Domestic policy of the Justin Trudeau government

Several policies regarding interior and domestic issues in Canada were planned and adopted by the Canadian Cabinet, chaired by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, following the October 19, 2015 election of the Liberal Party to a minority of seats in the House of Commons, such as social and environmental policies.

This article is part of
a series about
Justin Trudeau
Prime Minister of Canada
Policies
Scandals and controversies
Elections
Common Ground


The government's economic policy relied on increased tax revenues to pay for increased government spending. While the government did not balance the budget in its first term, it purported being fiscally responsible by reducing the country's debt-to-GDP ratio every year until 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic hit.[1] Trudeau's progressive social policy included strong advocacy for feminism and abortion rights,[2] and introduced the right to medically-assisted dying.[3]

His environmental policy included introducing new commitments to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 30% before 2030, and to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050.[4] His main tool for reaching this target is a federal carbon pricing policy.[5] Trudeau's parliament also adopted legislation for marine conservation,[6] banning single-use plastic,[7] and strengthening environmental impact assessments.[8] However, Trudeau is in favour of oil and gas pipelines to bring Canadian fossil fuel resources to foreign markets.[9]

Under Justin Trudeau, Canada set targets to welcome an increased number of immigrants and refugees.[10][11] Canada also legalized cannabis for recreational use in 2018.[12]

Economic Policy

Infrastructure

During the 2015 election campaign, Trudeau said that if made prime minister, he would implement an infrastructure plan worth $60 billion (US$42 billion) in spending over 10 years.[13] Following his electoral win, in 2016, the Trudeau announced a 12-year, $180 billion (US$143 billion) infrastructure plan, with a focus on public transport, infrastructure in rural communities and Canada's northern regions, green infrastructure and affordable housing.[14] The Trudeau government also set up the Canada Infrastructure Bank to fund projects.[15]

Trans-Pacific Partnership

During the 2015 election campaign, Trudeau pledged to study the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) before making a final decision on ratification.[16] Trudeau said that Canadians should know what effects TPP would have on different industries, adding that he would hold an open and serious discussion with Canadians.[17]

After the United States withdrew from the TPP, Canada joined the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, which incorporates most of the provisions of the TPP and which entered into force on December 30, 2018.[18][19][20]

Bombardier

Trudeau's government provided a CA$372.5 million bailout to Bombardier in February 2017. It was later revealed that Bombardier executives received US$32 million of these funds in bonuses, while laying off 14,500 workers around the world that year.[21] Patrick Pichette, a director of Bombardier Inc., sits as a board member of the Trudeau Foundation.[22]

Taxes

Upon entering office, Trudeau's government made some changes to the tax code. A new tax bracket on the top one percent of income earners was created in 2016. Incomes over $200,000 became taxed at 33%.[23] They increased taxes on companies' passive income when it is paid out as dividend. They also limited "the practice of “income sprinkling,” which involves paying income to family members, even if they don’t work for the business, so that business owners can avoid paying higher taxes".[24]

In the 2017 Canadian federal budget, excise duties on alcohol were increased by 2%, Uber became subject to the same taxes as taxis;[25] and tax benefits for public transit users, the tourism sector and employers who create childcare spaces were eliminated.[26]

Social policy

Abortion

Trudeau has stated that he wishes to form a party that is "resolutely pro-choice" and that potential Liberal candidates in the 2015 election who are anti-abortion would not be greenlighted for the nomination if they did not agree to vote pro-choice on abortion bills.[27] This stance was in line with a resolution passed by a majority of Liberal party members at its 2012 policy convention.[27] Trudeau's stance was criticized by conservative Catholics, with former MP Jim Karygiannis saying it will "definitely hurt the party",[28] and Toronto cardinal Thomas Collins writing to Trudeau urging him to reverse his ruling,[29] leading Trudeau to defend the position.[30]

Religious freedom

Trudeau has expressed opposition towards the proposed Quebec Charter of Values, a controversial charter in that province and elsewhere that among other things prohibited public sector employees from wearing or displaying "conspicuous" religious symbols, justifying that it would make the people of Quebec "choose between their freedom of religion and freedom of expression, freedom of conscience and their economic well-being and their acceptance in the workplace. That for me is a real concern."[31] Trudeau has remained on the sidelines of the debate regarding Quebec's Bill 21.[32]

Women's rights
Trudeau with Maryam Monsef and Marie-Claude Bibeau at a Women Deliver event

Trudeau identifies as a feminist,[2] having stated, "I am a feminist. I'm proud to be a feminist," although his claim of being a feminist has been disputed.[33] Trudeau has also stated that "the Liberal Party is unequivocal in its defence of women's rights. We are the party of the Charter." After being sworn in as Prime Minister, when asked by a reporter why he felt gender parity was important when naming his cabinet, he replied, "Because it's 2015."[34] More recently, he has similarly answered to feminist organizations on social media that "On behalf of the Government of Canada, I am writing back to let you know that I wholeheartedly agree: Poverty is Sexist".[35]Then-Minister of Justice Jody Wilson-Raybould was mandated in the November 12 letter to introduce "government legislation to add gender identity as a prohibited ground for discrimination under Canadian law",[36] which was implemented in Bill C-16.[37]

