Climate of Houston

The climate of Houston is classified as humid subtropical climate, with tropical influences. August normally ranks as the warmest month at 94.5 °F (34.7 °C) and January the coldest month at 42.2 °F (5.7 °C).[1]

Houston
Climate chart (explanation)
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Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Source: NOAA

The normal annual precipitation measures 49.77 inches (1,264 mm). Rainfall is ample throughout the year, though dry spells do occur. Severe weather of Houston mostly takes the form of flooding, which occurs most commonly in the months of May to October, which is the city's wet season. Supercell thunderstorms sometimes bring tornadoes to the area, most commonly during spring. Houston sometimes experiences tropical cyclones during the Atlantic hurricane season, which can bring heavy rain and significant damage to the city. The last hurricane to hit was Hurricane Harvey in 2017.

Seasonal observation

See or edit raw graph data.

Temperature-wise the city (and much of Southeast Texas) has four distinct seasons (Summer, Spring, Fall, Winter), but weather wise the city has only two seasons (rainy and dry). The wet season lasts from April/May to September/October, the dry season lasts from November/December to March/April. However during El Nino or La Nina years the wet and dry season can often either last longer than usual or be delayed.

Summer

June through August in Houston is very hot and humid, often with scattered afternoon showers and thunderstorms. At George Bush Intercontinental Airport, the normal daily high temperature peaks at 95.0 °F (35.0 °C) on 5–12 August,[1] with a normal of 102.4 days per year at or above 90 °F (32 °C) and 3.5 days per year at or above 100 °F (38 °C).[1] The average relative humidity ranges from over 90 percent in the morning to around 60 percent in the afternoon.[6] Summer temperatures in Houston are very similar to average temperatures seen in tropical climates, such as in the Philippines and Central America.[7] The value of relative humidity results in a heat index higher than the actual temperature.[8] The highest temperature ever recorded at George Bush Intercontinental Airport was 109 °F (43 °C) on September 4, 2000[9] and on August 27, 2011.[10] On June 29, 2013, the temperature at George Bush Intercontinental Airport reached 107 °F (42 °C), the highest ever recorded in June.[11] Heat stroke can strike people who stay outdoors for long periods of time during the summer, making hydration essential for outdoor work and recreational activity.[12] The 2014 summer season did not yield 100+ degree weather in response to the monsoon-esque rainfall during late June to August, during a period where the Pacific Coast off Central America was heating up, which evolved into the 2014–16 El Nino event - this cycle was also observed between 1971–76, during post-El Nino intervals.

[13] Because of the high temperatures that persist in the months of April through October, most indoor workers in Houston spend the hottest part of the day in an air-conditioned environment. After World War II, air conditioning stimulated the growth of Houston, and was called the most air-conditioned city in the world in 1950.[14]

Autumn

Autumn in Houston is warm, with temperatures averaging in the upper 60s to lower 80s °F (20-28 °C) during the day and in the 40s to lower 60s °F (10-17 °C) at night.[15] Cool fronts that move through the region during the fall can bring rain. Hurricanes can move into the area from the Gulf of Mexico, bringing heavy rains and high winds. However, most years see little or no significant hurricane activity. Flooding most frequently occurs in October and November, which is the end of the Southeast Texas wet season.[16] Most of these flood events result from remnants of Eastern Pacific cyclones interacting with upper-level boundaries; October 2015 was the latest example of such an occurrence, wherein the remnants of Hurricane Patricia brought over 9 inches of rain to the city.[17] The latest hurricane to reach Texas was Hurricane Harvey in August 2017.

