Comparison of assemblers
This is a list of assemblers: computer programs that translate assembly language source code into binary programs. Some assemblers are components of a compiler system for a high level language and may have limited or no usable functionality outside of the compiler system. Some assemblers are hosted on the target processor and operating system, while other assemblers (cross-assemblers) may run under an unrelated operating system or processor. For example, assemblers for embedded systems are not usually hosted on the target system since it would not have the storage and terminal I/O to permit entry of a program from a keyboard. An assembler may have a single target processor or may have options to support multiple processor types. Very simple assemblers may lack features, such as macros, present in more powerful versions.
As part of a compiler suite
- GNU Assembler (gas): GPL: many target instruction sets including ARM architecture, Atmel AVR, x86, x86-64, Freescale 68HC11, Freescale v4e, Motorola 680x0, MIPS, PowerPC, IBM System z, TI MSP430, Zilog Z80.
- ASxxxx Cross Assembler (part of the Small Device C Compiler project): GPL: several target instruction sets including Intel 8051, Zilog Z80, Freescale 68HC08, PIC microcontroller.
- The Amsterdam Compiler Kit (ACK) targets many architectures of the 1980s, including 6502, 6800, 680x0, ARM, x86, Zilog Z80 and Z8000.
- LLVM targets many platforms, however emits no per-target assembly language, instead more high-level typed intermediate representation assembly-like language used.
- Some others self-hosted native-targeted language implementations (like Go, Free Pascal, SBCL) have their own assemblers with multiple targets. They may be used for inline assembly inside language, or even included as a library, but not always suitable for standalone application - no command-line tool exists, or only intermediate representation used as a source, or support for targets very limited.
Single target assemblers
6502 assemblers
| Assembler | Developer | FOSS | License | Instruction set | Host platform |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atari Assembler Editor | Shepardson Microsystems | No | Proprietary | MOS Technology 6502 | Atari 8-bit family |
| Atari Macro Assembler | Shepardson Microsystems | No | Proprietary | MOS Technology 6502 | Atari 8-bit family |
| Lisa | Randall Hyde | No | Proprietary | MOS Technology 6502 | Apple II series |
| MAC/65 | Optimized Systems Software | No | Proprietary | MOS Technology 6502, WDC 65C02 | Atari 8-bit family |
| Merlin | Glen Bredon | Yes | Public-domain | MOS Technology 6502, WDC 65C02 | Apple II series |
| vasm | Volker Barthelmann, Frank Wille | Free | MOS Technology 6502 | various | |
| k2asm | Andre Kaesmacher, Hauke Brandes, Börje Sieling | Yes | Artistic License | MOS Technology 6502 | Linux, Windows, macOS, possibly other Unices |
| rmac | James Hammons, George Nakos, Landon Dyer | Yes | Free | MOS Technology 6502 | Linux, Windows, macOS |
| xasm | Piotr Fusik | Yes | Free | MOS Technology 6502 | Linux, Windows, macOS |
680x0 assemblers
| Assembler | Developer | FOSS | License | Instruction set | Host platform | Development active |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ASM-One Macro Assembler | Rune Gram-Madsen | No | Free | Motorola 680x0 | Commodore Amiga | No |
| GNU Assembler | GNU Project | Yes | Free | Motorola 680x0 | various | |
| vasm | Volker Barthelmann, Frank Wille | No | Proprietary | Motorola 680x0 | various | Yes |
| rmac | James Hammons, George Nakos, Landon Dyer | Yes | Free | MOS Technology 6502 | Linux, Windows, macOS | Yes |
ARM assemblers
| Assembler | Developer | FOSS | License | Instruction set | Host platform |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GNU Assembler | GNU Project | Yes | Free | ARM | various |
| vasm | Free | ARM | various |
IBM mainframe assemblers
| Assembler | Developer | FOSS | License | Instruction set | Host platform |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IBM 1410/7010 OS Autocoder | IBM | Free | IBM 1410 IBM 7010 |
IBM 1410/7010 Operating System | |
| 7070/7074 Autocoder | IBM | Free | IBM 7070/7072/7074 | ||
| 7080 Autocoder III | IBM | Free | IBM 7080 | IBM 7058 Processor | |
| Symbolic Coding and Assembly Technique (SCAT) |
Share | Free | IBM 709 7090/7094/7094 II |
SHARE Operating System (SOS) | |
| FORTRAN II Assembly Program (FAP) |
IBM | Free | IBM 709 7090/7094/7094 II |
IBM 7090/94 IBSYS | |
| Macro Assembly Program (MAP) |
IBM | Free | IBM 709 IBM 7040/7044 7090/7094/7094 II |
IBM IBSYS/IBJOB | |
| BAL | Free | IBM System/360 | IBM BPS/360 | ||
| HLASM | Proprietary | z/Architecture | numerous | ||
| IBM Assembler D | Free | IBM System/360 | IBM DOS/360 | ||
| IBM Assembler E | Free | IBM System/360 | IBM OS/360 | ||
| IBM Assembler F | Free | IBM System/360 | IBM OS/360 and CP-67/CMS | ||
| IBM Assembler H | Proprietary | IBM System/360 and System/370 | IBM OS/360 and successors | ||
| IBM Assembler XF | Free | IBM System/370 | numerous | ||
| PL360 | Free | IBM System/360 | IBM OS/360 | ||
POWER, PowerPC, and Power ISA assemblers
| Assembler | Developer | FOSS | License | Instruction set | Host platform |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IBM AIX assembler | No | Proprietary | POWER | IBM AIX | |
| vasm | Free | PowerPC | various |
x86 assemblers
- ^ Part of the MINIX 3 source tree, but without obvious development activity.
