or timer reaches zero, or if the player character falls off the bottom of the screen or into a hole, river, or bed of spikes.

Certain enemies carry melee weapons, which can be knocked out of their hands and picked up to use against them. Available weapons include baseball bats, whips, throwing knives, and dynamite; in addition, rocks, oil drums, and boxes can be found in certain places.

The players encounter seven different types of enemies during the game; with the exception of Linda and Willy, all have two different skin colors.

  • Williams: A low-ranking member of the gang, who can use bats, knives, and dynamite.
  • Rowper: Another low-ranking member, who can use the same weapons as Williams and also throws rocks, oil drums, and boxes.
  • Linda: The only female member, and the only one who will pick up or carry a whip; she uses no other weapon.
  • Abobo: A tall, bald, shirtless gang member who can throw heavy items.
  • Jick:[6] The boss of the first stage, identical in appearance to Abobo except for the addition of a beard, sunglasses, and a Mohawk hairstyle.
  • Jeff: The boss of the second stage, who is a head swap of the Lee brothers.
  • Willy: The leader of the gang, and the final boss. He carries a machine gun whose bullets can instantly kill Billy and Jimmy, and he never drops it when knocked down.

The game is divided into four different stages or "missions," which consist of a city slum, a factory, a forest, and the gang's hideout. The game normally ends if a single player defeats the final boss alone. However, if two players manage to complete the game together, they fight each other in order to determine who will win Marian's affections. Both life gauges are refilled, any extra lives are taken away, and the timer is reset for this fight.

The original arcade version displayed 384 colors on the screen, out of a 4096 (12-bit) color palette. The hardware used several 8-bit microprocessors running in parallel; 16-bit processors were expensive at the time the game was first released. Along with the multiple Hitachi HD6309 based processors, multiple processors were dedicated to sound, such as the Yamaha YM2151 FM synthesis sound chip.

Home versions

Famicom/NES
The first fight scene in the NES version of the game

Double Dragon was ported to the Family Computer by Technōs Japan in 1988. The game was published for the Nintendo Entertainment System in North America by Tradewest, who was given the license to produce other home versions of the game as well, and by Nintendo in Europe. The NES version of Double Dragon was released for the Wii's Virtual Console service on April 25, 2008, in Europe and on April 28, 2008, in North America.[7][8] It was also released in North America on December 12, 2013, for the Nintendo 3DS and the Wii U although in Europe, the former was released on December 5, 2013, while the latter was released on March 13, 2014.[9][10][11]

The most notable difference the NES version has from the arcade game is the omission of the arcade's two players cooperative game mode in favor of alternating play. The plot was altered as a result of this change—instead of having both Lee brothers as protagonists, the NES version has players controlling Billy Lee as the lone protagonist, with Jimmy Lee serving as the antagonist and true leader of the Black Warriors.

Due to technical limitations of the NES that were not worked around, the game can only generate two enemies on-screen to confront the player and both enemies are the same character. Additionally, all weapons on the screen (including any carried by the player) disappear once a group of enemies has been defeated. A level-up system was also implemented. The player begins the game with only a limited repertoire of basic attacks and earns experience points by defeating enemies, gaining the ability to use more powerful techniques at specific thresholds. The player can achieve up to seven levels throughout the game.

The level designs are very different, with some stages featuring new areas (notably the cavern section in Mission 3) that feature greater emphasis on jumping over platforms or evading traps. Most of the enemies from the arcade version also appear, with the exception of Jick and Jeff. A new enemy character, a Chinese martial arts master named Chin Taimei (shortened to Chintai in the localized version) serves as the boss of the second stage and appears as a recurring minor enemy for the rest of the game.

Mode B

The NES version features a bonus game mode (dubbed "Mode B") where the player can choose between Billy or one of five enemy characters (Will, Rowper, Linda, Chin, and Abobo) from the main game and compete against a double of their character controlled by the computer or a second player in a one-on-one match. Matches against the computer are handicapped in favor of the computer-controlled character, while certain characters will get a chance to wield a weapon in the 2-Players matches. The mode features larger sprites different from the main game itself.

Double Dragon was only the second game that Technōs developed for the NES, and the two-player mode was reputedly omitted because of the programmers' inexperience with the hardware. This also accounts for the game's large number of bugs and glitches. Also, the "Mode B" was said to be a prototype originally planned for the main game.