Winter

Winters in Houston are relatively mild, dry, and temperate compared to most areas of the United States. Houston winters are, on average, colder than South Florida and Southern California, on par with southern Louisiana and northeast Florida, but slightly warmer than Dallas, Atlanta, San Antonio, Austin, and other inland southern cities. The average high in January, the coldest month, is 62.9 °F (17.2 °C) and the low 43.2 °F (6.2 °C). George Bush Intercontinental Airport sees an average of 9.6 days per year of freezing temperatures.[1] Cold fronts during the winter can drop nighttime lows into the 30s but usually above freezing. The coldest weather of the season often includes temperatures in the low 30s to mid-40s at night. Hard freezes are not uncommon in North Houston; however, George Bush Intercontinental Airport has recorded at least one freeze every winter since it opened in 1969, although areas in the central or southern parts of the metro area are consistently several degrees warmer on the coldest winter nights. Areas south of Interstate 10 can go for entire winters without a freeze. The coldest temperature ever recorded at George Bush Intercontinental Airport was 7 °F (−14 °C) on December 23, 1989. Elsewhere, the temperature in Houston dropped to 5 °F (−15 °C) on January 18, 1930.[18] The all-time record low at Houston's Hobby Airport, closer to the city, is 9 °F (−13 °C).

In December, southward-moving cold fronts [19] can bring cold rain, low wind chills, and, rarely, frozen precipitation. Early January is the coldest time of the year, with temperatures moderating slightly by February. Winter is also the driest part of the year for Houston.

Spring

Spring comes with a gradual warm up from winter, lasting from February through May. Temperatures are generally not hot yet, averaging from 75–82 °F (23.9–27.8 °C) in the day and 56–64 °F (13.3–17.8 °C) at night. Spring thunderstorms are common, often with spectacular lightning shows.[20] This rainfall prompts Houston's 10-month-long "growing season" to begin. March sees the return of many types of insects, including butterflies and mosquitoes, to Houston's warm climate.

Precipitation

Rainfall is the most common form of precipitation in Houston and is plentiful throughout the year. The wettest month is June, with an average of 5.93 inches (151 mm) of rain.[1] The city (and much of South and Southeast Texas) has its own irregular rainy season, which usually lasts from May to October, but sometimes April to September. Houston normally receives 49.77 inches (1,264 mm) of precipitation on 104.0 days annually.[1] The most precipitation to fall in one year was 83.02 inches (2,108.7 mm) which occurred in 1979. Houston has received less than 20 inches (510 mm) of rain only once: 17.66 inches in 1917.[21] Flash flood warnings are common all year, and due to the flat landscape, heavy rains often threaten life and property in the city. Sea breeze showers which are monsoon-like (especially during the summer months, originating from the mesoscale convective cycle, where the polar jet stream usually forms an omega block) are common throughout the Texas Gulf Coast area (from Brownsville to the Florida Peninsula), which has a similar climate to areas like Mumbai and Kolkata – locals refer to the sea breeze showers as the Gulf Coast Monsoon (also called the Gulf of Mexico or the Texas Monsoon), despite Houston being 50 feet above sea level. The sea breeze showers are also a contributor to the North American Monsoon.

Sleet and freezing rain are more common than snow in the Houston area. While accumulating snow events are rare in Houston, brief snow flurries occur every winter in the greater Houston area. These usually have no impacts on travel as they are light, brief and isolated. Hail can accumulate but only in small quantities.

Extreme weather

Houston has occasional severe weather, mostly flooding. Hurricanes that have the potential to landfall bring severe damage to the area. Seven major hurricanes have hit the Galveston and Houston areas in the past 100 years. Four have done significant damage to Houston.

Hurricanes and tropical storms

Because Houston is on the Gulf of Mexico, the city has a small chance of being hit by hurricanes or tropical storms every hurricane season (June through November).

In 1837, the Racer's Storm passed just to the south of the town, raising water levels four feet.[22] The Great Hurricane of 1900 destroyed the nearby (and then much bigger) city of Galveston, which is situated on a barrier island 50 mi (80 km) southeast of downtown Houston. That hurricane weakened to a tropical storm by the time it reached Houston.[23] The periphery of Hurricane Carla hit the city in 1961, causing major damage to Houston. At the time of landfall, Carla was the most powerful tropical system to hit the Texas coast in over 40 years.[24] In 1983, the city was struck squarely by Hurricane Alicia, causing $1 billion of damage to the city during a down period in the city's economy.

