Climate of Melbourne

Melbourne, the state capital of Victoria and second largest city in Australia, has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb)[1][2] and is well known for its changeable weather conditions. This is mainly due to Melbourne's geographical location. This temperature differential is most pronounced in the spring and summer months and can cause strong cold fronts to form. These cold fronts can be responsible for all sorts of severe weather from gales to severe thunderstorms and hail, minor temperature drops, and heavy rain.

Summer rain over Melbourne, taken from Brighton
Winter fog over the Melbourne city centre

Overview

Port Phillip is often warmer than the surrounding oceans and/or the land mass, particularly in spring and autumn; this can set up a "bay effect" similar to the "lake effect" seen in colder climates where showers are intensified leeward of the bay. Relatively narrow streams of heavy showers can often affect the same places (usually the eastern suburbs) for an extended period, while the rest of Melbourne and surrounds stays dry. Overall, Melbourne is, owing to the rain shadow of the Otway Ranges, nonetheless drier than average for southern Victoria. Within the city and surrounds, however, rainfall varies widely, from around 425 millimetres (17 in) at Little River to 1,250 millimetres (49 in) on the eastern fringe at Gembrook.

Despite its relative dryness, Melbourne has 139 days of rain per year on the 0.2mm threshold, meaning that its precipitation falls as drizzle or in light rain form, which frequently occur in the winter months, rather than heavy downpours (such as those generally experienced in Sydney, Brisbane and Perth).[3] Also, it receives only 48.6 clear days annually, making it the cloudiest capital city in Australia, and it has 180 overcast days annually, with 54 more cloudy days than Queenscliff to the south of the city, and 19 more than Mount Buller to the north. In comparison, Brisbane has 42 cloudy days annually, Sydney 134 and Hobart 174. According to the Bureau of Meteorology senior forecaster, Terry Ryan, the excess cloud over is caused by a meteorological phenomena known as "anti-cyclonic gloom", where high-pressure systems in winter to the city's north and west conjure a layer of warm air at a high altitude, which hold moisture from Bass Strait. The cloudiest month in Melbourne is May, with an average of 18 cloudy days, followed by July, June and August.[4]

Melbourne is also prone to isolated convective showers forming when a cold pool crosses the state, especially if there is considerable daytime heating. These showers are often heavy and can contain hail and squalls and significant drops in temperature, but they pass through very quickly at times with a rapid clearing trend to sunny and relatively calm weather and the temperature rising back to what it was before the shower. This often occurs in the space of minutes and can be repeated many times in a day, giving Melbourne a reputation for having "four seasons in one day",[5] a phrase that is part of a local popular culture and familiar to many visitors to the city.[6] Dewpoint temperatures in the summer range from 9.5 °C (49.1 °F) to 11.7 °C (53.1 °F).[7] The city experiences little humidity in summer, except at the end of hot spells following thunderstorms and rain.[8]

Recorded extremes (From Melbourne Regional Office):

  • Hottest temperature: 46.4 °C (115.5 °F), 7 February 2009
  • Coldest temperature: −2.8 °C (27.0 °F), 21 July 1869
  • Hottest Minimum: 30.5 °C (86.9 °F), 1 February 1902
  • Coldest Maximum: 4.4 °C (39.9 °F), 4 July 1901
  • Wettest month: 238.2 mm (9.38 in), February 1972
  • Wettest 24 hours: 113.4 mm (4.46 in), 3 February 2005

Summer
Summer flooding in the suburb of Narre Warren, February 2011

Melbourne summers are notable for occasional days of extreme heat, which have increased in frequency since 2005.[7] This occurs when the synoptic pattern is conducive to the transportation of very hot air from central Australia over to the south-east corner of the continent. The inland deserts of Australia are amongst the hottest areas on earth, particularly the inland parts of north-west Australia.

Every summer, intense heat builds starting in the Pilbara district of Western Australia around October/November and spreading widely over the tropical and subtropical inland parts of the continent by January. In the summer months, the southern part of the continent straddles the westerly wind belt to the south and the subtropical high-pressure ridge to the north. The intense heat buildup occurs where high pressure is highly dominant in the upper levels of the atmosphere over the tropics and subtropics of Australia in summer allowing for a huge area of stable atmospheric conditions to predominate.

On occasion, a strong cold front will develop in summer and bring the westerlies further north than their mean summer position. On these occasions, north-west winds will develop ahead of the cold front's passage and sometimes these can be very strong, even gale force. When this occurs the hot air from the inland is dragged right down over south-east Australia, occasionally even as far as southern Tasmania.

As this air mass is carried entirely over the continental land mass it remains unmodified, i.e. it does not pick up additional moisture from a body of water and retains most if not all of its heat. On these occasions, the normally temperate parts of southern Victoria, including Melbourne, can experience the full fury of the desert climate albeit only briefly as the cold front responsible usually passes through relatively quickly afterwards allowing cool southerly winds from the southern ocean to replace the hot desert air. The highest temperature recorded in Melbourne city was 46.4 °C (115.5 °F), on 7 February 2009.[9]

Winter

Winters in Melbourne are cool with moderate rainfall. The lowest temperature on record is −2.8 °C (27.0 °F), on 21 July 1869.[10] Snowfall is very rare: the most recent occurrence of snow in the Central Business District was on 25 June 1986 and the most recent snowfalls in the outer eastern suburbs and Mount Dandenong were on 11 August 2019.[11][12][13] More commonly, Melbourne experiences frosts and fog in winter.