In January 2018, in a speech at the World Economic Forum, Trudeau called for critical discussion on issues brought up by the Me Too movement.[38] Trudeau has also advocated a high standard and holds a "zero tolerance for sexual assault, harassment or other forms of misconduct by his employees or caucus colleagues".[39] As the leader of the Liberal Party, Trudeau initiated investigations on several Members of Parliament resulting in the dismissal of cabinet minister Kent Hehr, the resignation of MP Darshan Kang, and the suspension and later expulsion of MPs Scott Andrews and Massimo Pacetti.[40] In an interview, Trudeau explained that the zero tolerance standard applied to himself as well and stated, "I've been very, very careful all my life to be thoughtful, to be respectful of people's space and people's headspace as well."[41]

In an interview, Trudeau explained that the zero tolerance standard applied to himself as well, and stated, "I've been very, very careful all my life to be thoughtful, to be respectful of people's space and people's headspace as well."[42] However, in 2018, after it was revealed by a woman that a 'groping' incident occurred in 2000, Trudeau said there was no need to conduct an investigation into the allegation.[43] In March 2019, Liberal MP Celina Caesar-Chavannes resigned as a member of the Liberal caucus, citing that Trudeau shouted at her on the phone when she told him she would not like to run in the 2019 federal election. Caesar-Chavannes told The Globe and Mail that Trudeau shouted that she didn't appreciate him. As a result of this resignation, and the resignation of other prominent female liberal members of parliament Jody Wilson-Raybould and Jane Philpott (who resigned from cabinet, but not from caucus following the SNC-Lavalin affair), opposition MPs, such as Candice Bergen, have accused Trudeau of being a "fake feminist".[44][45][46] In the April 2019 Daughters of the Vote event organized by Equal Voice Canada in the House of Commons, many of its delegates turned their backs when Trudeau spoke as a protest for his actions in the SNC-Lavalin Affair.[47]

LGBT rights

After the 2019 election, Trudeau directed his Minister of Justice and Attorney General, David Lametti, to prioritize banning conversion therapy under the criminal code.[48] The Liberals had previously deferred the issue to the provinces on February of that year, calling on them to ban it under their jurisdiction on healthcare, but began exploration on potential criminalization in the coming months. On September 29, 2019, the Liberals formally pledged to ban the practice for minors as a part of their platform, also vowing to work with provinces to eliminate it for adults.[49]

On March 9, 2020, Lemetti formally introduced a bill, though it would expire before being enacted due to Parliament being prorogued in August. On October 1, 2020 Lemetti re-introduced the bill, designed to create criminal offences for performing conversion therapy on a minor, forcing an adult to undergo it, removing a minor from Canada to undergo conversion therapy, while also prohibiting advertising or profiting of conversion therapy for both adults and minors.[50]

On July 3rd, 2016, Trudeau became the first sitting Canadian Prime Minister to march in a pride parade.[51]

Medically-assisted dying

In the November 12, 2015 mandate letter, Prime Minister Trudeau tasked Jody Wilson-Raybould—who was Minister of Justice and Attorney General from 2015 to January 2019—to work with Jane Philpott, then-Minister of Health, to "respond to the Supreme Court of Canada decision regarding physician-assisted death".[36] She tabled Bill C-14 (2016), which amended the Criminal Code to allow medical assistance in dying.[3][52] It received royal assent on June 17, 2016.

Environment policy

Climate change
See also: Climate change in Canada

During the 2015 campaign, Trudeau campaigned on increasing regulations for industries and increased action to respond to climate change. After being elected, prime minister Justin Trudeau outlined the Liberal government's Climate Action Plan:[53]

  • “We will fulfil our G20 commitment and phase out subsidies for the fossil fuel industry over the medium-term.”
  • “We will also work in partnership with the United States and Mexico to develop an ambitious North American clean energy and environmental agreement.”
  • “Together, we will attend the Paris climate conference, and within 90 days formally meet to establish a pan-Canadian framework for combatting climate change.”
  • “We will endow the Low Carbon Economy Trust with $2 billion in our mandate.”