Master System

Shortly after the release of the NES version, Sega acquired the rights to develop its own port of the game for the Sega Mark III and Master System with the Master System version being developed by Arc System Works (who would eventually gain the rights for the franchise as part of their Intellectual Property portfolio). The game supports the optional FM Sound Unit sold separately for the Mark III and which is already integrated into the Japanese Master System models.

This version featured brighter colors and displaying up to three different enemies on-screen, although weapons are limited to only one per screen. The game retains the two-player co-op mode (including the final face off between both players) and has level designs that were closer to the arcade game (aside from missing ladders in some areas). This version retains the Mission 2 end-boss, a head swap of the Lee brothers (who is given the name Jeff in this version). However, Jick the first boss from the arcade game is missing in this version as well, being replaced by black and green palette swaps of the bald Abobo as stage bosses.

The Master System version allows for unlimited continues until the final stage. However, if a player performs 10 backward jump kicks at the start of the final stage, they retain their unlimited continues.

Game Boy

In 1990, Technōs Japan produced a Game Boy version of Double Dragon, which was also released in North America and Europe by Tradewest. This version features gameplay similar to the NES version, but with completely different level designs and all of the main character's moves available from the start. The enemies are the same as the NES version, but some of the characters such as Abobo and Chin were given new techniques. The main game mode is still single player, although the game ends after the fight with Willy, with Jimmy not appearing in the main game. A two-player Versus Mode is also included like in the NES version, but the only characters available to play as are the Lee brothers. This version has also been re-released on the Virtual Console for the Nintendo 3DS in 2011.[12]

Home computers

Versions of Double Dragon have been produced for various other platforms as well. In 1988, Activision released versions of Double Dragon for the Atari 2600 and Atari 7800. In addition, home computer versions of the game were released for the Amiga, Atari ST, Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC, and PC compatibles. Most were developed by UK-based Binary Designs aside from the PC port, which was developed by Arcadia Software.

Two different Amstrad CPC versions were produced: one was released for the CPC6128 (128 kB RAM) based on the Amiga version, while the other was released for the CPC464 (tape and 64 kB RAM) and was ported from the Sinclair version. In 1991, a second Commodore 64 version was released by Ocean Software unrelated to the earlier Binary Designs port. It came on a special 32k bank-switched cartridge and did not support two-player mode.

The original Binary Designs port of Double Dragon for the Commodore 64 was heavily criticized for its poor quality and is often considered one of the worst commercially released C64 games and one of the worst arcade conversions of all time. The game was reportedly done by extremely inexperienced programmers on a very tight deadline[13] and lacked almost all of the gameplay elements of the arcade game. Only two weapons (the whip and baseball bat) are available and backgrounds are static; the player cannot climb or jump on or interact with them, and the battle with the final boss at the end is absent. The game also featured a visible gap between the characters' upper and lower bodies due to a poorly coded sprite multiplexer routine; the instruction manual included an apology message from the programming team for this visual artifact.[14]

Other platforms

In 1992, Accolade released a Mega Drive/Genesis port of the game in North America and Europe under the Ballistic Software label. This version was released as an unlicensed third-party cartridge. Although the Mega Drive/Genesis has a smaller color palette than the arcade original, due to the more powerful 16-bit hardware it actually fixes all of the slow down problems from the original arcade game. However, it had a number of deficiencies (especially in sound quality) because Ballistic Software were forced to use a small 512k (4 Meg) cartridge ROM for cost reasons. This version came closest to the arcade game at the time.

An Atari Lynx version was released in 1993, developed by Knight Technologies and published by Telegames.

In 2003, a remake of the original arcade game titled Double Dragon Advance was released for the Game Boy Advance. This version features four additional stages interspersed between the four original stages, as a new set of moves and enemy characters, some of which are lifted or inspired by other games in the series. It was published by Atlus under license from Million Corporation, the company which held the IP to the series at the time. In 2006, a mobile phone game based on Double Dragon Advance was released titled Double Dragon EX. It was developed by Korean-based Eolith.

An Xbox Live Arcade version of Double Dragon was released on May 9, for the Xbox 360 in 2007. This version features an emulation of the original arcade game, as well as an optional game mode featuring redrawn high definition graphics and a remixed soundtrack. It also features support for online multiplayer. It was delisted on July 1, 2009, due to the closure of its publisher, Empire Interactive.

2011 saw the release of a new version of Double Dragon for iOS and Android devices. It was again developed by Brizo Interactive under license from Million, in collaboration with Aksys Games, and published by Bow Mobile Corp. It employs brand new artwork and sprites, Bluetooth multiplayer connectivity, online score ranking, and a host of other new and unique features, new to the franchise.

