Deputy Prime Minister of Australia

The deputy prime minister of Australia is the deputy chief executive and the second highest ranking officer of the government of Australia. The office of deputy prime minister was officially created as a ministerial portfolio in 1968, although the title had been used informally for many years previously. The Deputy Prime Minister is appointed by the Governor-General on the advice of the Prime Minister. When Australia has a Labor Government, the deputy leader of the parliamentary party holds the position of Deputy Prime Minister. When Australia has a Coalition Government, the Coalition Agreement mandates that all Coalition members support the leader of the Liberal Party becoming prime minister and mandates that the leader of the National Party be selected as deputy prime minister.[1]

Deputy Prime Minister of Australia
Commonwealth Coat of Arms
Flag of Australia
Incumbent Michael McCormack since 26 February 2018
Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet
Style	The Honourable
Member of	Parliament Cabinet Federal Executive Council
Reports to	Prime Minister of Australia
Seat	Canberra
Nominator	Prime Minister
Appointer	Governor-General of Australia on the advice of the prime minister
Term length	At the Governor-General's pleasure
Formation	10 January 1968 (first gazetted)
First holder	John McEwen
Salary	AU$416,212 (since 2017)
Website	dpm.gov.au

The present office-holder, Michael McCormack, was elected Leader of the National Party on Monday 26 February 2018[2] at a meeting at which the resignations of his predecessor, Barnaby Joyce, became effective.[3][4][5] Joyce resigned following controversies over his actions[3] and returned to the back bench.[6] McCormack was sworn in as deputy prime minister later the same day.[7]

The 2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis resulted in the position being made vacant for the first time since its official creation. Barnaby Joyce, the then-incumbent, was ruled ineligible to be a member of parliament by the High Court of Australia sitting as the Court of Disputed Returns on 27 October 2017, as he held New Zealand citizenship at the time of his election in contravention of Section 44 of the Constitution of Australia.[8][9] Joyce regained the position on 6 December 2017[10] after he won the by-election for the seat of New England several days earlier.[9]

History

Prime Minister John McEwen with John Gorton on 9 January 1968. The following day, Gorton was sworn in as Prime Minister, and McEwen became the inaugural Deputy Prime Minister.

Originally the position of deputy Prime Minister was an unofficial or honorary position accorded to the second-highest ranking minister in the government. The unofficial position acquired more significance following the 1922 federal election, which saw the governing Nationalist Party lose its parliamentary majority. The Nationalists eventually reached a coalition agreement with the Country Party, which called for Country Party leader Earle Page to take the second rank in the Nationalist-led ministry of Stanley Bruce. While Page's only official title was Treasurer, he was considered as a deputy to Bruce.[11]

From then until 1968, the Coalition agreement between the Liberals (and their predecessors) and Country Party called for the leader of the Country Party (subsequently the National Party) to rank second in Cabinet. That continues to be case when the Coalition is in government.[1] In the case of Labor governments, the party's deputy leader ranks second in Cabinet.

On 19 December 1967, John McEwen, the long-serving leader of the Country Party in the Coalition government, was sworn in as interim Prime Minister following the sudden death in office of Prime Minister Harold Holt. (There was discussion that deputy Liberal leader and Treasurer William McMahon should assume the office. McMahon had planned a party room meeting on 20 December to elect a new leader, intending to stand for the position himself. However, this was pre-empted by McEwen who publicly declared on the morning of 18 December that he would not serve in a McMahon government.) McEwen was sworn in as prime minister on the understanding that his commission would continue only so long as it took for the Liberals to elect a new leader. Governor-General Lord Casey also accepted the view put to him by McEwen that to commission a Liberal temporarily as Prime Minister would give that person an unfair advantage in the forthcoming party room ballot for the permanent leader. McEwen's appointment was in keeping with the previous occasion when the main non-Labor party was without a leader; Earle Page of the Country Party was interim prime minister between 7 and 26 April 1939—the period between Joseph Lyons' sudden death and the United Australia Party naming Robert Menzies his successor.

The Liberal leadership ballot was rescheduled for 9 January 1968. As it turned out, McMahon did not stand, and Senator John Gorton was elected, replacing McEwen as prime minister on 10 January 1968.[12] McEwen reverted to his previous status as the second-ranking member of the government, as per the Coalition agreement. He had unofficially been deputy prime minister since becoming Country Party leader in 1958, and since 1966 had exercised an effective veto over government policy by virtue of being the longest-serving member of the government; he had been a member of the Coalition frontbench without interruption since 1937. To acknowledge McEwen's long service and his status as the second-ranking member of the government, Gorton formally created the post of Deputy Prime Minister, with McEwen as the first holder of the post.