- ^ Developed by Interactive Systems Corporation in 1986 when they ported UNIX System V to Intel iAPX286 and 80386 architectures. Archetypical of ATT syntax because it was used as reference for GAS. Still used for The SCO Group's products, UnixWare and OpenServer.
- ^ Home site appears inactive. Also offered as part of FreeBSD Ports, in bcc-1995.03.12.
- ^ Active, supported, but unadvertised.
- ^ Developed in 1982 at MIT as a cross-assembler, it was picked up by Interactive Systems Corporation in 1983 when they developed PC/IX under IBM contract. The syntax was later used as base for ACK assembler, to be used in MINIX 1.x toolchain.
- ^ RosAsm project on WebArchive.org.
- ^ Part of the C++Builder Tool Chain, but not sold as a stand-alone product, or marketed since the CodeGear spin-off; Borland was still selling it until then. Version 5.0, the last, is dated 1996.
- ^ Turbo Assembler was developed as Turbo Editasm by Uriah Barnett from Speedware Inc (Sacramento, CA) between 1984 and 1987, then later sold to, or marketed by, Borland as their Turbo Assembler.
- ^ Last stable version 1.3.0 was released in August 2014, and low maintenance since then: https://github.com/yasm/yasm
x86-64 assemblers
| Assembler | Developer | Operating system | FOSS | License | Development active |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FASM | Tomasz Grysztar | DOS, Unix-like, Windows | Yes | BSD | Yes |
| GAS | GNU Project | DOS, OS/2, Unix-like, Windows | Yes | GNU GPL | Yes |
| MASM | Microsoft | DOS, OS/2, Windows|Xenix | No | Commercial | Yes |
| NASM | Simon Tatham, Julian Hall, Hans Peter Anvin, et al. | DOS, Linux, macOS, OS/2, Windows | Yes | BSD | Yes |
| Open Watcom Assembler | Watcom | DOS, FreeBSD, Linux, OS/2, Windows | approved by OSI, but not by FSF | Sybase Open Watcom Public | Yes |
| POASM | Windows, Windows Mobile | No | Freeware | Yes | |
| TCCASM | Fabrice Bellard | Unix-like, Windows | Yes | GNU LGPL | Yes |
| Yasm[2] | DOS, Unix-like, Windows | Yes | BSD | No |
Z80 assemblers
| Assembler | Developer | Operating system | FOSS | License | Development active |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft MACRO-80 | Microsoft | CP/M, ISIS-II, TRSDOS, TEKDOS, MSX-DOS | No | Commercial | No |
| Zeus Assembler | Crystal Computing | No | Commercial | No | |
| z80asm | Unix-like, Windows | Yes | GNU GPL | No |
Other
| Assembler | Developer | FOSS | License | Instruction set | Host platform |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assembly Language for Multics (ALM) | Yes | MIT | GE-645 Honeywell 6180 |
GE-645 Honeywell 6180 | |