Trudeau's first Minister of Foreign Affairs was Stéphane Dion. Dion is known as being very supportive of climate change policies. Catherine McKenna has been appointed Minister to the newly named Environment and Climate Change. McKenna is known for her legal work surrounding social justice. Trudeau and McKenna garnered the attention of the global media when they attended the COP21 summit in Paris.[54] Canada has committed to: arrest global temperature increase at 1.5 °C, phase out fossil fuels, financially support of clean energy, and assist developing countries to meet their targets.[53]

Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change, Trudeau's national climate strategy, was released in August 2017.[55] Provincial premiers (except Saskatchewan and Manitoba) adopted the proposal on December 9, 2016.[56] Trudeau committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 30% before 2030, and to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050.[4]

While the Liberal government has fulfilled many of its program commitments relating to climate change, environment commissioner Julie Gelfand described the country's lack of progress in reducing emissions as “disturbing" and noted that it was on track to miss its climate change targets.[53]

In 2019, Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) released a report called Canada's Changing Climate Report (CCCR). It is essentially a summary of the IPCC 5th Assessment Report, customised for Canada.[57] The report states that coastal flooding is expected to increase in many areas due to global sea-level rise and local land subsidence or uplift.

Carbon pricing

The Parliament of Canada passed the Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act (GHGPPA)[58] in the fall of 2018 under Bill C-74.[59][60] The GHGPPA refers to charge or pricing instead of taxation. The charge which will rise to $50 per tonne of CO2 by 2022, begins at $20 in 2019[61] and increases by $10 per year until 2022.

Through the GHGPPA, provinces have the flexibility to create their own solutions to deal with GHG emissions in their own jurisdictions. Through the GHGPPA all provinces are required to place a minimum price of $20 a tonne of GHG emissions by January 1, 2019.[62] If their proposed system does not meet federal requirements or if the province or territory decides to not create their own system, the GHGPPA implements a regulatory fee. In provinces where a GHGPPA fee is levied, 90% of the revenues will be returned to tax-payers.[63] The carbon price is part of the Federal government's commitments to the Paris Agreement.[64][5]

Pipelines

A July 2020 Globe and Mail editorial said that, in spite of "long and ponderous", rigorous, regulatory reviews and a regulatory system that is "too slow" and the "high bar" that Canada sets for "meaningful Indigenous consultations", Canada, under Trudeau, has had more success in building pipelines than the United States under President Trump. By July 2020, the "all-Canadian" Trans Mountain expansion was under construction and it is expected to be in service by 2024. The Canadian section of Line 3 was completed while the "American section is in limbo". The northern section of Keystone XL pipeline is under construction but the American section is also in limbo.[65]

In a 2017 opinion piece in The Guardian, Bill McKibben wrote that Trudeau was "hard at work pushing for new pipelines through Canada and the US to carry yet more oil out of Alberta’s tar sands, which is one of the greatest climate disasters on the planet."[9] The provinces of Quebec and British Columbia have strongly opposed pipelines.[66][67]

On August 31, 2018, the Government of Canada purchased the "entities that control the existing Trans Mountain Pipeline, its Expansion Project and related assets for $4.4 billion" which was financed through a loan to CDEV, "an enterprise Crown corporation."[68]:21 The Government of Canada does not intend "to be a long-term owner of the Trans Mountain entities."[68]:21 By May 29 when the purchase was announced it was met with a "storm of criticism" from environmental groups, Indigenous leaders and opposition politicians.[69] The Green Party's Elizabeth May said it was an "historic blunder"; the president of the Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs was "shocked and appalled."[69]

Environmental impact assessment

Bill C-69 repealed and replaced the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act with the Impact Assessment Act. Bill C-69 also replaced the National Energy Board with the Canadian Energy Regulator (CER). This law required that major infrastructure projects, such as highways, mines, and pipelines, go through a more rigorous regulatory process which includes more public consultations, better consultations with First Nations, and taking into account other broad considerations such as climate change in the decision to go forward with a project or not.[8]

The Bill was heavily criticized by Conservatives and the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers, who feared that the new regulations would stifle investments to natural resources extraction in Canada. Alberta Premier Jason Kenney dubbed it the "No pipeline bill". However, University professors Martin Olszynski and Mark S. Winfield believe these criticisms to be overblown. Winfred point out that these new regulatory framework is much weaker than the one that existed for 40 years in Canada before it was axed in 2012. The bill brings back some of the consultation requirements from that period, but according to Winfield, "the legislation is a relatively minor adjustment to what already existed". In fact, Olszynski believes that this bill would make it easier for projects to go forward, as project critics would be included in the decision-making process, and thus less likely to resort to litigation to make their voices heard.[6]

Marine protection

Bill C-55, a marine protection bill amended requirements under the Oceans Act regarding what constituted marine protected areas. The Liberals, the Green Party and the NDP approved the bill and the Conservative Party was opposed.[6] Bill C-68 restored provisions in the Fisheries Act, which protects more thoroughly fish habitat that Stephen Harper's government had removed in the 2012 Bill C-38—Jobs, Growth and Long-term Prosperity Act.[70][71] The new Canadian Navigable Waters Act changed what constitutes 'navigable water'.[72]

Single use plastic

In October 2020, Trudeau's government announced it would ban 6 common single-use plastic items in Canada by the end of 2021. The list includes plastic grocery bags, straws, stir sticks, six-pack rings, cutlery and food containers made from hard-to-recycle plastics.[73]