According to parliamentary records, in the time before the position of deputy prime minister was officially created, the position was known as "deputy leader of the Government."[13]

Since 1968 only two deputy prime ministers have gone on to become prime minister: Paul Keating and Julia Gillard. In both cases, they succeeded incumbent prime ministers who lost the support of their party caucus mid-term and their election as party leader preceded their predecessor's resignations and their subsequent appointments as prime minister. Frank Forde, who had been deputy Labor leader when John Curtin died, was interim prime minister between 6 and 13 July 1945, when a leadership ballot took place that elected Ben Chifley as Curtin's successor.

In November 2007, when the Australian Labor Party won government, Julia Gillard became Australia's first female, and first foreign-born, deputy prime minister.

In 2017, the position became vacant for a period of 40 days, the only time in its history when it has been unoccupied. As part of the 2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis, it emerged that the then-incumbent Barnaby Joyce was a citizen of New Zealand by descent (jus sanguinis – by right of blood) at the time of the 2016 federal election.[14] Joyce told the House of Representatives that he was advised of his citizenship status on 10 August 2017 by the New Zealand High Commission[15] and his renunciation of his dual citizenship became effective on 15 August 2017.[16] Nevertheless, he asked for his case to be referred to the High Court of Australia (sitting as the Court of Disputed Returns) for adjudication,[14] and they ruled that his election was invalid under section 44 of the Constitution of Australia.[8][9] The government immediately issued writs for a by-election for the seat of New England to be held on 2 December 2017, which Joyce won easily.[9] Governor-General Sir Peter Cosgrove re-appointed Joyce as deputy prime minister on 6 December 2017.[10]

In practice, only National party leaders or Labor Party deputy leaders have held the position.

Duties

The duties of the deputy prime minister are to act on behalf of the Prime Minister in his or her absence overseas or on leave. The deputy prime minister has always been a member of the Cabinet, and has always held at least one substantive portfolio. (It would be technically possible for a minister to hold only the portfolio of Deputy Prime Minister, but this has never happened).

If the prime minister were to die, become incapacitated or resign, the governor-general would normally appoint the deputy prime minister as prime minister on an interim basis until the governing party elects a new leader, but is not obligated to do so. This has not occurred since the office was created as a portfolio in 1968.

Salary

Members of parliament receive a base salary of $203,030, which is set by the Remuneration Tribunal (an independent statutory authority). Ministers receive an additional amount, which is determined by the government itself based on the recommendations of the Remuneration Tribunal.[17] The deputy prime minister receives an additional 105 percent of the base salary, making for a total salary of $416,212.[18] The holder of the office also receives various other allowances and entitlements.[17]

List of deputy prime ministers of Australia

The following individuals have been officially appointed as deputy prime minister of Australia since the office of deputy prime minister was created as a ministerial portfolio in 1968:[19][20]

No.	Portrait	Deputy Prime Minister	Political Party and position	Portfolio(s)	Term of office			Prime Minister
					Took office	Left office	Time in office
1		John McEwen	Country Leader 1958–71	Trade and Industry	10 January 1968	5 February 1971	3 years, 26 days		John Gorton
2		Doug Anthony	Country Leader 1971–84	Trade and Industry	5 February 1971	10 March 1971	1 year, 304 days
					10 March 1971	5 December 1972			William McMahon
3		Lance Barnard	Labor Deputy Leader 1967–74	Defence	5 December 1972	12 June 1974	1 year, 189 days		Gough Whitlam
4		Jim Cairns	Labor Deputy Leader 1974–75	Treasurer	12 June 1974	2 July 1975	1 year, 20 days
5		Frank Crean	Labor Deputy Leader 1975	Overseas Trade	2 July 1975	11 November 1975	132 days
(2)		Doug Anthony	Country National Leader 1971–84	Trade and Industry	12 November 1975	11 March 1983	7 years, 119 days		Malcolm Fraser
6		Lionel Bowen	Labor Deputy Leader 1977–90	Trade Attorney-General	11 March 1983	4 April 1990	7 years, 24 days		Bob Hawke
7		Paul Keating	Labor Deputy Leader 1990–91	Treasurer	4 April 1990	3 June 1991	1 year, 60 days
8		Brian Howe	Labor Deputy Leader 1991–95	Health Housing Community Services Local Government Regional Affairs	3 June 1991	20 December 1991	4 years, 17 days
					20 December 1991	20 June 1995			Paul Keating
9		Kim Beazley	Labor Deputy Leader 1995–96	Finance	20 June 1995	11 March 1996	265 days
10		Tim Fischer	National Leader 1990–99	Trade	11 March 1996	20 July 1999	3 years, 131 days		John Howard
11		John Anderson	National Leader 1999–2005	Transport and Regional Development	20 July 1999	6 July 2005	5 years, 351 days
12		Mark Vaile	National Leader 2005–7	Trade Transport and Regional Services	6 July 2005	3 December 2007	2 years, 150 days
13		Julia Gillard	Labor Deputy Leader 2006–10	Employment and Workplace Relations Education Social Inclusion	3 December 2007	24 June 2010	2 years, 203 days		Kevin Rudd
14		Wayne Swan	Labor Deputy Leader 2010–13	Treasurer	24 June 2010	27 June 2013	3 years, 3 days		Julia Gillard
15		Anthony Albanese	Labor Deputy Leader 2013	Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy Infrastructure and Transport	27 June 2013	18 September 2013	83 days		Kevin Rudd
16		Warren Truss	National Leader 2007–16	Infrastructure and Regional Development	18 September 2013	15 September 2015	2 years, 153 days		Tony Abbott
					15 September 2015	18 February 2016			Malcolm Turnbull
17		Barnaby Joyce	National Leader 2016–18	Agriculture and Water Resources Resources and Northern Australia (25 July 2017 – 27 October 2017)	18 February 2016	27 October 2017	2 years, 8 days
				Infrastructure and Transport (from 20 December 2017)	6 December 2017	26 February 2018
18		Michael McCormack	National Leader 2018–Present	Infrastructure and Transport Defence Personnel (until 5 March 2018) Veterans' Affairs (until 5 March 2018)	26 February 2018	24 August 2018	2 years, 350 days
					24 August 2018	Incumbent			Scott Morrison

