Compatibility (mechanics)
In continuum mechanics, a compatible deformation (or strain) tensor field in a body is that unique tensor field that is obtained when the body is subjected to a continuous, single-valued, displacement field. Compatibility is the study of the conditions under which such a displacement field can be guaranteed. Compatibility conditions are particular cases of integrability conditions and were first derived for linear elasticity by Barré de Saint-Venant in 1864 and proved rigorously by Beltrami in 1886.[1]
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In the continuum description of a solid body we imagine the body to be composed of a set of infinitesimal volumes or material points. Each volume is assumed to be connected to its neighbors without any gaps or overlaps. Certain mathematical conditions have to be satisfied to ensure that gaps/overlaps do not develop when a continuum body is deformed. A body that deforms without developing any gaps/overlaps is called a compatible body. Compatibility conditions are mathematical conditions that determine whether a particular deformation will leave a body in a compatible state.[2]
In the context of infinitesimal strain theory, these conditions are equivalent to stating that the displacements in a body can be obtained by integrating the strains. Such an integration is possible if the Saint-Venant's tensor (or incompatibility tensor) vanishes in a simply-connected body[3] where is the infinitesimal strain tensor and
For finite deformations the compatibility conditions take the form
where is the deformation gradient.
Compatibility conditions for infinitesimal strains
The compatibility conditions in linear elasticity are obtained by observing that there are six strain-displacement relations that are functions of only three unknown displacements. This suggests that the three displacements may be removed from the system of equations without loss of information. The resulting expressions in terms of only the strains provide constraints on the possible forms of a strain field.
2-dimensions
For two-dimensional, plane strain problems the strain-displacement relations are
Repeated differentiation of these relations, in order to remove the displacements and , gives us the two-dimensional compatibility condition for strains
The only displacement field that is allowed by a compatible plane strain field is a plane displacement field, i.e., .
3-dimensions
In three dimensions, in addition to two more equations of the form seen for two dimensions, there are three more equations of the form
Therefore, there are 34=81 partial differential equations, however due to symmetry conditions, this number reduces to six different compatibility conditions. We can write these conditions in index notation as[4]
where is the permutation symbol. In direct tensor notation
where the curl operator can be expressed in an orthonormal coordinate system as .
The second-order tensor
is known as the incompatibility tensor, and is equivalent to the Saint-Venant compatibility tensor
Compatibility conditions for finite strains
For solids in which the deformations are not required to be small, the compatibility conditions take the form
where is the deformation gradient. In terms of components with respect to a Cartesian coordinate system we can write these compatibility relations as
This condition is necessary if the deformation is to be continuous and derived from the mapping (see Finite strain theory). The same condition is also sufficient to ensure compatibility in a simply connected body.
Compatibility condition for the right Cauchy-Green deformation tensor
The compatibility condition for the right Cauchy-Green deformation tensor can be expressed as
where is the Christoffel symbol of the second kind. The quantity represents the mixed components of the Riemann-Christoffel curvature tensor.
The general compatibility problem
The problem of compatibility in continuum mechanics involves the determination of allowable single-valued continuous fields on simply connected bodies. More precisely, the problem may be stated in the following manner.[5]
Consider the deformation of a body shown in Figure 1. If we express all vectors in terms of the reference coordinate system , the displacement of a point in the body is given by
Also
What conditions on a given second-order tensor field on a body are necessary and sufficient so that there exists a unique vector field that satisfies
Necessary conditions
For the necessary conditions we assume that the field exists and satisfies . Then
Since changing the order of differentiation does not affect the result we have
Hence
From the well known identity for the curl of a tensor we get the necessary condition
Sufficient conditions
To prove that this condition is sufficient to guarantee existence of a compatible second-order tensor field, we start with the assumption that a field exists such that . We will integrate this field to find the vector field along a line between points and (see Figure 2), i.e.,
If the vector field is to be single-valued then the value of the integral should be independent of the path taken to go from to .
From Stokes' theorem, the integral of a second order tensor along a closed path is given by
Using the assumption that the curl of is zero, we get
Hence the integral is path independent and the compatibility condition is sufficient to ensure a unique field, provided that the body is simply connected.