| The Macroassembler AS | Alfred Arnold | Free | 29xxx, AVR, 65816, ACE, F2MC-8L, F2MC-16L, HMCS400, 6301, 6309, H8/300(H), H8/500, SH7000 / SH7600 / SH7700, HuC6280, PPC403GA, 4004/4040, 8008, MCS-48, MCS-41, MCS-51, MCS-251, MCS-96/196/296, 8080/8085, 8086/80186, i960, CDP1802(A)/1804(A)/1805(A), LatticeMico8, PIC 16C5x, PIC 16C8x, PIC 17C42, MELPS-740, MELPS-7700, MELPS-4500, M16, M16C, 68000 (up to 68040), ColdFire, DSP56000, DSP56300, PowerPC 601/505, M-Core, 6800, 68HC11(K4), 6805, 68HC(S)08, 6809, 68HC12 incl. XGATE, 68HC16, 68RS08, SC/MP, INS807x, COP4, COP8, SC14xxx, µpD7720/7725, µpD77230, µpD78C1x, 75K0, 78K0, 78K2, 78K3, 78K4, V30/35, OLMS-40, OLMS-50, XA, 6502, (W)65(S)C02, 65C19, 80C382, 80C166/167, 2650, 8X30x, ST6, ST7, ST9, 6804, SYM53C8xx, TMS3201x, TMS320C2x, TMS320C20x, TMS320C3x, TMS320C4x, TMS320C5x, TMS320C54x, TMS320C6x, TMS7000, TMS9900, TMS370xxx, MSP430(X), TLCS-900, TLCS-90, TLCS-870, TLCS-47, TLCS-9000, TC9331, KCPSM/KCPSM3 ('PicoBlaze'), Z80, Z180, Z380, Z8, eZ8, MIL STD 1750 | Win32, DOS/DPMI, DOS (no longer maintained), OS/2 (no longer maintained), Linux | |
| Babbage | No | Proprietary | GEC 4000 series | GEC 4000 series | |
| COMPASS[3] | Control Data Corporation | No | Proprietary | CDC mainframe | CDC mainframe |
| MACRO-10 | Digital Equipment Corporation | Free | PDP-10 | PDP-10 | |
| MACRO-11 | Digital Equipment Corporation | Free | PDP-11 | PDP-11 | |
| vasm | Free | Zilog Z80, Motorola 6800 family | various | ||
| GPASM | James Bowman, Craig Franklin, David Barnett | Yes | GNU GPL | PIC microcontroller | many |
| MIPS | Free | MIPS | MIPS | ||
| Symbolic Optimal Assembly Program (SOAP) | No | Proprietary | IBM 650 | IBM 650 | |
| Technical Assembly System (TASS) | Free | IBM 650 | IBM 650 | ||
| Autocoder[4] | Free | IBM 705, 14xx, 1410, 7010, 7070, 7072, 7074, 7080 | various | ||
| Fortran Assembly Program (FAP) | Free | IBM 709, 704x, 709x | Fortran Monitor System, IBSYS | ||
| GCOS Macro Assembly Program (GMAP) | Free | GE-600 series, Honeywell 6000 series | GCOS | ||
| Macro Assembly Program (MAP) | Free | IBM 709, 704x, 709x | IBSYS/IBJOB on 709, 704x, 709x | ||
| Meta-Symbol | Free | SDS Sigma series | BTM, UTS, CP-V | ||
| Symbolic Assembly Program (SAP) | Free | IBM 704 | IBM 704 | ||
| Symbolic Programming System (SPS)[5] | Gary Mokotoff | Free | IBM 14xx, 1620, 1710 | IBM 1401, 1440, 1460, 1620, 1710 | |
| ASMB, ASBL, NSBL - Numeric op codes, used for 1900 Operating System Executive |
No | Proprietary | ICL 1900 | ICL 1900 | |
| GINerator mnemonic opcodes, used for GEORGE (operating system) |
No | Proprietary | ICL 1900 | ICL 1900 | |
| PLAN mnemonic opcodes, used for commercial 1900 programs |
No | Proprietary | ICL 1900 | ICL 1900 | |
| Single Address Assembly Language (SAAL) | Free | UNIVAC 1005 | UNIVAC 1005 | ||
| Sleuth | Free | UNIVAC 1107 | EXEC, EXEC II, EXEC 8 | ||
| Meta Assembler (MASM) | Free | UNIVAC 1100/2200 series | UNIVAC EXEC 8 | ||
| UTMOST | ‹See Tfd›? | UNIVAC III | UNIVAC III | ||
Notes and references
- The Yasm Modular Assembler Project
- The Yasm Modular Assembler Project
- COMPASS is a family of assemblers for disparate machines.
- Autocoder is actually a family of assemblers for disparate machines.
- SPS is actually a family of assemblers for disparate machines.
External links
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