Immigration

In 2017, the Liberal government announced Canada would welcome nearly one million immigrants over the next three years. The number of migrants will climb to 310,000 in 2018, up from 300,000 in 2017. That number was projected to rise to 330,000 in 2019, then 340,000 in 2020 and 350,000 by 2021.[74][75][76][11]

Refugees

The headlines made by the body of Alan Kurdi on a beach of Turkey in September 2015 made a significant turnover during the 2015 campaign. Then-candidate Trudeau made a plea that under his premiership, Canada would accept 25,000 refugees in Canada.[10] One month after taking office, the first plane of refugees was landing at Pearson airport in Toronto. Trudeau and Ontario Premier Kathleen Wynne were there to welcome arriving refugees.[77]

Trudeau has also advocated and supported open border immigration that starkly contrasts President Trump, publicly announcing "To those fleeing persecution, terror & war, Canadians will welcome you, regardless of your faith. Diversity is our strength #WelcomeToCanada", one day after Trump's executive order banning refugees and visitors from Muslim-majority countries Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria and Yemen.[78] In winter 2017, soon after President Trump took office in Washington, many Haitians who were in the United States due to the 2010 earthquake in Haiti decided to pass through the border in upstate New York to cross into Quebec. Afraid of being deported to Haiti, many decided to come illegally to Canada in hope of a better life. The RCMP, the Custom Agency and the Army set up a temporary camp in Lacolle, Quebec, in order to regulate the influx of people trying to come into Canada. As the Canadian government recognized the United States as a safe country for immigrants, they would not be taken as refugees if they arrived at a custom border from the United States. As a result, they needed to pass through illegally to be able to request refugee status. Both the Conservatives and NDP oppositions asked the government, both for different reasons, to stop the influx of Refugee claimants from Roxham Road in Lacolle.[79]

Trudeau's government has also objected to the term "illegal border crossers". There has been an influx of overland illegal border crossings, and conflict between the Federal government and the Ontario government over how to provide housing for the incoming migrants.[80][81]

Indigenous people
Trudeau giving a speech on the issue of missing and murdered Indigenous women, October 2016

Trudeau met with hundreds of chiefs at the Assembly of First Nations on December 7, 2015, and laid out his philosophy and commitments to Indigenous peoples in Canada, to assure their "constitutionally guaranteed rights ... a sacred obligation". In brief,[82] he promised to rescind government policies that are in conflict with their rights, make a significant investment in education programs, increase general funding, and launch an enquiry into missing and murdered indigenous women. Trudeau also indicated that the new government would implement all of the recommendations made by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.[83][84]

Trudeau has previously said that he would respect a First Nations community's wishes regarding pipeline construction on their territory.[85] Some First Nations leaders, including a councillor for the Squamish First Nation and prominent Mi’kmaw lawyer Pam Palmater have stated that they believe Trudeau's purchase of the Trans Mountain Pipeline violates this promise.[85][86]

Marijuana
Main article: Legal history of cannabis in Canada

Trudeau first publicly expressed an interest in the legalization of marijuana while speaking at a rally in Kelowna, B.C. on June 24, 2013. He told a crowd, "I'm actually not in favour of decriminalizing cannabis. I'm in favour of legalizing it. Tax it, regulate. It's one of the only ways to keep it out of the hands of our kids because the current war on drugs, the current model is not working. We have to use evidence and science to make sure we're moving forward on that."[87]

In an interview in August 2013, Trudeau said that the last time he had used marijuana was in 2010, after he had become a Member of Parliament: "We had a few good friends over for a dinner party, our kids were at their grandmother's for the night, and one of our friends lit a joint and passed it around. I had a puff."[88][89][90] After analysing the results of the legalization of marijuana in Colorado, Trudeau reiterated his position in favour of the legalization in Canada, saying that Canadians would benefit from analysing the experiences of both Colorado and the state of Washington.[91]

After the Liberal party formed the government in November 2015, with Trudeau as prime minister, he announced that a federal-provincial-territorial process was being created to discuss a jointly suitable process for the legalization of marijuana possession for recreational purposes. The plan is to remove marijuana consumption and incidental possession from the Criminal Code; however, new laws will be enacted for greater punishment of those convicted of supplying pot to minors and for impairment while driving a motor vehicle.[92] By late November 2015, Justice Minister Jody Wilson-Raybould said that she and the ministers of Health and Public Safety were working on specifics as to the legislation.[93] In April 2016, the Trudeau government announced that it would aim to introduce legislation to legalize cannabis in Spring 2017.[94]

The legislation to legalize cannabis for recreational use (Cannabis Act, Bill C-45) was passed by the House of Commons of Canada in late November 2017; it passed second reading in the Senate of Canada on March 22, 2018.[95] On June 18, 2018, the House passed the bill with most, but not all, of the Senate's amendments.[96] The Senate accepted this version of the Act the following day.[97] Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced the next day that recreational use of cannabis would no longer violate criminal law as of October 17, 2018.[12] As of October 17, 2018, cannabis is legal in Canada for both recreational and medicinal use.

