Common drain

In electronics, a common-drain amplifier, also known as a source follower, is one of three basic single-stage field effect transistor (FET) amplifier topologies, typically used as a voltage buffer. In this circuit (NMOS) the gate terminal of the transistor serves as the input, the source is the output, and the drain is common to both (input and output), hence its name. The analogous bipolar junction transistor circuit is the common-collector amplifier. This circuit is also commonly called a "stabilizer."

In addition, this circuit is used to transform impedances. For example, the Thévenin resistance of a combination of a voltage follower driven by a voltage source with high Thévenin resistance is reduced to only the output resistance of the voltage follower (a small resistance). That resistance reduction makes the combination a more ideal voltage source. Conversely, a voltage follower inserted between a driving stage and a high load (i.e. a low resistance) presents an infinite resistance (low load) to the driving stage—an advantage in coupling a voltage signal to a large load.

Characteristics

Basic N-channel JFET source follower circuit (neglecting biasing details).

At low frequencies, the source follower pictured at right has the following small signal characteristics.[1]

	Definition	Expression	Approximate expression	Conditions
Current gain	${\displaystyle {A_{\mathrm {i} }}={i_{\mathrm {out} } \over i_{\mathrm {in} }}}$	${\displaystyle \infty \ }$	${\displaystyle \infty \ }$
Voltage gain	${\displaystyle {A_{\mathrm {v} }}={v_{\mathrm {out} } \over v_{\mathrm {in} }}}$	${\displaystyle {\frac {g_{m}R_{\text{S}}}{g_{m}R_{\text{S}}+1}}}$	${\displaystyle \approx 1}$	${\displaystyle (g_{m}R_{\text{S}}\gg 1)}$
Input impedance	${\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {in} }={\frac {v_{in}}{i_{in}}}}$	${\displaystyle \infty \ }$	${\displaystyle \infty \ }$
Output impedance	${\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {out} }={\frac {v_{out}}{i_{out}}}}$	${\displaystyle R_{\text{S}}\|{\frac {1}{g_{m}}}={\frac {R_{\text{S}}}{g_{m}R_{\text{S}}+1}}}$	${\displaystyle \approx {\frac {1}{g_{m}}}}$	${\displaystyle (g_{m}R_{S}\gg 1)}$

The variable g_m that is not listed in the schematic is the transconductance of the device (usually given in units of siemens).

See also

• Negative feedback amplifier
• Buffer amplifier
• Two-port networks
• Hybrid-pi model
• Common collector
• Common emitter
• Common base
• Common source
• Common gate
• Emitter degeneration

References

1. Common Drain Amplifier or Source Follower—Circuit analysis, low frequency, high frequency, and impedance calculations.