Community-based participatory research

Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is a partnership approach to research that equitably involves community members, organizational representatives, researchers, and others in all aspects of the research process, with all partners in the process contributing expertise and sharing in the decision-making and ownership. The aim of CBPR is to increase knowledge and understanding of a given phenomenon and to integrate the knowledge gained with interventions for policy or social change benefiting the community members.[1]

There are many ways CBPR can be used to engage in the public sphere and a range of approaches that can encompass the process of engagement. There is some consensus in the way in which practitioners engage communities. This can range from initial engagement of the public to the empowering of communities that can lead to collective goals and social change. Engagement can include lower to higher levels of inclusion.[2] CBPR emphasizes the public engagement end of this spectrum in many cases.

History

The historical roots of CBPR generally trace back to the development of participatory action research by Kurt Lewin and Orlando Fals Borda, and the popular education movement in Latin America associated with Paulo Freire.[3][4]

A CBPR project starts with the community, which participates fully in all aspects of the research process.[5] Community is often self-defined, but general categories of community include geographic community, community of individuals with a common problem or issue, or a community of individuals with a common interest or goal. CBPR encourages collaboration of “formally trained research” partners from any area of expertise, provided that the researcher provides expertise that is seen as useful to the investigation by the community, and be fully committed to a partnership of equals and producing outcomes usable to the community.

Equitable partnerships require sharing power, resources, credit, results, and knowledge, as well as a reciprocal appreciation of each partner's knowledge and skills at each stage of the project, including problem definition/issue selection, research design, conducting research, interpreting the results, and determining how the results should be used for action. CBPR differs from traditional research in many ways. One of the principal ways in which it is different is that instead of creating knowledge for the advancement of a field or for knowledge's sake, CBPR is an iterative process, incorporating research, reflection, and action in a cyclical process.

Research

Scholarship in the area of CBPR is vast and spells out various approaches which consider multiple theoretical and methodological approaches.[6] The content areas include health,[7][8][9][10] ethnic studies,[11] bullying,[12] and indigenous communities.[13]

There is a lot of scholarship exploring how to teach students about CBPR or community based research (CBR). Some have taken what could be called a critical approach to this by emphasizing the “institutional power inequalities” in community based organization-university relationship building. There are successes and failures in using CBPR approaches in teaching which practitioners can consider.[14] Others have argued that community based work can provide several learning benefits with pros and cons to the various approaches.[15] Scholars continue to problematize approaches that can engage instructors and students in imagining ways to work with communities.[16][17][18]

Research challenges

Scholarship has explored the potential barriers to collecting community-based participatory research data. The CBPR approach is in line with the body of sociological work that advocates for “protagonist driven ethnography".[19] The approach provides for and demands that researchers collaborate with communities throughout the research process. However, challenges can surface given the power relationship between researcher and communities. The CBPR approach proposes that researchers be mindful of this possibility. The researcher can expect to spend a lot of time navigating and building the researcher-community relationship. Additionally, through CBPR researchers enable communities to hold them accountable to addressing ethical concerns inherent to collecting information from what are often marginalized communities. Sociologists have entered the discussion from the point of view of the ethnographer or participant observer where some have argued against "exoticizing the ghetto" or "cowboy ethnography".[20] These works could be read as a check on the scholar centered work that can emerge when collecting ethnographic or participant observation data. The perception of researchers is something to weigh when considering this approach or other forms of field work. One researcher stated that "Researchers are like mosquitoes; they suck your blood and leave.”[21] Through this lens a focus on a CBPR project at the exclusion of the community could harm the goals of co-learning and shared goal accomplishment.

Applications

Applications of community-based participatory research are more common in health promotions than other areas of research. Prevention, management, and awareness building about diabetes,[22] HIV/AIDS,[23] asthma,[24] cancer,[25] mental health, obesity,[26] and HPV vaccination[27] are few applications of CBPR studies. Research with the population from ethnic minorities and marginalized groups are often used CBPR approach for its strength in building trust, acceptance, and engagement of the community members.[28][29]

Resources

There are a number of institutions that provide funding and other resources for conducting CBPR work.[30] Organizations and institutions explore CBPR by focusing on youth,[31] communities, and social justice.[32] There are networks of professionals, researchers, and activists that present and collaborate on CBPR projects.[33][34]