On October 17, the first day of legalization, the Government of Canada announced that it intends to grant pardons to Canadians convicted of simple cannabis possession charges.[98]

Senate nominations reform

Trudeau has long advocated changes that would make the Senate of Canada a less partisan house. In January 2014, he announced a step that began reducing Senate partisanship by removing Liberal senators from the Liberal caucus.[99]

On December 5, 2015, after his appointment as prime minister, the new government's democratic institutions minister, Maryam Monsef, with House leader Dominic LeBlanc, announced a major overhaul of the appointment process, as Trudeau had promised during the election campaign. The new system consists of five board members—three federal appointees and two from the relevant province—who will pick independent candidates, not officially affiliated with any political party, based on merit,[100] a similar concept to the Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments.

The stated goal of the December 2015 reform, was to improve the effectiveness of the Senate which had been, according to Monsef, "hampered by its reputation as a partisan institution". She indicated that this reform would not require an amendment to the constitution. The advisory board was expected to have been appointed by the end of December 2015. The criteria for appointment to the Senate would be "outstanding personal qualities that include integrity and ethics and experience in public life, community service or leadership in their field of expertise". At the time of the announcement, there were 17 Senate vacancies and these were expected to be filled by the end of 2016.[101]

Vegreville Processing Centre
See also: Western alienation

In 2017, the Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada decided to close the processing centre in Vegreville, Alberta, and to relocate the centre to Edmonton. The community of 5,000 people, located about 100 km east of Edmonton, decided to fight back against the decision. 280 people work at the centre, and according to Global News, 2/3 of the workers would quit instead of moving west to Edmonton.[102] The battle against the closure of the Vegreville Processing Centre is supported by the Rural Canada Matters movement.[103]

Phoenix pay system
Main article: Phoenix pay system

The Office of the Auditor General (OAG) conducted two reports, one if 2017[104] and another in 2018[105] reviewing the Phoenix Pay System—a payroll processing system for Canadian federal government employees that is run by Public Services and Procurement Canada (PSPC) which has been controversial for a number of years—[105][104] The 2018 report said that the Phoenix system was an "'incomprehensible failure' of project management and oversight."[106] Then-Prime Minister Stephen Harper had introduced the system as part of his 2009 Transformation of Pay Administration Initiative, to replace Canada's 40-year old system with a new improved, cost-saving "automated, off-the-shelf commercial system." By 2018, Phoenix has caused pay problems to over 50 percent of the federal government's 290,000 public servants through underpayments, over-payments, and non-payments.[107] In the same year the Senator Percy Mockler's Standing Senate Committee on National Finance report on Phoenix Pay Problem called Phoenix an "international embarrassment"[107] and that fixing Phoenix's problems could be up to $2.2 billion by 2023 instead of saving $70 million a year as originally planned by the Harper government.[107] In May 2019, the Parliamentary Budget Officer (PBO) predicted that the Phoenix replacement—which will save millions—will not be operational until 2023.[106]

COVID-19 pandemic response
Further information: Federal aid during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
Trudeau at the 56th Munich Security Conference on 17 February 2020

Justin Trudeau was Prime Minister during the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. His government's response to the Pandemic included funds for provinces and territories to adapt to the new situation, funds for coronavirus research, travel restrictions, screening of international flights, self-insolation orders under the Quarantine Act, an industrial strategy, and a public health awareness campaign. To deal with the economic impact of the pandemic, Trudeau temporarily waved student loans payments for a few months –calling them in as at 30 September 2020, increased the Canada Child Benefit, doubled the annual Goods and Services Tax payment, and introduced the Canada Emergency Response Benefit as part of the first package in March. In April 2020, Trudeau introduced the Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy, the Canada Emergency Business Account, and the Canada Emergency Student Benefit. On April 30, Parliamentary Budget Officer Yves Giroux issued a report projecting the federal deficit for the fiscal year 2020 could be in excess of $252 billion, based on nearly $146 billion in spending on federal aid measures.[108] Trudeau also deployed the Canadian armed forces in long-term care homes for contingency planning in Quebec and Ontario as part of Operation LASER.

