Didiereaceae

Didiereaceae is a family of flowering plants found in continental Africa and Madagascar. It contains 20 species classified in three subfamilies and six genera. Species of the family are succulent plants, growing in sub-arid to arid habitats. Several are known as ornamental plants in specialist succulent collections. The subfamily Didiereoideae is endemic to the southwest of Madagascar, where the species are characteristic elements of the spiny thickets.

Didiereaceae
Alluaudia montagnacii
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Didiereaceae
Radlk.[1]
Subfamilies

Systematics

The family was long considered entirely endemic to Madagascar until the genera Calyptrotheca, Ceraria, and Portulacaria from the African mainland were included.[2] Molecular phylogenetic analysis confirmed the monophyly of the family and its three subfamilies:[3]

Didiereaceae
Portulacarioideae

Portulacaria

 
 
Calyptrothecoideae

Calyptrotheca

 
Didiereoideae
 

Alluaudiopsis

 
 
 

Alluaudia

 
 
 

Decarya

 
 

Didierea

 
 
 
 
 
 

The family is closely related to the New World family Cactaceae (cacti), sufficiently closely so that species of Didiereaceae can be grafted successfully on some cacti.[3]

Calyptrothecoideae

Contains only one genus, Calyptrotheca, with two species found in tropical East Africa.[3]

Didiereoideae

This subfamily is endemic to Madagascar, where it is found in the spiny thickets of the dry southwest. The plants are spiny succulent shrubs and trees from 2–20 m tall, with thick water-storing stems and leaves that are deciduous in the long dry season. All of the species except Alluaudiopsis have a distinct youth form. They start as small procumbent shrubs but eventually a dominant stem is produced that becomes a trunk. The trunk later branches forming a crown and the basal branches die off.[4] All species are dioecious (Decaria female-dioecious). The plants have different long-shoots and short-shoots (brachyblasts). Long-shoot leaves are soon deciduous, but brachyblasts form in the leaf axils and from them grow small leaves that appear singly or in pairs and are accompanied by conical spines (much like the areoles found in cacti). The flowers are unisexual (except from Decaria) and radially symmetric, made up of four tepals with two basal bracts. Flowers rarely occur singly. They usually develop in branched clusters that emerge instead of leaves from the brachyblasts.[5]

There are four genera with eleven species:

Alluaudia (Drake) Drake 1903

Alluaudiopsis Humbert & Choux 1934

  • Alluaudiopsis fiherensis Humbert & Choux 1934
  • Alluaudiopsis marnieriana Rauh 1961

Decarya Choux 1929

  • Decarya madagascariensis Choux 1929

Didierea Baillon 1880

Key to the genera of Didieroideae:

1Spines in groups of four or more:Didierea
-Spines single or in pairs:→ 2
2Shoots striking zigzagged, spines short conical:Decarya
-Shoots not zigzagged, spines long conical to needle-like:→ 3
3Shrubs strongly branched, leaves lanceolate:Alluaudiopsis
-Shrubs little branched, leaves either ovate to circular or scale-like and awl-shaped:Alluaudia

Portulacarioideae

Contains one genus, Portulacaria, with seven species, distributed in Southern Africa. Species formerly considered in the separate genus Ceraria are now included in Portulacaria.[3]

References
  1. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-25. Retrieved 2013-06-26.
  2. Applequist, Wendy L.; Wallace, Robert S. (2003). "Expanded circumscription of Didiereaceae and its division into three subfamilies" (PDF). Adansonia. 25 (1): 13–16. ISSN 1280-8571.
  3. Bruyns, Peter V.; Oliveira-Neto, Mario; Melo-de-Pinna, Gladys Flavia; Klak, Cornelia (2014). "Phylogenetic relationships in the Didiereaceae with special reference to subfamily Portulacarioideae". Taxon. 63 (5): 1053–1064. doi:10.12705/635.36. ISSN 0040-0262.
  4. Rauh, W. 1983. The morphology and systematic position of the Didiereaceae of Madagascar. Bothalia 14(3/4): 839–843.
  5. ref name="Rauh1983"
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