Demographics of British Bangladeshis

British Bangladeshis are people who have immigrated from Bangladesh to the United Kingdom. They have mainly settled in the boroughs of east London, primarily in the borough of Tower Hamlets, Camden, Haringey, Hackney, Newham, Westminster and Redbridge. Over 50% of the Bangladeshi population living in the United Kingdom, live in London.

Population

United Kingdom regions

The table below shows the dispersity of Bangladeshi people in the United Kingdom. The percentages include the population percentage of the total population of the region itself and the percentage of the Bangladeshi population in that region.[1] The data for regional populations are estimates for 2006 from the Office for National Statistics (Neighbourhood Statistics).[2]

The Bangladeshi population in the regions of the United Kingdom
Region	Population of region	Bangladeshi population	Percentage of total population	Percentage of UK-Bangladeshi population (Census 01)	Significant communities
London[3]	7,512,400	222,127	3%	54.37%	Tower Hamlets - 33% Newham - 12% Camden - 7% Redbridge - 6% Islington - 3% Barking and Dagenham - 4% Hackney - 3% Lambeth - 6% Southwark - 4% Ealing - 2% Westminster - 4% Haringey - 1.7% Hillingdon - 1.3 Hounslow - 1% Merton - 1.1% Waltham Forest - 2.3%
West Midlands[4]	5,366,700	38,300	0.7%	11.09%	Birmingham - 3% Coventry - 1% Sandwell - 3% Walsall - 2%
East Midlands[3]	4,364,200	11,000	0.3%	2.45%	Leicester - 2% Northampton - 1.7% Loughborough - 3.3%
South East[5]	8,237,800	23,800	0.3%	5.43%	Portsmouth - 2% Milton Keynes - 1% Oxford - 1.2% Brighton and Hove - 1%
North West[3]	6,853,200	33,100	0.5%	9.19%	Oldham - 12.6% Burnley - 1.6% Rochdale - 1.5% Manchester - 2.03% Rossendale - 1.4% Liverpool - 1.2% Blackburn - 2.8% Tameside - 2%
East[6]	5,606,600	27,500	0.5%	6.54%	Luton - 7% Ipswich - 1% Cambridge - 1.3% Bedford - 3.5%
Yorkshire and the Humber[7]	5,142,400	17,500	0.3%	4.36%	Bradford - 1.9% Leeds - 1.2% Sheffield - 1.6% Scunthorpe - 1.8%
South West[8]	5,124,100	8,300	0.2%	1.70%	Bournemouth - 2.1% Bristol - 1%
Scotland	5,094,800	1,980	0.039%	0.70%
North East[9]	2,549,700	8,300	0.3%	2.18%	Newcastle upon Tyne - 2.1% Sunderland - 1.7% South Shields - 1.7%
Wales	2,903,085	5,436	0.19%	1.92%	Cardiff - 1.43% Swansea - 1.1%
Northern Ireland	1,685,267	255	0.02%	0.09%

Tower Hamlets wards

The Bangladeshi populations in the 17 local electoral districts called wards in London borough of Tower Hamlets[10] (based on census data, from the Office for National Statistics - Neighbourhood statistics).[11]

Ward	Population	Percentage
Bethnal Green North[12]	3,915	33.28%
Bethnal Green South[13]	6,609	48.33%
Blackwall and Cubitt Town[14]	2,066	17.30%
Bow East[15]	877	9.97%
Bow West[16]	1,423	13.70%
Bromley-by-Bow[17]	4,639	40.06%
East India and Lansbury[18]	3,237	28.16%
Limehouse[19]	3,684	29.51%
Mile End East[20]	3,896	34.98%
Mile End and Globe Town[21]	3,537	29.97%
Millwall[22]	2,027	15.72%
Shadwell[23]	5,922	49.03%
Spitalfields and Banglatown[24]	4,874	58.15%
St Dunstan's and Stepney Green[25]	5,471	43.15%
St Katharine's and Wapping[26]	2,780	24.72%
Weavers[27]	4,358	37.30%
Whitechapel[28]	6,238	51.78%