References
  1. Bonokoski, Mark (September 17, 2020). "BONOKOSKI: Liberals' favourite debt-to-GDP tool now totally useless". torontosun. Retrieved 2020-11-17.
  2. Saul, Heather (October 20, 2015). "Justin Trudeau: The rise of the feminist and pro-choice Canadian Prime Minister who wants to legalise marijuana 'right away'". The Independent. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015.
  3. "Doctor-assisted dying bill restricted to adults facing 'foreseeable' death". CBC. April 14, 2016. Retrieved November 3, 2019.
  4. Powers, Lucas (September 25, 2019). "Trudeau's claim that Canada is 'on track' to meet 2030 climate target is misleading". CBC News.
  5. "Innovation Energy: Canada leads the way in carbon capture as more governments put a price on CO2". Financial Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc. July 17, 2019.
  6. Lake, Holly (November 9, 2018). "Environment and economy face off in battle over marine-protection bill". iPolitics. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
  7. Rodriguez, Jeremiah (2019-06-25). "'Pile of hypocrisy': Trudeau called out for single-use plastic forks in photo". CTVNews. Retrieved 2020-07-03.
  8. Josh K., Elliott (June 21, 2019). "Why critics fear Bill C-69 will be a 'pipeline killer'". Global News.
  9. McKibben, Bill (17 April 2017). "Stop swooning over Justin Trudeau. The man is a disaster for the planet - Bill McKibben". Retrieved 31 January 2019 – via www.theguardian.com.
  10. "Justin Trudeau's promise to take 25,000 Syrian refugees this year 'problematic'". CBC. 28 October 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  11. Kathleen Harris; Chris Hall; Peter Zimonjic. "Canada to admit nearly 1 million immigrants over next 3 years". CBC News.
  12. Tasker, John Paul (June 20, 2018). "Trudeau says pot will be legal as of Oct. 17, 2018". CBC News.
  13. Paul Vieira; David George-Cosh (January 13, 2016). "Canada's Prime Minister Justin Trudeau Says Will Proceed With Infrastructure Spending Plan". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on May 11, 2016.
  14. "Investing in Canada Plan". Government of Canada. August 18, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  15. Press, Jordan (June 27, 2017). "Liberals set up fast-track system for infrastructure bank approvals". CTV News. Ottawa. The Canadian Press. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  16. Asia-Pacific Leaders See Trade as Solution to Economic, Security Troubles Archived February 27, 2017, at the Wayback Machine T. Moss, The Wall Street Journal, World, November 19, 2015
  17. Trudeau shouldn’t be rushed into signing Pacific trade deal: Editorial Archived February 13, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Editorial, Toronto Star, Opinion, November 23, 2015
  18. "11 nations to sign Pacific trade pact as US plans tariffs". nydailynews.com. March 8, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
  19. "Canada Reaches Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement". natlawreview.com. January 19, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
  20. "Pacific trade pact to start at end-2018 after six members ratify". Reuters. October 31, 2018. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
  21. "Trudeau, Couillard defend Bombardier bailout after execs take home millions in raises". Global News. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
  22. Claire Brownell; Zane Schwartz (12 December 2016). "Money began to rain on Trudeau Foundation once Justin took over Liberals, analysis shows". National Post. Retrieved 2019-04-12.
  23. Curry, Bill (April 18, 2019). "Tax revenue from new tax on top one per cent of earners bounced back in 2017 after one-year dip". Retrieved 2020-11-17.
  24. Kornik, Slav (September 20, 2017). "Edmonton's business community voices opposition to federal tax reforms". Global News. Retrieved 2020-11-17.
  25. Stone, Laura; Galloway, Gloria. "Federal budget highlights: 10 things you need to know". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  26. Payton, Laura. "Budget 2017: More taxes coming on alcohol, Uber". CTV News. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  27. "Justin Trudeau says anti-abortion candidates can't run as Liberals". National Post. The Canadian Press. May 7, 2014. Archived from the original on May 7, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.
  28. "Justin Trudeau's abortion policy will "definitely" hurt Liberals, former MP says". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. May 20, 2014. Archived from the original on June 11, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
  29. "Cardinal Collins urges Justin Trudeau to reverse pro-choice rule". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. May 14, 2014. Archived from the original on June 11, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
  30. "Trudeau defends abortion stance amid sharp Catholic criticism". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. May 21, 2014. Archived from the original on June 11, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
  31. Fitzpatrick, Meagan (August 29, 2013). "Trudeau says he will defend Quebec's open society". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on February 11, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
  32. "Trudeau will sit out Bill 21 fight... for now". Montreal. 2019-09-13. Retrieved 2020-02-13.
  33. Kingston, Anne (September 8, 2016). "Is Justin Trudeau a fake feminist?". MacLean's. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  34. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau Explains Importance of Gender Parity With 3-Word Answer Archived November 8, 2015, at the Wayback Machine – The Huffington Post Canada
  35. "Poverty Is Sexist, Declares Trudeau". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on November 22, 2016. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
  36. "Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada Mandate Letter". November 12, 2015. Retrieved November 3, 2019.
