Cyrillization of German

Latin-script German words are transcribed into Cyrillic-script languages according to rules based on pronunciation. Because German orthography is largely phonemic, transcription into Cyrillic follows relatively simple rules.

Russian and Bulgarian

The standard rules for orthographic transcription into Russian were developed by Rudzhero S. Giliarevski (ru) and Boris A. Starostin (ru) in 1969 for various languages;[1] they have been revised by later scholars including D. I. Ermolovich (ru) and I. S. Alexeyeva (ru). The established spellings of a few names which were already common before this time sometimes deviates from these rules; for example, the Ludwig is traditionally Людвиг (including in placenames), with ю instead of у. It was also historically common to render personal names into their Russian forms or cognates, rather than strictly transliterating them, as with Peter being rendered as Пётр. German phonemes which do not exist in Russian are rendered by their closest approximations: the umlauts ö and ü are rendered as ё (yo) and ю (yu), and ä and e are mostly rendered as е (not э). H (when not part of a cluster) is now rendered with х or omitted (when silent); it was historically often rendered with г (g), as in the name of Heinrich Heine (Russian: Генрих Гейне). The Cyrillic letters ы and щ are not used.

German	Russian	Bulgarian[2]
a	а (but at the end of a word, following i, я is used: Bavaria → Бавария)
aa	а (Aachen → Ахен)
ae	transcribed like ä when it stands for that letter; otherwise, transcribed like a + e	depending on pronunciation
ai	ай (Mainz → Майнц)
ay	ай
ä	е after consonants, э after vowels and at the beginning of a word	е
äu	ой (historically also ей: Bäumler → Беймлер)	ой
b	б
c	as к (Calw → Кальв) or ц (Celle → Целле) depending on pronunciation	as к or ц depending on pronunciation
ch	х (or, in loanwords, ш, ч, к etc. based on pronunciation) (Chiemsee → Кимзе, historically also Химзе or Химское озеро)	к at the start of the word (Chiemsee → Кимзе); х after vowels (Achim → Ахим)
chh	хг (traditionally), or хх (modern variant)[3][4] (Hochhuth → Хоххут; Eichhorn → Айххорн)	хх if ch and h belong to different morphemes (Hochheim → Хоххайм)
chs	кс, when pronounced as x, otherwise transcribed like ch + s
ck	к, or between vowels (and always, according to the rules for transcribing geographic names)[5] кк (Boris Becker → Борис Беккер)	к
d	д
e	е after consonants, э after vowels and at the beginning of a word (Erfurt → Эрфурт)	е
ee	like e (Spree → Шпре)
ei	ай (Eider → Айдер) (historically also эй, ей: Einstein → Эйнштейн)	ай
eu	ой (Neumünster → Ноймюнстер) (historically also эй, ей: Neumann → Нейман)	ой
ey	ай (Eider → Айдер) (historically also эй, ей: Meyer → Мейер)	ай
f	ф
g	г (in loanwords, before e, i, y, sometimes ж or дж based on pronunciation)	г
gk	гк (Woldegk → Вольдегк), sometimes г (Burgkmair → Бургмайр)	?
h	х, when pronounced: Herne → Херне; Dietharz → Дитхарц; omitted when silent: Ehenbichl → Ээнбихль, Lahr → Лар (historically also transcribed with г)	х at the start of a word or morpheme; otherwise not transcribed
i	и at the beginning of a word or after consonants, й after vowels
ie	и when e indicates a long i, ие when divided between two syllables (Marienberg → Мариенберг)
j	й at the end of a syllable; at the beginning of a word or between vowels, ja → я, jä → е, je → е, jo → йо, jö → йё, ju → ю, jü → йю; after consonants: ja → ья, jä → ье, je → ье, jo → ьо, jö → ьё, ju → ью, jü → ью; when between parts of a compound word, then ъ instead of ь	depending on the following vowel: ja → я; je, jä → йе (only at the start of the word or after a vowel, otherwise: е); ju, jü, jui → ю
k	к
l	л before vowels, ль before consonants or at the end of a word (exceptions include Karl → Карл); after l, u becomes ю instead of у in some traditional cases (Ludwigsburg → Людвигсбург)	л
ll	лл except between consonants and vowels; at the end of a word -ь is appended (exceptions include Rheinmetall → Рейнметалл)	л
m	м
n	н (but -mann → -ман)
o	о
oe	transcribed like ö when it stands for that letter; if it stands for a long o then transcribed as о: Coesfeld → Косфельд; if the two letters form separate syllables, then transcribed like o + e	transcribed like ö when it stands for that letter; if it stands for a long o then transcribed as о: Coesfeld → Косфелд; if the two letters form separate syllables, then transcribed like o + e: Buchloe → Бухлое
oo	о (Koopmann → Копман)
ö	э at the beginning of a word, otherwise ё (Österreich (as a last name) → Эстеррайх)	ьо after a consonant, otherwise йо
p	п
ph	ф, unless divided by a syllable boundary: Diepholz → Дипхольц	ф, unless divided by a syllable boundary: Diepholz → Дипхолц
qu	кв (Querfurt → Кверфурт)
r	р
s	з for /z/, с for /s/: Sassnitz → Засниц, Kiste → Кисте	likewise: з at the start of the word or if between vowels (or between a vowel and a sonorant), in all other cases: с
sch	ш
sp	шп at the beginning of a word (including inside compound words), otherwise сп
ss	сс or с (when ss stands for ß, then с), unless divided between two syllables: Ludwigsstadt → Людвигсштадт	s unless at morpheme boundary
st	шт at the beginning of a word (including inside compound words), otherwise ст: Rostock → Росток	щ at the beginning of a word (including inside compound words), otherwise ст
ß	с
t	т, but the suffix -tion → -цион
tsch	ч (unless divided between two syllables, in which case тш: Altschul → Альтшуль)	ч
tz	тц between vowels, otherwise ц (Ratzeburg → Ратцебург)	ц: Рацебург
u	у
ue	transcribed like ü when it stands for that letter; if it stands for a long u then transcribed as у: Buer → Бур; if the two letters form separate syllables, then transcribed like u + e: Adenauer → Аденауэр	transcribed like ü when it stands for that letter; if it stands for a long u then transcribed as у: Buer → Бур; if the two letters form separate syllables, then transcribed like u + e: Adenauer → Аденауер
ü	и at the beginning of a word, otherwise ю (Neumünster → Ноймюнстер, Uelzen → Ильцен)	ю
v	ф when pronounced like f; в when pronounced like w
w	в (Wagner → Вагнер)
x	кс
y	и at the beginning of a word and after consonants (even when pronounced as ü) (Bad Pyrmont → Бад-Пирмонт), й after vowels; as a consonant, ya → я (Yanina Wickmayer → Янина Викмайер)
z	ц
zsch	ч (unless divided between two syllables, in which case цш: so, Delitzsch → Делич, but Nietzsche → Ницше)