Living former deputy prime ministers

As of February 2021, there are 10 living former Deputy Prime Ministers of Australia, the oldest being Brian Howe (born 1936). The most recent former deputy prime minister to die was Doug Anthony (1971–72, 1975–83), on 20 December 2020.

• Paul Keating (1990–91)
• Brian Howe (1991–95)
• Kim Beazley (1995–96)
• John Anderson (1999–2005)
• Mark Vaile (2005–07)
• Julia Gillard (2007–10)
• Wayne Swan (2010–13)
• Anthony Albanese (2013)
• Warren Truss (2013–16)
• Barnaby Joyce (2016–17, 2017–18)

Informal deputy prime ministers

The office of Deputy Prime Minister was created in January 1968 but prior to that time the term was used unofficially for the second-highest ranking minister in the government.

Name		Picture	Term of office		Political party and position	Ministerial Offices	Prime Minister
	Alfred Deakin		1901	1903	Protectionist Party Deputy Leader 1901–03	Attorney-General Acting Prime Minister 1902		Edmund Barton
	William Lyne		1903	1904	Protectionist Party Deputy Leader 1901–09	Minister for Trade and Customs		Alfred Deakin
	Gregor McGregor		1904	1904	Australian Labor Party Deputy Leader 1901–14	Vice-President of the Executive Council		Chris Watson
	Allan McLean		1904	1905	Protectionist Party	Minister for Trade and Customs		George Reid
	William Lyne		1905	1908	Protectionist Party Deputy Leader 1901–09	Minister for Trade and Customs Treasurer		Alfred Deakin
	Gregor McGregor		1908	1909	Australian Labor Party Deputy Leader 1901–14	Vice-President of the Executive Council		Andrew Fisher
	Joseph Cook		1909	1910	Commonwealth Liberal Party Deputy Leader 1909–13	Minister for Defence		Alfred Deakin
	Gregor McGregor		1910	1913	Australian Labor Party Deputy Leader 1901–14	Vice-President of the Executive Council		Andrew Fisher
	John Forrest		1913	1914	Commonwealth Liberal Party Deputy Leader 1913–16	Treasurer		Joseph Cook
	Billy Hughes		1914	1915	Australian Labor Party Deputy Leader 1914–15	Attorney-General Acting Prime Minister 1915		Andrew Fisher
	George Pearce		1915	1916	Australian Labor Party Deputy Leader 1915–16	Minister for Defence Acting Prime Minister 1916		Billy Hughes
			1916	1917	National Labor Party Deputy Leader 1916–17
	William Watt		1918	1920	Nationalist Deputy Leader 1918–20	Treasurer Acting Prime Minister 1918–19
	Joseph Cook		1917	1921	Nationalist Deputy Leader 1920–21	Minister for the Navy Treasurer acting Prime Minister May–September 1921
	Earle Page		1923	1929	Country Party Leader 1921–39	Treasurer		Stanley Bruce
	Ted Theodore		1929	1932	Australian Labor Party Deputy Leader 1929–32	Treasurer		James Scullin
	James Fenton		1930	1931	Australian Labor Party Temporary Leader 1929–32	Acting Prime Minister 1930–31		James Scullin
	John Latham		1932	1934	United Australia Party Deputy Leader 1932–34	Attorney-General Minister for External Affairs Minister for Industry		Joseph Lyons
	George Pearce		1934	1934	United Australia Party Deputy Leader 1934	Minister for External Affairs Minister in Charge of Territories
	Earle Page		1934	1939	Country Party Leader 1921–39	Minister for Commerce Minister for Health
	Archie Cameron		1940	1940	Country Party Leader 1939–40	Postmaster-General Minister for Commerce Minister for the Navy		Robert Menzies
	Arthur Fadden		1940	1941	Country Party Leader 1940–58	Minister for the Air Minister for Civil Aviation Treasurer Acting Prime Minister 1940
	Robert Menzies		1941	1941	United Australia Party Leader 1939–41	Minister for Defence Co-ordination		Arthur Fadden
	Frank Forde		1941	1946	Australian Labor Party Deputy Leader 1932–46	Minister for the Army Minister for Defence Acting Prime Minister April–July 1944, November 1944 – January 1945, Prime Minister for one week in 1945		John Curtin
								Ben Chifley
	H. V. Evatt		1946	1949	Australian Labor Party Deputy Leader 1946–51	Minister for External Affairs Attorney-General
	Arthur Fadden		1949	1958	Country Party Leader 1940–58	Treasurer		Robert Menzies
	John McEwen		1958	1967	Country Party Leader 1958–71	Minister for Trade and Industry Acting Prime Minister June–July 1965
								Harold Holt