  37. Ibbitson, John (June 15, 2017). "Canada shows leadership in advancing human rights". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
  38. "Justin Trudeau's Davos address in full". World Economic Forum. Retrieved July 9, 2018.
  39. "Change in Canadian society on sexual harassment 'not fast enough', Trudeau says". The Star. Retrieved July 9, 2018.
  40. "Trudeau says Liberals 'doing the best that we can' amid sexual harassment allegations". CBC News. Retrieved July 9, 2018.
  41. "Trudeau says zero tolerance on misconduct toward women applies to him as well". CBC News. Retrieved July 9, 2018.
  42. "Trudeau says zero tolerance on misconduct toward women applies to him as well". CBC. Retrieved 2018-07-09.
  43. Herhalt, Chris (6 July 2018). "Don't investigate groping allegation from 2000, Trudeau says". CP24. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  44. https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/liberal-mp-caesar-chavannes-caucus-1.5064544
  45. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-trudeau-tries-and-fails-to-change-the-channel-in-question-period/
  46. https://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/is-justin-trudeau-a-fake-feminist/
  47. "Trudeau, Scheer shunned as some Daughters of the Vote attendees turn backs, walk out on speeches – National". globalnews.ca. April 3, 2019. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
  48. "Trudeau Government Gives Mandate For LGBTQ Conversion Therapy Ban". HuffPost Canada. 2019-12-13. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
  49. "Liberals Pledge To Ban Conversion Therapy Months After Declining To Do So". HuffPost Canada. 2019-09-30. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
  50. "Liberals revive bill that seeks to outlaw forced LGBTQ conversion therapy | CBC News". CBC. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
  51. "Trudeau makes history in Toronto Pride parade". thestar.com. 2016-07-03. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
  52. "Bill C-14: An Act to amend the Criminal Code and to make related amendments to other Acts (medical assistance in dying)". openparliament.ca. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  53. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau on Climate Change, ,The Narwahl,Unknown author, Retrieved May 20, 2019
  54. Tasker, John Paul (February 28, 2019). "Key moments from Jody Wilson-Raybould's SNC-Lavalin testimony". CBC News.
  55. Pan-Canadian Framework. "PAN-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change" (PDF). Pan-Canadian Framework. Pan-Canadian Framework. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
  56. Canada, Environment and Climate Change (8 August 2019). "Complete text for Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change second annual report" (program results). aem. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  57. Canada's Changing Climate Report,Natural Resources Canada, Retrieved May 20, 2019
  58. "First Reading". Bill C-74. March 27, 2018. Archived from the original on January 1, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2018.
  59. "Second Reading". Bill C-74. May 28, 2018. Archived from the original on January 1, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2018.
  60. "Third Reading". Bill C-74. June 21, 2018. Archived from the original on January 1, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2018.
  61. Goodwin, Gary (July 6, 2018). "The pan-Canadian framework: Setting a price on carbon". Archived from the original on January 1, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2018.
  62. "Ecojustice, Suzuki Foundation, want to back federal carbon pricing plan in court". City News via The Canadian Press. November 30, 2018. Archived from the original on January 1, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2018.
  63. Nuccitelli, Dana (October 26, 2018). "Canada passed a carbon tax that will give most Canadians more money". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 29, 2018. Retrieved January 1, 2019.
  64. Callery, Susan, ed. (nd). "Graphic: The relentless rise of carbon dioxide". Earth Science Communications Team. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet. Retrieved October 27, 2019.
  65. "Trump promised pipelines. Trudeau delivered". The Globe and Mail. Editorial. July 14, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
  66. "Trans Mountain Pipeline is not in B.C.'s best interest says BC NDP government". Global News. 10 August 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  67. "B.C. and Alberta are feuding over wine: Here's what the trade dispute is really about". Global News. 8 February 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  68. Annual Financial Report of the Government of Canada (PDF). Minister of Finance (Report). March 2019. p. 33. ISSN 1487-0428. Retrieved November 2, 2019.
  69. Ballingal, Alex; Campion-Smith, Bruce; MacCharles, Tonda (May 29, 2018). "Justin Trudeau's $4.5 billion Trans Mountain pipeline purchase met with a storm of criticism". The Star. Retrieved November 3, 2019.
  70. Lafrance, Daniele (June 19, 2018). "Legislative Summary of Bill C-68: An Act to amend the Fisheries Act and other Acts in consequence". Library of Parliament. Retrieved June 30, 2019.
  71. Withers, Paul (June 8, 2019). "Legislation increasing protection for fish and habitat clears Senate". CBC News. Retrieved June 30, 2019.
  72. "Government Bill (House of Commons) C-69 (42-1) - Royal Assent - An Act to enact the Impact Assessment Act and the Canadian Energy Regulator Act, to amend the Navigation Protection Act and to make consequential amendments to other Acts - Parliament of Canada". www.parl.ca. Retrieved June 29, 2019.
  73. Aiello, Rachel (2020-10-07). "Canada banning plastic bags, straws, cutlery and other single-use items by the end of 2021". CTVNews. Retrieved 2020-11-17.
  74. https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/canada-to-increase-annual-immigration-admissions-to-350-000-by-2021-1.4157933
