Colpocephalum

Colpocephalum is a genus of chewing louse.[5] Christian Ludwig Nitzsch named the genus in 1818. The Plenary Powers of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature selected Colpocephalum zebra Burmeister, 1838 as its type species in the 1950s. There are approximately 135 species in this genus, and they are ectoparasites of birds in at least a dozen different orders.

Colpocephalum
C. scopinum (2 ♂; 4 ♀)
C. fregili (♀; ♂)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Phthiraptera
Family: Menoponidae
Genus: Colpocephalum
Nitzsch, 1818[1]
Type species
Colpocephalum zebra[2]
Synonyms[4]:16
  • Ferrisia Uchida, 1926 (not Fullaway, 1923)
  • Neocolpocephalum Ewing, 1933
  • Corvocolpocephalum Conci, 1942
  • Liothella Eichler, 1947
  • Pelecanigogus Eichler, 1949
  • Galliferrisia Ansari, 1951

Taxonomic history and the type species
Redi's 1671 plate. Nitzsch gave the name L. (C.) ochraceum to the species illustrated on the top.

Colpocephalum was circumscribed by Christian Ludwig Nitzsch in 1818. Nitzsch classified this taxon as a subgenus of the genus Liotheum. He included four species, which in his taxonomy were called L. (C.) zebra, L. (C.) flavescens, L. (C.) subaequale, and L. (C.) ochraceum.[1] The first three species were nomina nuda; only the last was accompanied with an indication to a previously-published illustration, namely a 17th-century illustration by Francesco Redi.[6][7] He wrote the indication as "Pulex avis pluvialis Redi exp. fig. sup."[1] In order to keep this name valid, Theresa Clay and George Henry Evans Hopkins restricted Carl Linnaeus's 1758 name Pediculus charadrii to only the bottom figure of Redi's plate.[8][9] Strictly applying the ICZN Code, the type species should have been Liotheum (Colpocephalum) ochraceum, as it was the only available name included in the original circumscription.[2]:278

However, in 1906, Louis Georges Neumann designated "Liotheum (Colpocephalum) zebra Nitzsch" as the type species for this taxon instead.[10] Other phthirapterists followed Neumann's designation. In 1948, Hopkins petitioned the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) to officially allow this species to remain the genus's type species instead of "Liotheum (Colpocephalum) ochraceum; this was published in 1951.[11][2]:275, 279 Hopkins also notes that L. (C.) ochraceum is congeneric with Colpocephalum uniseriatum Piaget, 1880, the type species of Actornithophilus, which would further complicate the situation.[2]:278–279 As the species C. zebra only became valid with Hermann Burmeister's species description of Colpocephalum zebra in 1838,[3][2]:276 he requested that the Plenary Powers of the ICZN designate Colpocephalum zebra Burmeister, 1838 as the type species of Colpocephalum in order to "avoid disastrous confusion."[2]:279

Prior to petitioning the ICZN, Hopkins asked other experts in Mallophaga for their opinion on this matter. He received support from W. Büttiker, T. Clay, W. Eichler, K. C. Emerson, L. R. Guimarães, W. J. Jellison, S. v. Kéler, R. Meinertzhagen, E. O'Mahony, G. B. Thompson and F. L. Werneck; he received opposition from J. Bequaert and J. E. Webb, who both opposed the use of Plenary Powers in general.[11]:59 Later support came from Ernst Mayr.[12][2]:285 In 1952, the ICZN voted 17 to 0 in favor of Hopkins's proposal. The members of the commission who voted affirmatively were, in the order their ballots were received, N. D. Riley, E. M. Hering, W. T. Calman, J. R. Dymond, B. Hankó, P. B. Bonnet, H. E. Vokes, A. do Amaral, J. Pearson, J. C. Bradley, F. Hemming, T. Esaki, H. Lemche, R. Mertens, Á. Cabrera, N. R. Stoll, and H. Boschma. A ballot was not received from T. Jaczewski, the remaining member of the commission.[2]:286 The decision was published as part of Opinion 342 in 1955.[2]

Biology

Species in this genus parasitize birds of at least 13 orders, including:

External video
Video (.mov; 9.5 MB; 31 sec) of "highly mobile" C. turbinatum on a Galápagos hawk wing[26]

Colpocephalum species are examples of "rapid running l[ice]".[27] C. turbinatum, an ectoparasite of various birds including the Galápagos hawk,[4][17]:754–757 has been described as "highly mobile".[26] Due to their speed, they can easily escape a bird trying to remove them through preening; this allows them to inhabit birds' breast, anal, and back regions, where slower lice would be readily removed.[27]

