Cupressus

Cupressus is one of several genera of evergreen conifers within the family Cupressaceae that have the common name cypress; for the others, see cypress. It is considered a polyphyletic group. Based on genetic and morphological analysis, the genus Cupressus is found in the subfamily Cupressoideae.[1][2] The common name "cypress" comes via the Old French cipres from the Latin cyparissus, which is the latinisation of the Greek κυπάρισσος (kypárissos).[3]

Cupressus
Cupressus sempervirens
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Division:	Pinophyta
Class:	Pinopsida
Order:	Pinales
Family:	Cupressaceae
Subfamily:	Cupressoideae
Genus:	Cupressus L.
Species
See text

Description

They are evergreen trees or large shrubs, growing to 5–40 m tall. The leaves are scale-like, 2–6 mm long, arranged in opposite decussate pairs, and persist for three to five years. On young plants up to two years old, the leaves are needle-like and 5–15 mm long. The cones are 8–40 mm long, globose or ovoid with four to 14 scales arranged in opposite decussate pairs; they are mature in 18–24 months from pollination. The seeds are small, 4–7 mm long, with two narrow wings, one along each side of the seed.

Many of the species are adapted to forest fires, holding their seeds for many years in closed cones until the parent trees are killed by a fire; the seeds are then released to colonise the bare, burnt ground. In other species, the cones open at maturity to release the seeds.

Distribution

As currently treated, these cypresses are native to scattered localities in mainly warm temperate regions in the Northern Hemisphere, including western North America, Central America, northwest Africa, the Middle East, the Himalayas, southern China and northern Vietnam. As with other conifers, extensive cultivation has led to a wide variety of forms, sizes and colours, that are grown in parks and gardens throughout the world.[4]

Cultivation

Many species of cypress are grown as decorative trees in parks and, in Asia, around temples; in some areas, the native distribution is hard to discern due to extensive cultivation. A few species are grown for their timber, which can be very durable. The fast-growing hybrid Leyland cypress (Cupressus × leylandii), much used in gardens, draws one of its parents from this genus (Cupressus macrocarpa, Monterey cypress); the other parent, Callitropsis nootkatensis (Nootka cypress), is also sometimes classified in this genus, or else in the separate genus Xanthocyparis, but in the past more usually in Chamaecyparis.

Cultural references

It was believed in the Hellenic culture that the cypress tree was sacred to the gods and it is now used as an emblem of grief (from the name Cyparissus) Artemis (Roman equivalent Diana).[5]

Species

The number of species recognised within this genus varies sharply, from 16 to 25 or more according to the authority followed, because most populations are small and isolated, and whether they should be accorded specific, subspecific or varietal rank is difficult to ascertain. Current tendencies are to reduce the number of recognised species; when a narrow species concept is adopted, the varieties indented in the list below may also be accepted as distinct species. See also the New World species (below) for a likely split in the genus in the future.

Old World species

The Old World cypresses tend to have cones with more scales (8–14 scales, rarely 6 in C. funebris), each scale with a short broad ridge, not a spike. C. sempervirens is the type species of the genus, defining the name Cupressus.

Image	Cone	Name	Common Name	Distribution
		Cupressus atlantica	Moroccan cypress	western Morocco.
		Cupressus cashmeriana	Bhutan cypress	eastern Himalaya in Bhutan and adjacent areas of Arunachal Pradesh in northeastern India
		Cupressus chengiana	Cheng's cypress	Gansu and Sichuan Provinces, China
		Cupressus duclouxiana (syn: Cupressus austrotibetica)[6]	Yunnan cypress, South Tibet cypress	Yunnan and Sichuan, China
		Cupressus dupreziana	Saharan cypress	southeast Algeria
		Cupressus funebris	weeping cypress	southwestern and central China
		Cupressus gigantea	Tibetan cypress	Southeast Tibet - China
		Cupressus sempervirens	Mediterranean cypress, type species	northeast Libya, southern Albania, coastal Bulgaria, southern coastal Croatia, southern Montenegro, southern Bosnia and Herzegovina, southern Greece, southern Turkey, Cyprus, northern Egypt, western Syria, Lebanon, Malta, Italy, Israel, western Jordan, and Iran
		Cupressus torulosa (syn: Cupressus tonkinensis)	Tonkin cypress, Himalayan cypress	Sichuan of China and in Vietnam
		Cupressus vietnamensis (syn: Xanthocyparis vietnamensis)	Vietnamese cypress, Vietnamese golden cypress	Vietnam