  75. Eric Lam. "Canada to Admit Almost a Million Immigrants Over Next Three Years". www.bloomberg.com.
  76. Preeti K McCarthy. "Canada to take 1 million immigrants by 2020". SBS Your Language.
  77. "1st planeload of Syrian refugees land on Canadian soil". Global News. 10 December 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  78. "Trudeau tweet caused influx of refugee inquiries, confusion within government, emails reveal". National Post. 2018-04-03. Retrieved 2018-07-10.
  79. Lukacs, Martin (29 August 2017). "Welcoming Haitian refugees to Canada isn't about generosity but justice - Martin Lukacs". Retrieved 31 January 2019 – via www.theguardian.com.
  80. "Trudeau defends asylum seeker policy". BBC News. 2018-07-06. Retrieved 2018-07-10.
  81. "Trudeau, Ford clash over asylum seekers in first official meeting". Global News. Retrieved 2018-07-10.
  82. Mas, Susana (December 8, 2015). "Trudeau lays out plan for new relationship with indigenous people". CBC News. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved December 8, 2015.
  83. Brown, Louise (December 7, 2015). "Q&A: Murray Sinclair: Time to right the wrongs of the past on First Nations education". Toronto Star. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Archived from the original on December 10, 2015. Retrieved December 8, 2015.
  84. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (2015). "Commission de vérité et réconciliation du Canada". Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
  85. "By buying Trans Mountain, the Trudeau government breaks an array of promises – Macleans.ca". www.macleans.ca. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
  86. Khelsilem (June 19, 2018). "Justin Trudeau promised to protect indigenous rights. He lied, again". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
  87. "Justin Trudeau wants to legalize marijuana in order to 'keep it out of the hands of our kids'". National Post. June 24, 2013. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
  88. Smith, Joanna (August 22, 2013). "Justin Trudeau admits smoking marijuana as MP". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on February 20, 2016.
  89. "Justin Trudeau says he smoked marijuana, makes no apologies". Global News. August 22, 2013. Archived from the original on November 22, 2015. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
  90. Munroe, Ian (August 22, 2013). "Justin Trudeau admits smoking marijuana as MP". CBC News. Archived from the original on October 23, 2015. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
  91. Graveland, Bill (January 23, 2014). "Justin Trudeau says Canada should 'draw on best practices' from marijuana legalization in Colorado, Washington". National Post. Archived from the original on June 13, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
  92. Bronskill, Jim (December 17, 2015). "Tax on legalized pot won't be a cash cow: PM". CTV News. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
  93. Lunn, Susan (November 28, 2015). "'World is going to be looking to Canada' on pot legalization, Jane Philpott says". CBC News. Archived from the original on December 23, 2015. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
  94. "Marijuana legalization in Canada: What we know and don't know". Archived from the original on November 4, 2016.
  95. Vaughan, Andrew (March 23, 2018). "Bill to legalize marijuana passes second reading in Senate as Conservatives drop threat to block it". National Post. The Canadian Press. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
  96. Anapol, Avery (June 18, 2018). "Canada's House of Commons votes to legalize marijuana". The Hill. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
  97. Scotti, Monique (June 19, 2018). "Marijuana legalization Bill C-45 officially passes Senate vote, heading for royal assent". Global News.
  98. Aiello, Rachel (October 16, 2018). "Feds to announce plan to pardon Canadians convicted of simple possession of pot". CTV News. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
  99. Galloway, Gloria (December 3, 2015). "Liberals to set up advisory board for Senate nominees, but B.C. won't take part". The Globe and Mail. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Archived from the original on December 4, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
  100. Harris, Kathleen (December 3, 2015). "Liberal plan to pick 'non-partisan' senators draws quick criticism". CBC News. Archived from the original on December 3, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
  101. Smith, Joanna (December 3, 2015). "Liberals set up non-partisan, merit-based process for choosing new senators". Toronto Star. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Archived from the original on December 5, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
  102. "Moving federal immigration processing centre in central Alberta will cost millions extra". Global News. 17 May 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  103. "Rural Canada Matters Campaign calls on the federal government to consult with municipalities - AUMA.ca". auma.ca. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  104. Phoenix Pay Problems. Office of the Auditor General of Canada (Report). Ottawa, Ontario. September 25, 2017. Retrieved May 21, 2019.
  105. Building and Implementing the Phoenix Pay System. Office of the Auditor General of Canada (Report). May 29, 2018. Retrieved May 21, 2019.
  106. Lim, Jolson (May 16, 2019). "Phoenix replacement won't be launched until 2023, but may save millions: PBO". iPolitics. Retrieved November 2, 2019.
  107. The Phoenix Pay Problem: Working Towards a Solution (PDF). Standing Senate Committee on National Finance (Report). Report of the Standing Senate Committee on National Finance. Ottawa, Ontario. July 31, 2018. p. 34. Retrieved May 21, 2019.
  108. "Federal deficit could top $252 billion, says budget officer". CBC. April 30, 2020.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.