Tropical Storm Allison dumped up to 37 inches (940 mm) of rain on parts of the city over a five-day period in 2001, and was the most destructive and costly natural disaster in Houston history[25] prior to Hurricane Harvey. Area flooding was catastrophic and widespread. The storm completely overwhelmed the flood control system and caused 22 deaths in Houston and $6.05 billion (2006 USD) in damage. It is the only tropical storm in history to have its name retired.

Tropical Storm Erin made landfall in August 2007 with heavy rainfall. A total of 9 inches (230 mm) of rain fell elsewhere than George Bush Intercontinental Airport on August 16, and many roads and neighborhoods were flooded. Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, Texas, halted its light rail and bus services in view of the effects. Four deaths in the city were attributed to the storm. The Houston Fire Department reported 72 rescue operations.

Hurricane Ike made landfall near Galveston, Texas in September 2008. Although only a Category 2 storm (out of 5), Ike brought moderate rain but high winds for an unusually long duration (upwards of nine hours). The roof of Reliant Stadium (home of the Houston Texans NFL team) was damaged and windows were blown out of several high-rise buildings in downtown Houston. Storm surge affected areas around Galveston Bay, stripping some coastal islands of homes. Devastated Galveston Island much resembled a war zone. Authorities prohibited non-emergency access to the island for many weeks. Hurricane Ike left ninety percent of people in the Houston Area without power.[26] Never before had the city experienced such widespread or long-term power outage: no air conditioning, no refrigeration, no lights, and no phones. Day-to-day business slowed immensely. Area grocery stores were stripped bare and sold water and ice for cash by flashlight. Trucks from around the country brought in emergency supplies, especially water and ice. Most of the city was without power for 2–3 days — some for 2 to 3 weeks.

Hurricane Harvey made landfall in Rockport, Texas, very early on August 26, 2017. By August 30, Houston was flooded, due to torrential rainfall from the hurricane.[27][28][29]

Flooding

Flooding is a recurring problem in Houston, this is on par with the fact that the city is on a flood plain and has a rainy season. It is especially severe in low-lying areas on the far east end of town along the San Jacinto River. The flat wetlands and paved-over coastal prairie around Houston drain slowly and easily flood. The area is drained by a network of bayous (small, slow-moving rivers, often dredged and enlarged to increase volume) and man-made drainage ditches, which are usually dry most of the year. In fall, cold fronts bring in rainstorms and flooding is not uncommon. This might flood certain low-lying intersections, but doesn't generally affect citizens or the business of the city. However, occasionally very heavy thunderstorms dump so much water on the city that widespread congestion and even property damage in low-lying areas result. Tropical Storm Allison in 2001 was so severe that many parts of town that had never flooded before were flooded seriously. Interstate 10 near downtown, which is below grade, was covered by over 10 ft (3.0 m) of water. Another storm happened in June 2015 (Tropical Storm Bill) that had a similar impact on Houston, causing several highways to be closed due to the bayou overflowing; this event followed flooding from May 24–26. Another similar storm in April 2016 resulted in widespread, severe flooding across Houston and surrounding suburbs in an event later known as the "Tax Day Floods". In late August 2017, Hurricane Harvey flooded Houston, causing severe widespread damage and at least 14 deaths.

Tornadoes

Unlike Dallas, Houston is not in Tornado Alley; however, smaller tornadoes can occur during severe weather. They are most likely to be found along frontal boundaries of an air mass during the spring months. Tornadoes in Houston usually measure a weak F1 on the older Fujita scale and cause light to moderate damage to well-constructed buildings. The strongest recorded tornado in Houston history was an F4 on November 21, 1992, part of a large outbreak of tornadoes in Harris County.[30]

Winter storms

There are usually a few days of freezing (<32 °F (0 °C)) temperatures each year, though the average low in January, the coldest month, is still only 43 °F (6 °C) or 24 °F (−4 °C).