References

1. Гиляревский Р. С., Старостин Б. А., Иностранные имена и названия в русском тексте: Справочник (М.: Международные отношения, 1969), pages 113—123.
2. Наредба № 6 за транскрипция и правопис на чужди географски имена, 1995–1999
3. Архипов, А. Ф., Письменный перевод с немецкого языка на русский язык. Рецензент: проф., к. ф. н., и. о. зав. кафедрой теории, истории и критики перевода МГЛУ Цвиллинг М. Я. — Изд.: Книжный дом «Университет» (КДУ), page 51, 2008, ISBN 978-5-98227-318-5
4. Ермолович Д. И. (ru), Имена собственные: теория и практика межъязыковой передачи. (М.: Р. Валент, 2005, ISBN 5-93439-153-4, page 333: «Hochhuth — Хоххут»
5. Инструкция по русской передаче немецких географических названий / сост.: В. С. Широкова; ред. Г. П. Бондарук. — Москва: Типография издательства «Известия», 1974, С. 10, 1000 экз., § 25

Further reading

• Ermolovich, D. I. (ru), Имена собственные на стыке языков и культур (link, 2010-12-07 archive, pages 1-133) (Moscow, Р. Валент publishing house, 2001, ISBN 5-93439-046-5), Таблицы практической транскрипции (транслитерации) с основных европейских языков, пользующихся латиницей, на русский: Немецкий язык (Tables of practical transcription (transliteration) from the main European languages, using the Latin alphabet: German language), pages 156-158.
• Alexeyeva, I. S. (ru), Введение в переводоведение: учеб. пособие для студ. филол. и лингв. фак. высш. учеб. заведений. 6th edition (Philological Faculty of St. Petersburg State University; Moscow Publishing Center "Academy"; 2012), Table 2, German-Russian Phonemic Conformity, pages 228-230 (pdf pages 114-115)
• Инструкция по русской передаче немецких географических названий (В. С. Широкова; ed. Г. П. Бондарук) (Moscow, Типография издательства «Известия», 1974)