Climate statistics
Climate data for Melbourne City
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 45.6
(114.1)		 46.4
(115.5)		 41.7
(107.1)		 34.9
(94.8)		 28.7
(83.7)		 22.4
(72.3)		 23.3
(73.9)		 26.5
(79.7)		 31.4
(88.5)		 36.9
(98.4)		 40.9
(105.6)		 46.4
(115.5)		 46.4
(115.5)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 39.2
(102.6)		 37.9
(100.2)		 34.7
(94.5)		 29.0
(84.2)		 22.8
(73.0)		 18.2
(64.8)		 17.6
(63.7)		 20.5
(68.9)		 24.8
(76.6)		 29.5
(85.1)		 34.0
(93.2)		 35.0
(95.0)		 40.5
(104.9)
Average high °C (°F) 26.3
(79.3)		 26.6
(79.9)		 24.4
(75.9)		 21.0
(69.8)		 17.5
(63.5)		 14.8
(58.6)		 14.2
(57.6)		 15.7
(60.3)		 17.7
(63.9)		 20.1
(68.2)		 22.6
(72.7)		 24.4
(75.9)		 20.4
(68.7)
Average low °C (°F) 15.6
(60.1)		 16.0
(60.8)		 14.5
(58.1)		 11.8
(53.2)		 9.8
(49.6)		 7.9
(46.2)		 7.1
(44.8)		 7.8
(46.0)		 9.2
(48.6)		 10.6
(51.1)		 12.6
(54.7)		 14.1
(57.4)		 11.4
(52.5)
Mean minimum °C (°F) 9.5
(49.1)		 9.6
(49.3)		 7.7
(45.9)		 5.3
(41.5)		 3.2
(37.8)		 1.5
(34.7)		 0.9
(33.6)		 1.5
(34.7)		 2.8
(37.0)		 4.2
(39.6)		 6.3
(43.3)		 9.6
(49.3)		 0.2
(32.4)
Record low °C (°F) 5.5
(41.9)		 4.5
(40.1)		 2.8
(37.0)		 1.5
(34.7)		 −1.1
(30.0)		 −2.2
(28.0)		 −2.8
(27.0)		 −2.1
(28.2)		 −0.5
(31.1)		 0.1
(32.2)		 2.5
(36.5)		 4.4
(39.9)		 −2.8
(27.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 45.1
(1.78)		 39.9
(1.57)		 40.7
(1.60)		 50.2
(1.98)		 46.5
(1.83)		 46.5
(1.83)		 44.7
(1.76)		 50.5
(1.99)		 52.9
(2.08)		 58.5
(2.30)		 63.1
(2.48)		 64.1
(2.52)		 602.6
(23.72)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0mm) 8.7 6.6 9.3 10.5 12.2 13.5 14.4 15.3 14.0 13.3 11.3 15.3 139.1
Average relative humidity (%) 47 47 49 51 58 62 60 54 51 48 48 60 52
Average dew point °C (°F) 11.2
(52.2)		 11.6
(52.9)		 10.3
(50.5)		 8.4
(47.1)		 7.7
(45.9)		 6.5
(43.7)		 5.3
(41.5)		 4.7
(40.5)		 5.3
(41.5)		 6.2
(43.2)		 8.0
(46.4)		 11.6
(52.9)		 7.9
(46.2)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 272.8 228.8 226.3 186.0 142.6 123.0 136.4 167.4 186.0 226.3 225.0 123.0 2,384.1
Source: Bureau of Meteorology.[14][15][16]
Average Ultraviolet index
Month January February March April May June July August September October November December Year
Average Ultraviolet index 11 10 7 4 2 1 1 3 4 7 9 13 5.8
Source: Bureau of Meteorology (UV index)[23]

See also

References
  1. Tapper, Andrew; Tapper, Nigel (1996). Gray, Kathleen (ed.). The weather and climate of Australia and New Zealand (First ed.). Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press. p. 300. ISBN 978-0-19-553393-4.
  2. Linacre, Edward; Geerts, Bart (1997). Climates and Weather Explained. London: Routledge. p. 379. ISBN 978-0-415-12519-2.
  3. Perth rainfall is higher than Melbourne, Hobart, London despite reputation for sunny beaches By Irena Ceranic from ABC News Australia, 24 April 2018
  4. Clouds 'R' us — proudly Melbourne, The Age, Andrew Bock, June 26, 2006. Retrieved 6 April 2020
  5. "Melbourne Regional Office". Climate statistics for Australian locations. Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 9 November 2010.
  6. "Welcome to Melbourne". City of Melbourne. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 18 July 2008.
  7. "Melbourne Regional Office". Climate statistics for Australian locations. Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  8. "Melbourne Climate/Weather". MelbourneAustralia.org. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  9. "Monthly climate statistics". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
  10. "Bureau of Meteorology - Climate Data Online". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  11. "Children make a snowman". ABC news. 11 August 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  12. "Snow falls in Melbourne". Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax. 10 August 2005. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
  13. "Snow in Victoria". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
  14. "Climate statistics for MELBOURNE REGIONAL OFFICE". Climate statistics for Australian locations. Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
  15. "Highest Temperature - 086071". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
  16. "Lowest Temperature - 086071". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
  17. "MOUNT DANDENONG GTV9". Climate statistics for Australian locations. Bureau of Meteorology. May 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
  18. "Laverton RAAF". Climate statistics for Australian locations. Bureau of Meteorology. February 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
  19. "Melbourne Airport". Climate statistics for Australian locations. Bureau of Meteorology. February 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
  20. "Daily maximum temperature - Melbourne Airport". www.bom.gov.au. Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  21. "Essendon Airport". Climate statistics for Australian locations. Bureau of Meteorology. January 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
  22. "Mornington". Climate statistics for Australian locations. Bureau of Meteorology. February 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
  23. "Average solar ultraviolet (UV) Index". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
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