The arcade version of Double Dragon was re-released in 2013 alongside its two sequels in a compilation titled Double Dragon Trilogy produced by DotEmu, which was released on iOS, Android, and Steam platforms.

Reception
Reception
Reviews
Publication Score
ARC SMS MD/GEN GG NES GB C64 AMI ST ZX
ACE 863[15] 298[16] 275[17]
Commodore User 9/10[18] 43%[19]
Computer and
Video Games		 85%[20] 83%[21] 83%[22] 54%[23] 56%[24]
Crash 81%[25]
Electronic Gaming
Monthly		 7/10[26]
The Games
Machine		 81%[27]
Joystick 71%[28] 75%[29] 91%[30]
Mean Machines 70%[31] 59%[32] 83%[33]
Mega Action 82%[34]
MegaTech 53%[35]
Mega Zone 85%[36]
Sega Power 85%[37] 13%[38]
Sega Pro 77%[39] 72%[40]
Sinclair User 51%[41]
Your Sinclair 8/10[42]
Awards
Award Entities
Game of the Year EGM
Best Games of
All Time		 EGM,[43] Empire,[44] Game Informer,[45][46] G4,[47] GameSpot,[48]
GamingBolt,[49] KLOV,[50] NowGamer,[51] Yahoo![52]

The original arcade version was well-received upon release. In Japan, Game Machine listed Double Dragon on their July 1, 1987 issue as being the most-successful table arcade unit of the year.[53] In the August 1987 issue of Commodore User, Ferdy Hamilton gave it ratings of 9 for graphics, 7 for sound, 9 for toughness, 10 for endurance, and 9 for value, with an overall score of 9 out of 10. He noted the game's popularity, stating that it took him "about half an hour to get near it in my local arcade" and "a brief glance around West End arcades confirmed" that "Double Dragon is set to be a massive coin-op hit." He stated that it "isn't an easy game to play initially" and requires "both brain and brawn," described the graphics as "superb, the handling likewise," and stated "the variety of actions, locations and enemies make this a true state of the art Beat 'Em Up, centuries beyond those old Kung Fu games which still litter the arcades." He concluded it to be "a strong contender for hottest beat 'em up yet."[18] In the July 1987 issue of Computer and Video Games, Clare Edgeley described the "Sordid street fights" as "great fun when you've got the guts" and "if you manage to get hang of the controls." She concluded that "all the ingredients are there for a really addictive, martial arts style kick 'em to bits."[4] In the October 1987 issue of Crash, the reviewer Tony described it as "the best game of its kind around" and "thoroughly addictive," concluding that it is "depraved, sick, bloodthirsty, violent – and I love it!"[54] In the November 1987 issue of Your Sinclair, reviewer Peter Shaw stated that if "you liked Taito's Renegade, you'll jest lurve Double Dragon," describing it as "a streetfighting beat 'em up, but much nastier," with sprites "much bigger than the ones in Renegade, which adds to the realism," and "gruesome sound effects," concluding that it is "Great stuff, and really good value, even for 30p a throw."[55]

Toys "R" Us reported that the NES version of Double Dragon sold out in its first two weeks on sale in the US.[3] In the UK, Mastertronic's home computer game ports sold 289,510 units.[2] Activision's Atari 2600 version sold nearly 500,000 cartridges, making it one of the most popular games on the Atari 2600 towards the end of its lifespan.[56]

The critical reception of the home versions varied depending on the quality of the conversions. The Master System port was well received, including positive reviews from Computer and Video Games,[20] The Games Machine,[27] and Mean Machines Sega.[31] The NES version was also well received, including a positive review from Computer and Video Games.[22]

The home computer versions received mixed reviews. Computer Gaming World noted the limitations of a joystick caused the IBM and C64 ports to use fewer moves than the arcade, the C64 port, in particular, being "a pale shadow of the original".[57] Compute! stated that the Commodore 64 version added a two-player mode, but lacked some arcade features such as moving objects, climbing most ladders, and detailed animation.[58] The Mega Drive version also received mixed reviews; Mega placed the game at #10 on their list of the 10 Worst Mega Drive Games of All Time.[59]

Double Dragon has been listed among the best video games of all time, by publications such as Electronic Gaming Monthly,[60][43] Empire,[44] and Game Informer,[45][46] as well as sites such as G4,[47] GameSpot,[48] GamingBolt,[49] Killer List of Videogames,[50] NowGamer,[51] and Yahoo![52]

Legacy

Sequels
Further information: Double Dragon (series)