New World species

The New World cypresses tend to have cones with fewer scales (4-8 scales, rarely more in C. macrocarpa), each scale with an often prominent narrow spike. Recent genetic evidence[7] shows they are less closely related to the Old World cypresses than previously thought, being more closely related to Xanthocyparis and Juniperus than to the rest of Cupressus. These species have very recently[8] been transferred to Callitropsis. New World species are found in marginal habitats with xeric soils, and therefore exhibit a fragmented allopatric pattern of distribution. This type of distribution results in disproportionate local abundance with most species restricted to small neighboring populations.[8]

Image	Cone	Name	Common Name	Distribution
		Cupressus abramsiana (Cupressus goveniana var. abramsiana; Callitropsis abramsiana;)	Santa Cruz cypress	Santa Cruz Mountains of Santa Cruz and San Mateo Counties in west-central California
		Cupressus arizonica (Callitropsis arizonica)	Arizona cypress	southwestern United States (Arizona, Utah, southwestern New Mexico, and southern California, with a few populations in southern Nevada and in the Chisos Mountains of western Texas), and in Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo León, Chihuahua, Sonora, Durango, Tamaulipas, Zacatecas and northern Baja California).
		Cupressus bakeri (Callitropsis bakeri)	Modoc cypress	northern California and extreme southwestern Oregon
		Cupressus forbesii (Callitropsis forbesii)	Tecate cypress	Santa Ana Mountains of Orange County and in San Diego County within Southern California, and in northern Baja California state of Mexico.
		Cupressus glabra (Callitropsis glabra)	smooth Arizona cypress	Sedona, Arizona
		Cupressus goveniana (Callitropsis goveniana)	Gowen cypress, Californian cypress	Monterey County, California
		Cupressus guadalupensis (Callitropsis guadalupensis )	Guadalupe cypress	Mexico, found only on Guadalupe Island
		Cupressus lusitanica (Callitropsis lusitanica )	Mexican cypress	Mexico and Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras)
		Cupressus macnabiana (Callitropsis macnabiana )	Macnab cypress	northern California
		Cupressus macrocarpa (Callitropsis macrocarpa )	Monterey cypress	Cypress Point in Pebble Beach and at Point Lobos near Carmel, California
		Cupressus montana (Callitropsis montana )	San Pedro Martir cypress	Mexico: Baja California
		Cupressus nevadensis (Callitropsis nevadensis )	Piute cypress	Southern Sierra Nevada, within Kern County, California and Tulare County.
		Cupressus nootkatensis (syn: Xanthocyparis nootkatensis)	Nootka cypress	Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada
		Cupressus pigmaea (Cupressus goveniana var. pigmaea; Callitropsis pigmaea )	Mendocino cypress	Mendocino and Sonoma Counties in northwestern California
		Cupressus revealiana	El Rincon cypress	Baja California in northwestern Mexico
		Cupressus sargentii (Callitropsis sargentii)	Sargent cypress	Mendocino County southwards to Santa Barbara County California
		Cupressus stephensonii (Callitropsis stephensonii )	Cuyamaca cypress	San Diego County California

Allergenic potential

All plants in the genus Cupressus, including New World Cupressus (now Callitropsis), are extremely allergenic, and have an OPALS allergy scale rating of 10. In warm, Mediterranean climates, these plants release large quantities of pollen for approximately seven months each year.[9]

References

1. Farjon, A. (2005). Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 1-84246-068-4.
2. Gadek, P. A., Alpers, D. L., Heslewood, M. M., & Quinn, C. J. (2000). Relationships within Cupressaceae sensu lato: a combined morphological and molecular approach. American Journal of Botany 87: 1044–1057)
3. κυπάρισσος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
4. Eckenwalder, James E. (2009). Conifers of the world: the complete reference. United Kingdom: Timber Press. p. 720. ISBN 978-0881929744.
5. "Artemis Estate & Attributes". The Theoi Project. Retrieved 2019-08-05.
6. "Cupressus duclouxiana in Flora of China @ efloras.org". eFloras.org Home. Retrieved 2019-08-02.
7. Little, D. P., Schwarzbach, A. E., Adams, R. P. & Hsieh, Chang-Fu. 2004. The circumscription and phylogenetic relationships of Callitropsis and the newly described genus Xanthocyparis (Cupressaceae). American Journal of Botany 91 (11): 1872–1881. Abstract
8. Little, D. P. (2006). Evolution and circumscription of the true Cypresses. Syst. Bot. 31 (3): 461-480.
9. Ogren, Thomas (2015). The Allergy-Fighting Garden. Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. p. 95. ISBN 9781607744917.

• Farjon, A. (2005). Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 1-84246-068-4.
• Gadek, P. A., Alpers, D. L., Heslewood, M. M., & Quinn, C. J. (2000). Relationships within Cupressaceae sensu lato: a combined morphological and molecular approach. American Journal of Botany 87: 1044–1057. Available online.
• Platt, Karen "Gold Fever" describes golden or yellow-leaved cultivars of Cupressus http://www.karenplatt.co.uk