Crespoa

Crespoa is a genus of five species of lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Species in this genus are characterized by having an upper thallus surface that is wrinkled and reticulately ridged to coarsely foveolate (having small pits or depressions).

Crespoa
Crespoa crozalsiana
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Ascomycota
Class:	Lecanoromycetes
Order:	Lecanorales
Family:	Parmeliaceae
Genus:	Crespoa (D.Hawksw.) Lendemer & B.P.Hodk. (2013)
Type species
Crespoa crozalsiana (B.de Lesd. ex Harm.) Lendemer & B.P.Hodk. (2013)
Species
C. carneopruinata C. crozalsiana C. inhaminensis C. schelpei C. scrobicularis
Synonyms
Parmotrema subgen. Crespoa D.Hawksw. (2011)

Description

Crespoa species have a distinctive thallus structure, with a strongly reticulately ridged and wrinkled upper surface, and medullary stictic and constictic acids, with the exception of C. schelpei, which has medullary protocetraric acid.[1]

Distribution

All of the species in Crespoa have a more or less tropical distribution, although the range of C. carneopruinata also extends into southern France and Italy, while the distribution of the type species C. crozalsiana includes the US and southern Europe.[1] C. scrobicularis has been reported from Oceania and South America, including Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Venezuela.[2]

Taxonomy

Species in Crespoa were originally considered part of the Parmelia crozalsiana group, united by similarities in the morphology of their vegetative thallus. This group was placed in Pseudoparmelia by Mason Hale in 1976,[3] and then later in Canoparmelia.[4] More recently, molecular analysis demonstrated that this group of four species forms a well-supported monophyletic clade that is sister to a clade containing members of the genus Parmotrema, and were therefore unsuitably classified as members of Canoparmelia.[5] For this reason, David Leslie Hawksworth formally defined Parmotrema subgenus Crespoa to contain this group, suggesting "generic rank is not appropriate ... as there are no features from the ascomata or conidiomata that distinguish it ... from Parmotrema."[1] In a later analysis, this subgenus was promoted to status as a distinct genus, due to both differences in thallus morphology, and its significant genetic distance from Parmotrema.[6]

In 2014, Michel Benatti and James Lendemer proposed transferring Parmelia scrobicularis (also known as Pseudoparmelia scrobicularis and Canoparmelia scrobicularis) to Crespoa based on its shared morphological and chemical characteristics, albeit without providing phylogenetic support.[2] In 2016, Kirika and colleagues suggested that Crespoa should be subsumed within Parmotrema, and treated as a subgenus, as per Hawksworth's proposal.[7] In 2017, Michelin and colleagues confirmed the correct generic placement of Crespoa scrobicularis using molecular analysis, and also confirmed the monophyly of Crespoa.[8]

The genus name Crespoa honours Spanish lichenologist Ana Crespo, "in recognition of the lead she has taken in rationalizing generic and specific concepts in the parmelioid lichens using molecular phylogenetic approaches."[1]

Species

• Crespoa carneopruinata (Zahlbr.) Lendemer & B.P.Hodk. (2013)
• Crespoa crozalsiana (B.de Lesd. ex Harm.) Lendemer & B.P.Hodk. (2013)
• Crespoa inhaminensis (C.W.Dodge) Lendemer & B.P.Hodk. (2013)
• Crespoa schelpei (Hale) Lendemer & B.P.Hodk. (2013)
• Crespoa scrobicularis (Kremp.) Benatti & Lendemer (2014)

References

1. Hawksworth, David L. (2011). "Parmotrema subgen. Crespoa subgen. nov. for the Canoparmelia crozalsiana clade". Lichenologist. 43 (6): 647–648. doi:10.1017/S0024282911000399.
2. Benatti, Michel N.; Lendemer, James C. (2014). "Canoparmelia scrobicularis belongs to the genus Crespoa (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota)". Brittonia. 66 (3): 287–291. doi:10.1007/s12228-014-9331-7. S2CID 18657666.
3. Hale, M. (1976). "A monograph of the lichen genus Pseudoparmelia Lynge (Parmeliaceae)" (PDF). Smithsonian Contributions to Botany. 31: 1–62.
4. Elix, J.A.; Johnston, J.; Vernon, D. (1986). "Canoparmelia, Paraparmelia and Relicinopsis. Three new genera in the Parmeliaceae (lichenized Ascomycotina)". Mycotaxon. 27: 271–82.
5. Crespo, A.; Kauff, F.; Divakar, P.K.; Prado, R. del; Pérez-Ortega, S.; Paz, G.A. de; Ferencova, Z.; Blanco, O.; Roca-Valiente, B.; Núñez-Zapata, J.; Cubas, P.; Argüello, A.; Elix, J.A.; Esslinger, T.L.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Millanes, A.M.; Molina, M.C.; Wedin, M.; Ahti, T.; Aptroot, A.; Barreno, E.; Bungartz, F.; Calvelo, S.; Candan, M.; Cole, M. J.; Ertz, D.; Goffinet, B.; Lindblom, L.; Lücking, R.; Lutzoni, F.; Mattsson, J.-E.; Messuti, M.I.; Miadlikowska, J.; Piercey-Normore, M.D.; Rico, V. J.; Sipman, H.; Schmitt, I.; Spribille, T.; Thell, A.; Thor, G.; Upreti, D.K.; Lumbsch, H.T. (2010). "Phylogenetic generic classification of parmelioid lichens (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) based on molecular, morphological and chemical evidence". Taxon. 59 (6): 1735–1753. doi:10.1002/tax.596008.
6. Lendemer, James C.; Hodkinson, Brendan P. (2012). "Recognition of the Parmotrema crozalsiana group at the genus level with a discussion of the assignment of taxonomic rank based a priori on preconceived diagnostic characters". North American Fungi. 7 (2): 1–5. doi:10.2509/naf2012.007.002.
7. Kirika, Paul M.; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Crespo, Ana; Leavitt, Steven D.; Mugambi, George; Gatheri, Grace W.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2016). "Polyphyly of the genus Canoparmelia – uncovering incongruences between phenotype-based classification and molecular phylogeny within lichenized Ascomycota (Parmeliaceae)". Phytotaxa. 289 (1): 36–48. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.289.1.2.
8. Michlig, Andrea; Moreno, E.M. Sara; Solís Neffa, Viviana G. (2017). "Phylogenetic analyses support the recent placement of Canoparmelia scrobicularis into Crespoa (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota)". Nova Hedwigia. 105 (3–4): 529–537. doi:10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2017/0433. hdl:11336/43594.