Snow falls infrequently in the Magnolia City. When it does occur, it usually melts immediately on the ground with light accumulation on roofs and raised surfaces. Only very uncommonly does it accumulate on the ground. Since 1895, it has snowed 39 times in Houston at an average of about once every 3 years, though some decades have several instances of recorded snowfall while others have only one each (e.g., the 1930s and 1950s) and one decade where there wasn't any snowfall (1990s). The last recorded snowfall in Houston was on November 13, 2018.[31] There were more incidences of snow in the 1980s on average than any other decade recorded, but the 2000s also witnessed more frequent and record-breaking snows.

  • February 14–February 15, 1895: 20 inches (51 cm) of snow, its largest snowfall from one storm on record.[32]
  • February 12, 1960: 4.4 inches (11 cm) of snow.[33]
  • January 11, 1973: 2.0 inches (5.1 cm) of snow.
  • December 22, 1989: 1.7 inches (4.3 cm) of snow with a record low of 7 °F (−14 °C) on December 23.[34]
  • December 10, 2008: Tied the earliest accumulating snowfall record.[35]
  • December 4, 2009: Broke the earliest accumulating snowfall record.[36]
  • December 7, 2017: 0.7 inches (2 cm) of snow.
  • November 13, 2018 Broke Earliest Snowfall Record [37]

The December 21–24, 2004 North American winter storm brought a white Christmas to the region. The average has the lowest recorded temperature for that month, 24 °F (−4 °C).

The 2004 Christmas Eve snowstorm brought a never-before-seen white Christmas to the region. Average annual snowfall is very, very little above zero, being less than the measurable amount of 0.1 inches (2.5 mm). In descending order of frequency, the most snow has fallen in January, followed by February, December, November, and finally a single occurrence on March 10, 1932,[38] which was also the lowest recorded temperature for that month, 22 °F (−6 °C).[39]

December 24 snowstorm, shown on satellite

Occurrences of freezing rain, also known as ice storms, are more common than snow in Houston. Some of the most recent ice storms occurred in 1997, 2007, February 4, 2011, and January 16, 2018. An overnight event occurred from January 23, 2014 to January 24, another significant icing occurred a few days later on January 28, and a third event took place on March 4. These storms can be very disruptive since road crews are not equipped to handle such rare events over the city's expansive size.[40] When ice occurs, roads and schools are usually closed.[41][42] The city's Office of Emergency Management encourages driver's to "avoid driving unless absolutely necessary... if roadways are at risk of icing."[43] Typically, such ice storms affect mainly the northern/western areas of the metro, while the southern/eastern areas are left with just cold rain.[44] The ice storm that occurred on January 16, 2018 started as cold rain for several hours, before changing to a wintry mix and then eventually sleet and snow. Temperatures started in the low-mid 30s and quickly dropped to the 20s in the afternoon, and before dipping into the teens by the evening/overnight hours, which caused all the rain to turn to ice, accumulating a thickness up to 1' on some roads, bridges, overpasses, making it one of the worst winter storms in the history of the state.

El Niño

During El Niño events, Houston winters are cooler and wetter than normal due to a stronger southern jet stream, which can increase the length of the normal wet season in Houston. Increased clouds during El-Niño winters are what keep the temperatures from warming up. During La Niña events, the jet stream shifts further north, resulting in a warmer and drier winter. The chance of damage from tropical storms and hurricanes also goes up during La Niña events, due to decreased Atlantic wind shear. Post-El Niño weather during the spring usually result in increased rainfall, as demonstrated during the Memorial Day 2015 and Tax Day/Memorial Day/early June 2016 flood events, where the Houston Metro area (and the rest of the state) experienced a climate similar to the South Asian summer monsoon (in this case, a stalled low-pressure system—usually from an upper-level low from the northeast Pacific Ocean, migrates east, where the northern polar jet stream form the usual omega blocks—originates over the Four Corners region or the Sierra Madre Occidental/Sierra Madre Oriental mountain ranges in northern Mexico).