Education

In comparison with all pupils nationally in the country, Bangladeshi pupils have average attainment at the end of each key stage and achievement by pupils is steadily improving. The attainment of Bangladeshi pupils at Key Stage 1 is the considerably above the national average and this pattern can be seen in Key Stages 2 and 3. The numbers of Bangladeshi pupils who are attaining five or more A*–C grades in the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) are above the national average.[29] According to Ofsted, reports from many secondary schools showed that many Bangladeshi pupils are making significant progress compared with other groups, achieving better by the equivalent of four GCSE points. In London the pupils do better than the average of the whole city. Increasing fluency in English is playing a greater role in improved education for Bangladeshis, the progress of pupils through Key Stage 1 and 2 in English tends to be growing rapidly compared with other such subjects in school. At the end of Key Stage 2, they are attaining 11 percentage points, which is above the national average in English. This is a very considerable type of achievement when set against the fact that their peers who have English as a mother tongue are also improving their language skills from a very different starting point.[29] 97 per cent of Bangladeshi students in Tower Hamlets mainly speak English as a second language, after Sylheti, but despite this they perform as well as or better than white pupils at GCSE.[30]

Bangladeshi pupils make more progress than several other minority ethnic groups between Key Stage 3 and GCSE. Bengali speaking pupils with greater English fluency are closing the gap for GCSE average scores with other language groups. For example, 71% of Bangladeshi pupils who achieve level 5 at Key Stage 3 achieve five or more A*–C grades at GCSE, compared with 67% of Pakistani pupils and 48% of Black Caribbean pupils. Overall, the correlation between FSM eligibility and attainment at GCSE is less strong for Bangladeshi girls and boys than for other groups. Overall, girls are more likely to do better in education than boys, with 55% of girls achieving 5 or more A*-C at GCSE compared with boys at 41%, and the achievement rate overall is at 48% for Bangladeshi pupils compared with 53% for all pupils.[29]

Employment

A lot of Bangladeshis are mainly employed in the retail, distribution, transport, hotel and restaurant industries, for both men and women. This is unsurprising, because many Bangladeshis have founded the restaurant and curry houses throughout Britain. 1 in 3 Bangladeshi women worked in this industry in 2004, compared with one in five of all women in employment.[31]

Between 2001 and 2002, particularly among men, Bangladeshis had the highest unemployment rate in Britain at 20%, which is four times that for White British or White Irish men. The Bangladeshi women also had the highest unemployment rate of all at 24 per cent, and over 40 per cent of under the age 25 Bangladeshi men were unemployed.[32] Unemployment was mostly high amongst the youths, for example in Tower Hamlets itself had 32% of people aged between 18–25 years who were unemployed. The rates of unemployment and under-achievement are sometimes very common with Bangladeshis. The average earnings of the Bangladeshis were at only £150 per week, which is considered to be very low.[33][34]

New generation Bangladeshis living in Britain, are now willing to be involved and employed in professional careers. Bangladeshis were most likely to be employed or own curry restaurants in Britain. However, this is mainly present among the older generation or the first generation who have started this cultural business. The younger generation who are receiving better education in comparison with their ancestors, are not very influenced by the business of the curry. Many of these people are now looking to have professional types of careers in the mainstream of British business. In the third and fourth generation of British Bangladeshis, are also to be involved with politics, increasing numbers of people are barristers. Also many are, doctors, IT and management specialists, teachers and working in the business. Notable British Bangladeshis in professional careers include, Iftekharul Islam - Citigroup macro-strategy managing director, Sham Ahmed - Mathworks managing director, Asif Ahmed - director of Asia International Group of UK Trade and Investment and many more.[34]

Health

In 2001 Bangladeshis had the highest rates of illnesses in the UK of any ethnic group. They were more likely to suffer from medical conditions, fevers and headaches. The men were three times as likely to visit their doctor than men in the general population. The age-standardised rates for both genders of Bangladeshis were twice as large as the White British. And taking account of the different structures of age groups, Bangladeshis also had the highest rates of people with disabilities.[35]

Smoking was another serious health issue which was raised amongst the Bangladeshi community. They were more likely to smoke cigarettes, at a rate of 44% in 1999 in England, than any other people. The smoking was very common amongst the men, but a very few women smoked cigarettes compared to men, however 26% had chewed tobacco. Tobacco was mainly used in conjunction with cigarettes. Bangladeshis have the highest amount of gender difference in terms of smoking, which is believed to be because of cultural or religious customs because of these differences. Smoking amongst Bangladeshis was also part of the socio-economic problems facing the people, which explained why many men smoke.[36]