Compatibility of the deformation gradient
The compatibility condition for the deformation gradient is obtained directly from the above proof by observing that
Then the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a compatible field over a simply connected body are
Compatibility of infinitesimal strains
The compatibility problem for small strains can be stated as follows.
Given a symmetric second order tensor field when is it possible to construct a vector field such that
Necessary conditions
Suppose that there exists such that the expression for holds. Now
where
Therefore, in index notation,
If is continuously differentiable we have . Hence,
In direct tensor notation
The above are necessary conditions. If is the infinitesimal rotation vector then . Hence the necessary condition may also be written as .
Sufficient conditions
Let us now assume that the condition is satisfied in a portion of a body. Is this condition sufficient to guarantee the existence of a continuous, single-valued displacement field ?
The first step in the process is to show that this condition implies that the infinitesimal rotation tensor is uniquely defined. To do that we integrate along the path to , i.e.,
Note that we need to know a reference to fix the rigid body rotation. The field is uniquely determined only if the contour integral along a closed contour between and is zero, i.e.,
But from Stokes' theorem for a simply-connected body and the necessary condition for compatibility
Therefore, the field is uniquely defined which implies that the infinitesimal rotation tensor is also uniquely defined, provided the body is simply connected.
In the next step of the process we will consider the uniqueness of the displacement field . As before we integrate the displacement gradient
From Stokes' theorem and using the relations we have
Hence the displacement field is also determined uniquely. Hence the compatibility conditions are sufficient to guarantee the existence of a unique displacement field in a simply-connected body.
Compatibility for Right Cauchy-Green Deformation field
The compatibility problem for the Right Cauchy-Green deformation field can be posed as follows.
Problem: Let be a positive definite symmetric tensor field defined on the reference configuration. Under what conditions on does there exist a deformed configuration marked by the position field such that
Necessary conditions
Suppose that a field exists that satisfies condition (1). In terms of components with respect to a rectangular Cartesian basis
From finite strain theory we know that . Hence we can write
For two symmetric second-order tensor field that are mapped one-to-one we also have the relation
From the relation between of and that , we have
Then, from the relation
we have
From finite strain theory we also have
Therefore,
and we have
Again, using the commutative nature of the order of differentiation, we have
or
After collecting terms we get
From the definition of we observe that it is invertible and hence cannot be zero. Therefore,
We can show these are the mixed components of the Riemann-Christoffel curvature tensor. Therefore, the necessary conditions for -compatibility are that the Riemann-Christoffel curvature of the deformation is zero.
Sufficient conditions
The proof of sufficiency is a bit more involved.[5][6] We start with the assumption that
We have to show that there exist and such that
From a theorem by T.Y.Thomas [7] we know that the system of equations
has unique solutions over simply connected domains if
The first of these is true from the defining of and the second is assumed. Hence the assumed condition gives us a unique that is continuous.
Next consider the system of equations
Since is and the body is simply connected there exists some solution to the above equations. We can show that the also satisfy the property that
We can also show that the relation
implies that
If we associate these quantities with tensor fields we can show that is invertible and the constructed tensor field satisfies the expression for .
See also
References
- C Amrouche, PG Ciarlet, L Gratie, S Kesavan, On Saint Venant's compatibility conditions and Poincaré's lemma, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I, 342 (2006), 887-891. doi:10.1016/j.crma.2006.03.026
- Barber, J. R., 2002, Elasticity - 2nd Ed., Kluwer Academic Publications.
- N.I. Muskhelishvili, Some Basic Problems of the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity. Leyden: Noordhoff Intern. Publ., 1975.
- Slaughter, W. S., 2003, The linearized theory of elasticity, Birkhauser
- Acharya, A., 1999, On Compatibility Conditions for the Left Cauchy–Green Deformation Field in Three Dimensions, Journal of Elasticity, Volume 56, Number 2 , 95-105
- Blume, J. A., 1989, "Compatibility conditions for a left Cauchy-Green strain field", J. Elasticity, v. 21, p. 271-308.
- Thomas, T. Y., 1934, "Systems of total differential equations defined over simply connected domains", Annals of Mathematics, 35(4), p. 930-734