References
  1. Israel, Barbara A.; Schulz, Amy J.; Parker, Edith A.; Becker, Adam B. (1998). "REVIEW OF COMMUNITY-BASED RESEARCH: Assessing Partnership Approaches to Improve Public Health". Annual Review of Public Health. 19: 173–202. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.19.1.173. PMID 9611617.
  2. "IAP2 Spectrum of Public Participation". www.bangthetable.com. Retrieved 2018-12-12.
  3. Wallerstein, N. and B. Duran (2003). The Conceptual, Historical and Practical Roots of Community Based Participatory Research and Related Participatory Traditions.
  4. Community Based Participatory Research for Health. M. Minkler and N. Wallerstein. San Francisco, Jossey Bass: 27-52
  5. Minkler and Wallerstein, ed. (2008). Community-Based Participatory Research for Health: From Process to Outcomes. ISBN 978-0-470-26043-2.
  6. Peralta, Karie Jo (2017-09-21), "Politics of Knowledge in Community-Based Work", Dimensions of Community-Based Projects in Health Care, Springer International Publishing, pp. 67–78, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-61557-8_6, ISBN 9783319615561
  7. Wilson, Elena (2018), "Community-Based Participatory Action Research", Handbook of Research Methods in Health Social Sciences, Springer Singapore, pp. 1–15, doi:10.1007/978-981-10-2779-6_87-1, ISBN 9789811027796
  8. Jenkins, Richard A. (2007). "Editorial: Challenges in Engaging Community Participation in HIV Prevention Research". Progress in Community Health Partnerships: Research, Education, and Action. 1 (2): 117–119. doi:10.1353/cpr.2007.0009. ISSN 1557-055X. PMID 20208229. S2CID 23458609.
  9. Jenkins, Richard A. (2007). "Editorial: Challenges in Engaging Community Participation in HIV Prevention Research". Progress in Community Health Partnerships: Research, Education, and Action. 1 (2): 117–119. doi:10.1353/cpr.2007.0009. PMID 20208229. S2CID 23458609.
  10. Aguado Loi, Claudia X.; Alfonso, Moya L.; Chan, Isabella; Anderson, Kelsey; Tyson, Dinorah (Dina) Martinez; Gonzales, Junius; Corvin, Jaime (2017). "Application of mixed-methods design in community-engaged research: Lessons learned from an evidence-based intervention for Latinos with chronic illness and minor depression". Evaluation and Program Planning. 63: 29–38. doi:10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2016.12.010. PMID 28343021.
  11. "Sociology in Action: Nancy López". American Sociological Association. 2018-02-14. Retrieved 2018-12-13.
  12. Gibson, Jennifer E.; Flaspohler, Paul D.; Watts, Vanessa (2015). "Engaging Youth in Bullying Prevention Through Community-Based Participatory Research". Family & Community Health. 38 (1): 120–130. doi:10.1097/FCH.0000000000000048. PMID 25423250.
  13. Castleden, Heather; Garvin, Theresa; First Nation, Huu-ay-aht (2008). "Modifying Photovoice for community-based participatory Indigenous research". Social Science & Medicine. 66 (6): 1393–1405. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.11.030. ISSN 0277-9536. PMID 18191883.
  14. Marullo, Sam; Moayedi, Roxanna; Cooke, Deanna (2009). "C. Wright Mills's Friendly Critique of Service Learning and an Innovative Response: Cross-Institutional Collaborations for Community-Based Research". Teaching Sociology. 37 (1): 61–75. doi:10.1177/0092055X0903700106. S2CID 144172245.
  15. Mooney, Linda A.; Edwards, Bob (2001). "Experiential Learning in Sociology: Service Learning and Other Community-Based Learning Initiatives". Teaching Sociology. 29 (2): 181. doi:10.2307/1318716. JSTOR 1318716.
  16. Petersen, James C.; Dukes, Duane; Van Valey, Thomas L. (2008). "Alternative Futures for Applied Sociology". Journal of Applied Social Science. 2 (2): 77–84. doi:10.1177/193672440800200208. S2CID 143001168.
  17. Peterson, James C., Thomas L Van Valey, and Duane Dukes. "The Challenge of Teaching Applied Sociology". Essay published in TRAILS: Teaching Resources and Innovations Library for Sociology.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. "Journal of Applied Social Science". SAGE Journals. Retrieved 2018-12-24.
  19. Cobb, Jessica Shannon; Hoang, Kimberly Kay (2015). "Protagonist-Driven Urban Ethnography". City & Community. 14 (4): 348–351. doi:10.1111/cico.12136.