Colpocephalum species eat feathers; pigeons with large infestations of C. turbinatum can have almost all of their vent region feathers' fluff eaten.[28] High numbers of Colpocephalum can also damage a pigeon's flight feathers and decrease their flying power.[29] Colpocephalum lice can live within flight feathers' quills.[30][29] In addition to eating feathers, C. turbinatum consume their hosts' skin.[31] Adults of this species have also been reported to engage in cannibalism in laboratory colonies, eating their own eggs and up to 80% of their nymphs.[32]

Species

The genus has approximately 135 species, including:[5]

  • Colpocephalum californici † Price & Beer, 1963
  • Colpocephalum cooki Price & Beer, 1965
  • Colpocephalum falconii Carriker, 1963
  • Colpocephalum fregili Denny, 1842
  • Colpocephalum pectinatum Osborn, 1902
  • Colpocephalum scopinum Mjöberg, 1910
  • Colpocephalum subzerafae Tendeiro, 1988
  • Colpocephalum turbinatum Denny, 1842
  • Colpocephalum zebra Burmeister, 1838
  • Colpocephalum zerafae Ansari, 1955

References
  1. Nitzsch, Chr. L. (1818). "Die Familien und Gattungen der Thierinsekten (insecta epizoica); als Prodromus einer Naturgeschichte derselben". Magazin der Entomologie. 3: 298–299.
  2. Hemming, Francis, ed. (1955). "Opinion 342. Designation, under the Plenary Powers, of type species for the nominal genera Lipeurus Nitzsch, 1818, Colpocephalum Nitzsch, 1818, and Gyropus Nitzsch, 1818 (Class Insecta, Order Mallophaga) in harmony with current nomenclatorial practice". Opinions and Declarations Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 10 (9): 271–298.
  3. Burmeister, Hermann (1838). Kaukerfe. Gymnognatha. (Erste Hälfte; vulgo Orthoptera.). Handbuch der Entomologie. 2. Berlin: Theod. Chr. Friedr. Enslin. p. 438.
  4. Palma, Ricardo L.; Peck, Stewart B. (2013). An annotated checklist of parasitic lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) from the Galápagos Islands. Zootaxa. 3627. pp. 18–19. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3627.1.1. ISBN 978-1-77557-126-1. PMID 25325090.
  5. "Colpocephalum Nitzsch, C.L.". phthiraptera.info. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  6. Redi, Francesco (1668). Esperienze intorno alla generaziones degl'insetti. Firenze: Stella. Tav. 11, left figure.
  7. Redi, Francisci (1671). Experimenta circa generationem insectorvm. Amstelodamum: Andreae Frisii. Tab. XI, left figure.
  8. Clay, Theresa; Hopkins, G. H. E. (1950). "The Early Literature on Mallophaga (Part I, 1758–1762)". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). 1 (3): 253–255. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.27230.
  9. Clay, Theresa; Hopkins, G. H. E. (1960). "The Early Literature on Mallophaga (Part IV, 1789–1818)". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology. 9 (1): 45.
  10. Neumann, G. (1906). "Notes sur les Mallophages". Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France. 31: 58.
  11. Hopkins, G. H. E. (1951). "Proposed use of the plenary powers to designate type species for the genera Lipeuris Nitzsch, 1818, Colpocephalium Nitzsch, 1818, and Gyropus Nitzsch, 1818 (class Insecta, order Mallophaga) in harmony with the generally accepted use of those names". The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 6 (2): 54–60. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.15984.
  12. Mayr, Ernst (1951). "Support for the proposal relating to the generic names Lipeurus, Colpocephalum, Gyropus and Eureum, all of Nitsch, 1818 (class Insecta, order Mallophaga)". The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 6 (7): 210.
  13. Girisgin, Ahmet Onur; Dik, Bilal; Girisgin, Oya (2013). "Chewing lice (Phthiraptera) species of wild birds in northwestern Turkey with a new host record". International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife. 2: 217–221. doi:10.1016/j.ijppaw.2013.07.001. PMC 3862523. PMID 24533339.
  14. Price, Roger D.; Beer, James R. (1965). "The Colpocephalum (Mallophaga: Menoponidae) of the Ciconiiformes" (PDF). Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 58 (1): 111–131. doi:10.1093/aesa/58.1.111. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-08. Retrieved 2017-10-31.