References

1. Koziol, Michael; Bagshaw, Eryk (16 February 2018). "Why can't Malcolm Turnbull sack Barnaby Joyce?". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
2. Murphy, Katharine (26 February 2018). "Nationals appoint Michael McCormack as leader after George Christensen mounts challenge". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
3. Probyn, Andrew (24 February 2018). "Malcolm Turnbull says Barnaby Joyce made 'right decision', says bond with Nationals 'strong'". ABC News (Online). News and Current Affairs Division of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
4. Dziedzic, Stephen; Lipson, David (24 February 2018). "Barnaby Joyce's exit leaves Nationals looking to repair broken bonds". ABC News (Online). News and Current Affairs Division of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
5. Massola, James (23 February 2018). "Barnaby Joyce quits as Deputy Prime Minister". The Age. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
6. Elton-Pym, James (23 February 2018). "Barnaby Joyce has resigned as the leader of the Nationals and deputy prime minister of Australia to sit on the government's backbench". SBS World News. Special Broadcasting Service. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
7. Yaxley, Louise (26 February 2018). "Michael McCormack replaces Barnaby Joyce as Deputy Prime Minister and Nationals leader". ABC News (Online). News and Current Affairs Division of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
8. Massola, James (27 October 2017). "High Court citizenship verdict: Barnaby Joyce facing byelection in hammer blow to Turnbull government". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
9. Green, Antony (2017). "2017 New England by-election – Guide". ABC News (Online). News and Current Affairs Division of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
   Green, Antony (15 January 2018). "2017 New England by-election – Commentary". ABC News (Online). News and Current Affairs Division of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
10. Murphy, Jamieson (6 December 2017). "Barnaby Joyce is once again the Deputy Prime Minister after being sworn in". Northern Daily Leader. Rural Press. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
11. PrimeFacts: Deputy Prime Ministers of Australia
12. http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/mcmahon/before-office.aspx
13. https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id:%22handbook/allmps/DTN%22;querytype=;rec=0
14. Gartrell, Adam; Remeikis, Amy (14 August 2017). "Barnaby Joyce refers himself to High Court over potential dual citizenship". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
15. Barnaby Joyce, Deputy Prime Minister (14 August 2017). "Parliamentary Representation" (PDF). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Commonwealth of Australia: House of Representatives. p. 8185. Retrieved 26 February 2018. Last Thursday afternoon the New Zealand High Commission contacted me to advise that, on the basis of preliminary advice from their Department of Internal Affairs, which had received inquiries from the New Zealand Labour Party, they considered that I may be a citizen by descent of New Zealand.
16. Vielleris, Renee (15 August 2017). "Documentary evidence Barnaby Joyce has renounced his NZ citizenship". news.com.au. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
17. Determination 2017/23: Members of Parliament, Remuneration Tribunal. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
18. Report on Ministers of State - Salaries Additional to the Basic Parliamentary Salary, Remuneration Tribunal. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
19. "Ministries and Cabinets". 43rd Parliamentary Handbook: Historical information on the Australian Parliament. Parliament of Australia. 2010. Archived from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
20. "Deputy Prime Ministers of Australia" (PDF). Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 27 July 2013.

External links

• The official site of the Deputy Prime Minister of Australia