The women of the community are found to suffer from a medical condition termed as the Begum syndrome. Many women would have to visit their doctors for an analysis, the symptoms as said by the women were all related to pain inside the body. The researchers finally concluded it was not a serious medical condition, in fact it was just a talk of pain, it was all a form of somatisation, an internalisation of the women's depleted types of resources and cramped dwellings in which they lived.[37]

Housing

Typical Bangladeshi occupied housing estates, where many live in two bedroom flats.

Bangladeshi households contain the largest numbers of people living together than any other ethnic group. The average number of people living in each house was 4.5 people (at least 5 people in each house), based on the census. Households which contained only one person was at just 9%. Nearly three-quarters of houses at least contained a child living with parents, the highest figure than any other ethnic group, three times larger than White families. The percent of houses which contained a married couple was at 54%, also the largest, and the proportion of pensioner households ranged from 2 per cent of Bangladeshi households to 27 per cent of White Irish households. These types of households made up 2 per cent of all households in Great Britain whereas among the Bangladeshi community they made up 17 per cent of households.

Bangladeshis living London were to be 40 times more likely to be living in cramped and poor housing types of housing than anyone else in the country, especially in the London borough of Tower Hamlets, where more than half of the UK Bangladeshi population lives. Families were to have twice as many people per room as white households and 43% live in homes with insufficient bedroom space - compared with a national average of just 3%. The desire to remain within a tight community is putting Bangladeshis off moving to new larger housing and to areas where larger properties and space are available.[38] A third of Bangladeshi homes contain an extended family – 64% of all overcrowded households in Tower Hamlets are Bangladeshi.[30]

Bangladeshi students

Increasing numbers of students from Bangladesh are arriving to Britain since at least 2002. Prior to 2001, the United States was the primary destination for those students who sought undergraduate or postgraduate degrees abroad. Since the September 11 attacks, however, the difficulty of obtaining a US student visa,[39] has forced many Bangladeshi students to seek alternative locations, in particular Australia, Canada and the UK. The total number of incoming students is currently estimated to be around 2,000-3,000 per annum.[40] Most of these students come from urban locations such as Dhaka and Chittagong. The vast majority chooses London as their primary base, not least because of the ease of finding paid work to finance their education and living costs. A network of colleges - known as visa colleges - has taken root in East London,[41] in order to cater to these students, often established and run by Bangladeshi proprietors. These students are heavily concentrated in east London boroughs where majority of Bangladeshi Sylhetis have settled. Besides their studies, they can be found working a variety of low-skilled, low-paid jobs. The UK government's decision to encourage foreign students to stay and work in Britain after their studies,[42] has resulted in many of these students settling in Britain, particularly graduates working in 'shortage sectors' such as science and technology. This is likely to increase the diversity of the British Bangladeshi population in coming years.

Religion

Religion	Percentage of British Bangladeshi pop.	Percentage of total British pop.	Population (2001)
Islam	92.48%	British Bangladeshi Muslims represent 16.35% of the British Muslim community and 0.46% of the UK population	259,712
Not Stated	5.83%	0.37% of the total number of non-correspondents and 0.03% of the UK population	16,373
Hinduism	0.60%	British Bangladeshi Hindus represent 0.30% of the British Hindu community and close to 0.00% of the UK population	1,685
Christianity	0.50%	British Bangladeshi Christians represent 0.00% of the British Christian community and 0.00% of the UK population	1,404
No Religion	0.43%	0.02% of the total number of Agnostics and 0.00% of the UK population	1,208
Buddhism	0.06%	British Bangladeshi Buddhists represent 0.11% of the British Buddhist community and close to 0.00% of the UK population	169
Sikhism	0.04%	British Bangladeshi Sikhs represent 0.00% of the British Sikh Community and close to 0.00% of the UK population	112
Other Religion	0.01%		28
Total	100%		280,830

See also

• British Bangladeshi
• History of Bangladeshis in the United Kingdom
• Lists of UK locations with large ethnic minority populations

References

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