Environmental issues
Trash and recycle bin at George Bush Intercontinental Airport

Houston has had a troubled past with pollution of many types. This is due to the fact that Houston has been the home for the oil and gas industry since its inception in the early 1900s, when there was little environmental regulation. Harris County, where the bulk of the city has been historically located, is home to 15 Environmental Protection Agency Superfund sites, more than any other area in Texas. The list contains numerous companies, streets and waterways that have been considered hazardous to humans in various ways.[45]

Houston's environmental problems stem from a long history of pollution. Houston may be considered the air-conditioning capital of the world due to its hot and humid metropolitan. Since the 1930s, air-conditioning was built into all commercial buildings like theaters, malls, and corporations. Even the Astrodome was air-conditioned, making baseball players and fans comfortable for decades. This led to the possibility of an energy crisis, because of the popularity of air-conditioning in Houston, energy costs are generally higher than normal.[46]

Air pollution

Houston is well known for its oil and petrochemical industries, which are leading contributors to the city's economy. The industries located along the ship channel,[47] coupled with a growing population, have caused a considerable increase in air pollution for the city each year. Houston has excessive ozone levels and is ranked among the most ozone-polluted cities in the United States.[48] Ground-level ozone, or smog, is Houston's predominant air pollution problem. In 2011, Houston was ranked as the 17th most polluted city in the US, according to the American Lung Association.[49] A 2007 assessment found the following twelve air pollutants to be definite risks to health in Houston:[50]

The State of Texas concluded that, since 2000, the Manchester neighborhood in eastern Houston had the highest annual averages of 1,3-butadiene of any area in Texas.[51] Houston's air quality has often been compared to Los Angeles and Beijing.[47]

Houston has introduced many programs since the 2000 federal order to reduce air pollution in the city. The most notable project was the METRORail light rail system constructed in 2004. The light rail system was designed to encourage Houstonians to utilize public transportation instead of their automobiles.

Pollution rankings from the EPA and ALA are administered in terms of peak-based standards, focusing strictly on the worst days of the year; on average, ozone levels in Houston are lower than those seen in many other cities of the country, due to dominant winds off the Gulf that ensure clean, marine air.[52]

Water pollution

Houston has also seen recent improvements to the city's waterways. The banks of Buffalo Bayou have been cleaned of garbage and have been turned into jogging trails and parks. Since the mid-1990s, Houston has seen a great increase in wildlife along the bayou due to many successful cleaning attempts.[53] The Port of Houston has not seen any major cleaning attempts.

Notes
  1. Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
  2. Official records for Houston were kept at the Weather Bureau in downtown from July 1888 to May 1969, and at Intercontinental since June 1969.[2]