  15. Naz, Saima; Sychra, Oldrich; Rizvi, Syed Anser (2012). "New records and a new species of chewing lice (Phthiraptera, Amblycera, Ischnocera) found on Columbidae (Columbiformes) in Pakistan". ZooKeys (174): 79–93. doi:10.3897/zookeys.174.2717. PMC 3307356. PMID 22451786.
  16. Price, Roger D. (1968). "The Colpocephalum of the Cuculiformes". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 61 (4): 816–819. doi:10.1093/aesa/61.4.816.
  17. Price, Roger D.; Beer, James R. (1963). "Species of Colpocephalum (Mallophaga: Menoponidae) Parasitic upon the Falconiformes" (PDF). The Canadian Entomologist. 95 (7): 731–763. doi:10.4039/Ent95731-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2017-10-31.
  18. Price, Roger D.; Beer, James R. (1964). "Species of Colpocephalum (Mallophaga: Menoponidae) Parasitic upon the Galliformes" (PDF). Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 57 (4): 391–402. doi:10.1093/aesa/57.4.391. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-11-08. Retrieved 2017-11-08.
  19. Price, Roger D. (1968). "Two New Species of Colpocephalum (Mallophaga: Menoponidae) from the Gruiformes". The Journal of Parasitology. 54 (4): 686–689. doi:10.2307/3277020. JSTOR 3277020.
  20. Halajian, A.; Sychra, O.; Luus-Powell, W.; Engelbrecht, D.; Papousek, I. (2014). "An Annotated Checklist of Amblyceran Chewing Lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera) from Wild Passerine Birds (Passeriformes) in South Africa" (PDF). African Entomology. 22 (4): 762–778. doi:10.4001/003.022.0414.
  21. Price, Roger D. (1967). "The Colpocephalum (Mallophaga: Menoponidae) of the Pelecaniformes". The Canadian Entomologist. 99 (3): 273–280. doi:10.4039/Ent99273-3.
  22. Price, Roger D.; Emerson, K. C. (1974). "A New Species of Colpocephalum (Mallophaga: Menoponidae) from an Indian Flamingo". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 47 (1): 63–66. JSTOR 25082622.
  23. Price, Roger D. (1964). "Colpocephalum (Mallophaga: Menoponidae) from the Piciformes". Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 72 (3): 162–167. JSTOR 25005912.
  24. Price, Roger D. (1967). "A New Species of Colpocephalum (Mallophaga: Menoponidae) from the Kea" (PDF). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 40 (1): 9–12. JSTOR 25083591. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-11-08. Retrieved 2017-11-07.
  25. Price, Roger D.; Beer, James R. (1963). "The Species of Colpocephalum (Mallophaga: Menoponidae) Known to Occur on the Strigiformes". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 36 (1): 58–64. JSTOR 25083305.
  26. Whiteman, Noah K.; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Parker, Patricia G. (2007). "Co-phylogeography and comparative population genetics of the threatened Galápagos hawk and three ectoparasite species: ecology shapes population histories within parasite communities" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 16 (22): 4773, S1. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03512.x. PMID 18028178.
  27. Peters, Harold S. (1928). "Mallophaga from Ohio Birds" (PDF). Ohio Journal of Science. 28 (4): 218. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2017-11-07.
  28. Nelson, B.C.; Murray, M.D. (1971). "The distribution of mallophaga on the domestic pigeon (Columba livia)". International Journal for Parasitology. 1 (1): 27. doi:10.1016/0020-7519(71)90042-7.
  29. Naz, S.; Rizvi, S. A.; Sychra, O. (2010). "The high rate of infestation of chewing lice (Phthiraptera) in Rock Pigeons (Columba livia Gmelin 1789) in Pakistan". Tropical Zoology. 23 (1): 21–28. ISSN 1970-9528.
  30. Durden, Lance A.; Lloyd, John E. (2009). "Lice (Phthiraptera)". In Mullen, Gary R.; Durden, Lance A. (eds.). Medical and Veterinary Entomology (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-12-372500-4.
  31. Parker, Patricia G.; Whiteman, Noah Kerness; Miller, R. Eric (2006). "Conservation Medicine on the Galápagos Islands: Partnerships among Behavioral, Population, and Veterinary Scientists". The Auk. 123 (3): 625–638. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[625:CMOTGI]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 4090543.
  32. Nelson, Bernard C. (1971). "Successful Rearing of Colpocephalum turbinatum (Phthiraptera)". Letters to Editor. Nature New Biology. 232 (34): 255. doi:10.1038/newbio232255a0. PMID 5286198.

Further reading
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