Double Dragon was followed by two arcade sequels: Double Dragon II: The Revenge in 1988 and Double Dragon 3: The Rosetta Stone in 1990. Both games were also followed by various home versions. Technōs produced the fourth game in the series titled Super Double Dragon, released for the SNES in 1992. In 1993, a crossover, titled Battletoads & Double Dragon and featuring characters from both franchises, was released for various platforms. Also in 1993, a Game Gear game by Virgin Games was released titled Double Dragon: The Revenge of Billy Lee. Billy and Jimmy also appeared in the 1990 NES game Super Spike V'Ball. The characters of Randy and Andy in the 1989 NES game River City Ransom are based on Billy and Jimmy; in Japan, they are known as Ryūichi and Ryūji and they appear in later Kunio-kun games as well.

Another game developed by WayForward Technologies, Double Dragon Neon, was released in 2012 for Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network.[61]

Double Dragon also spawned a series of related media in the United States, which includes a six-issue comic published by Marvel in 1991, an animated TV series which ran for two seasons from 1993 to 1995, which influenced a live-action film in 1994. In turn, the animated series and movie inspired their respective video game spinoffs as well, both which were fighting games. The cartoon inspired the Tradewest-developed Double Dragon V: The Shadow Falls, released in 1994 for the SNES and Genesis (also ported to the Atari Jaguar); while characters and plot elements from the movie were adapted into the 1995 Technōs-developed the Neo-Geo version of Double Dragon.

Double Dragon is one of the video games featured in the manga titled Rock'n Game Boy, by Shigeto Ikehara and Published by Comic BomBom October 1989 to December 1991.

Not specific to any format/system, the original game was used as a clue in the 2015 episode of Jeopardy! in the category The Marian Kind in the first round on February 17.

Spin-offs

The boss Abobo is the star of the indie retro game Abobo's Big Adventure.

Soundtrack

A soundtrack titled Original Sound of Double Dragon (オリジナル・サウンド・オブ・ダブルドラゴン, Orijinaru Saundo obu Daburu Doragon) was released in Japan by Apollon and composed by Kazunaka Yamane, on February 21, 1988. The soundtrack features arranged versions of the music from the original arcade version. Its catalog number is BY12-5028.

  1. Opening (Double Dragon) (オープニング（双截龍）, Ōpuningu (Daburu Doragon))
  2. The City Slums (The Black Warriors Arrive) (スラム街（ブラックウォリアーズ出現）, Suramu Machi (Burakku Uoriāzu Shutsugen))
  3. The Industrial Area (The Great Fray) (工場地帯（大乱闘）, Kōjōchitai (Dairantō))
  4. After the Battle (闘いのあとで, Tatakai no Atode)
  5. Setting Off (A New Battle) (旅立ち（新たなる闘い）, Tabidachi (Aratanaru Tatakai)
  6. The Woods (森林編, Shinrin Hen)
  7. The Giant Abobo Appears (大男アボボ登場, Ō Otoko Abobo Tōjō)
  8. The Hideout (Willy the Nemesis) (大要塞（宿敵ウィリー）, Daiyōsai (Shukuteki Uirii))
  9. Ending (Reunion with Marian) (エンディング（マリアンとの再会）, Endingu (Marian to no Saikai))

See also

References
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  2. Retro Gamer, issue 1, p. 58, 2004
  3. Worley, Joyce (October 1988). "Video Gaming World's Newswire". Computer Gaming World. No. 52. p. 48. According to Toys-R-Us buyer, Hal Seidel, Tradewest's Double Dragon sold out in its first two weeks on sale. This martial arts title was a runaway coin-snatcher in Japan and reached U.S. play-for-pay parlors in April of 1987.
  4. Double Dragon, Computer and Video Games, issue 69, July 1987, p. 87
  5. The kanji characters shown on the title screen are 双截龍, literally "Twin (Measure-word) Dragons". The characters on the title screen are as follows: shuang (double), jie (measure word for dragons, compare "sheet" for "a sheet of paper" or "loaf", "a loaf of bread"), long (dragon). This is an example of gikun, in which characters are used to represent a meaning or ideal and not for phonetic value.
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  39. Sega Pro, issue 2, p. 45
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  59. Mega magazine issue 1, page 85, Future Publishing, Oct 1992
  60. "The 10 Best Arcade Games of All Time". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 100. Ziff Davis. November 1997. p. 130.
  61. "The Lee Brothers Rescue Marian And Their Dusty Franchise". 11 September 2012.
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