  20. Small, Mario L. (2015). "De-Exoticizing Ghetto Poverty: On the Ethics of Representation in Urban Ethnography". City & Community. 14 (4): 352–358. doi:10.1111/cico.12137.
  21. Cochran, Patricia A. L.; Marshall, Catherine A.; Garcia-Downing, Carmen; Kendall, Elizabeth; Cook, Doris; McCubbin, Laurie; Gover, Reva Mariah S. (2008). "Indigenous Ways of Knowing: Implications for Participatory Research and Community". American Journal of Public Health. 98 (1): 22–27. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2006.093641. PMC 2156045. PMID 18048800.
  22. Kitzman, Heather; Dodgen, Leilani; Mamun, Abdullah; Slater, J. Lee; King, George; Slater, Donna; King, Alene; Mandapati, Surendra; DeHaven, Mark (November 2017). "Community-based participatory research to design a faith-enhanced diabetes prevention program: The Better Me Within randomized trial". Contemporary Clinical Trials. 62: 77–90. doi:10.1016/j.cct.2017.08.003. PMC 5641253. PMID 28807739.
  23. Rhodes, Scott D.; Malow, Robert M.; Jolly, Christine (June 2010). "Community-Based Participatory Research: A New and Not-So-New Approach to HIV/AIDS Prevention, Care, and Treatment". AIDS Education and Prevention. 22 (3): 173–183. doi:10.1521/aeap.2010.22.3.173. PMC 3282157. PMID 20528127.
  24. Corburn, Jason (April 2002). "Combining community-based research and local knowledge to confront asthma and subsistence-fishing hazards in Greenpoint/Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York". Environmental Health Perspectives. 110 (suppl 2): 241–248. doi:10.1289/ehp.02110s2241. PMC 1241169. PMID 11929734.
  25. Simonds, Vanessa W.; Wallerstein, Nina; Duran, Bonnie; Villegas, Malia (16 May 2013). "Community-Based Participatory Research: Its Role in Future Cancer Research and Public Health Practice". Preventing Chronic Disease. 10: E78. doi:10.5888/pcd10.120205. ISSN 1545-1151. PMC 3666975. PMID 23680507.
  26. Ortiz, Kasim; Nash, Jacob; Shea, Logan; Oetzel, John; Garoutte, Justin; Sanchez-Youngman, Shannon; Wallerstein, Nina (2020-04-02). "Partnerships, Processes, and Outcomes: A Health Equity–Focused Scoping Meta-Review of Community-Engaged Scholarship". Annual Review of Public Health. 41 (1): 177–199. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094220. ISSN 0163-7525.
  27. Barbee, Lindley; Kobetz, Erin; Menard, Janelle; Cook, Nicole; Blanco, Jenny; Barton, Betsy; Auguste, Pascale; McKenzie, Nathalie (1 March 2010). "Assessing the acceptability of self-sampling for HPV among Haitian immigrant women: CBPR in action". Cancer Causes & Control. 21 (3): 421–431. doi:10.1007/s10552-009-9474-0. ISSN 1573-7225. PMID 19943103. S2CID 23852001.
  28. Tobias, Joshua K.; Richmond, Chantelle A. M.; Luginaah, Isaac (1 April 2013). "Community-Based Participatory Research (Cbpr) with Indigenous Communities: Producing Respectful and Reciprocal Research". Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics. 8 (2): 129–140. doi:10.1525/jer.2013.8.2.129. PMID 23651937. S2CID 29551009.
  29. Nguyen, Tung T.; McPhee, Stephen J.; Bui-Tong, Ngoc; Luong, Thien-Nhien; Ha-Iaconis, Tuyet; Nguyen, Thoa; Wong, Ching; Lai, Ky Q.; Lam, Hy (11 May 2006). "Community-Based Participatory Research Increases Cervical Cancer Screening among Vietnamese-Americans". Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 17 (2): 31–54. doi:10.1353/hpu.2006.0078. ISSN 1548-6869. S2CID 201754502.
  30. "Collaborations: A Journal of Community-based Research and Practice | University of Miami". scholarlyrepository.miami.edu. Retrieved 2019-07-29.
  31. "Learn About YPAR | YPAR Hub". Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  32. "Community Psychology, Social Justice Through Collaborative Research and Action". Community Psychology. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  33. "Sociology". Urban Research Network. 2013-09-17. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  34. "Public Practices of Sociology". Public Practices of Sociology. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
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