References
  1. NOAA 1981-2010 normals
  2. ThreadEx
  3. "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2016-04-13.
  4. "Station Name: TX HOUSTON INTERCONT AP". National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2014-03-27.
  5. "WMO Climate Normals for HOUSTON/INTERCONTINENTAL, TX 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2020-07-18.
  6. Department of Meteorology at the University of Utah. National Relative Humidity. Archived December 9, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2007-03-10.
  7. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-12-09. Retrieved 2006-12-14.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  8. Your Florida Backyard. The Heat Index. Retrieved on 2008-03-20.
  9. Weather Underground. History for Houston Intercontinental, Texas on Monday, September 4, 2000. Retrieved on 2007-03-10.
  10. http://blog.chron.com/sciguy/2011/08/heat-watch-houston-ties-all-time-record-high/
  11. http://www.srh.noaa.gov/hgx/?n=climate_iah
  12. Texas Medical Center News. Temperature Rising? Could be Heat Stroke. Archived 2006-09-14 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2007-03-11.
  13. The Old House Web How Air Conditioning Changed America. Retrieved on 2007-03-11.
  14. Houston Geological Auxiliary. A Short History. Retrieved on 2014-02-04.
  15. Greater Houston Partnership. Information/Data — All About Houston. Archived 2007-03-28 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2006-01-09.
  16. Weather Research Center. Significant Houston Area Floods.
  17. Reuters. Retrieved on 2006-01-09.
  18. National Weather Service
  19. TSHA Handbook of Texas. Blue Norther. Retrieved on 2007-03-11.
  20. Severe Thunderstorms. National Weather Service Forecast Office Houston/Galveston, Texas, Retrieved on March 11, 2007
  21. Houston's Annual Top 10 List. National Weather Service, Houston/Galveston, Texas. January 30, 2006. Last accessed January 3, 2006.
  22. http://www.srh.noaa.gov/lch/research/txearly19hur.php Early Texas Hurricane History, 1800-1850, Retrieved on March 10, 2007
  23. Remembering the Great Hurricane, September 8, 1900 Archived March 16, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Galveston County Daily News, Retrieved on March 11, 2007
  24. Hurricane Carla, September 9-12, 1961. National Weather Service, Retrieved on March 11, 2007
  25. Tropical Storm Allison Floods June 5-9, 2001. National Weather Service Forecast Office Houston/Galveston, Texas, Retrieved on March 11, 2007
  26. http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/front/6000312.html
  27. "Hurricane Harvey makes landfall in Texas". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  28. "Storm Summary Number 17 for Tropical Storm Harvey". National Centers for Environmental Prediction.
  29. "NASA shows how Harvey saturated Texas".
  30. "KTRK coverage of the aftermath of the November 1992 tornado outbreak". 22 November 1992. Berger, Eric (29 May 2008). "Houston's top five weather events since 1992: No. 3". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
  31. http://www.wxresearch.com/snowhou.htm
  32. "Snow in Houston: It Happens More Than You Think". KTRK-TV. December 8, 2017.
  33. "Remember When: Houston's huge snow storm of 1960". KTRK-TV. December 8, 2017.
  34. "One Hundred Years of Southeast Texas Weather (1900-2000)". National Weather Service. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
  35. Berger, Eric; Latson, Jennifer; Leahy, Jennifer (December 10, 2008). "Snow surprises Houston-area residents". Houston Chronicle.
  36. George, Mike (December 4, 2009). "Houston Snow Sets All Kinds of Records". KBTX-TV.
  37. Blake Mathews (November 13, 2018). "https://www.khou.com/article/news/local/snow-vember-the-earliest-houston-snowfall-ever-just-happened/285-%5B%5D 614153347 KHOU.
  38. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-02-10. Retrieved 2010-12-05.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  39. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-07-13. Retrieved 2019-07-05.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  40. "Houston paralyzed by ice storm - Disaster News Network". www.disasternews.net. Archived from the original on 2015-11-25. Retrieved 2015-11-23.
  41. "Drivers urged to stay home during Houston's icy mess". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2015-11-23.
  42. "Cold and icy, Texas and Louisiana deal with winter - CNN.com". CNN. Retrieved 2015-11-23.
  43. Mayor's Office | Office of Emergency Management | houstonoem.org (2015). Disaster Preparedness Guide. http://www.houstonoem.org/external/content/document/4027/2168878/1/COH-DPG2015-ENG-WEB.pdf: Office of Emergency Management. p. 20.CS1 maint: location (link)
  44. http://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=hgx
  45. The EPA's Superfund list for Texas
  46. Melosi, Martin V., and Joseph A. Pratt. Energy Metropolis an Environmental History of Houston and the Gulf Coast. University of Pittsburgh Press, 2007.
  47. "Summary of the Issues Archived June 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine", Citizens League for Environmental Action Now , 2004-08-01. Retrieved on 2006-02-17.
  48. "State of the Air 2005, National and Regional Analysis Archived May 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine", American Lung Association, 2005-03-25. Retrieved on 2006-02-17.
  49. http://www.citymayors.com/environment/polluted_uscities.html
  50. Sexton K, Linder SH, Marko D, Bethel H, Lupo PJ (2007). "Comparative Assessment of Air Pollution–Related Health Risks in Houston". Environ Health Perspect. 115 (10): 1388–93. doi:10.1289/ehp.10043. PMC 2022677. PMID 17938725.
  51. "State Results: Pollution Glance." Houston Chronicle.
  52. Czader, Beata (May 20, 2016). "The paradox of peak-based ozone air pollution standards". The Conversation. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
  53. Texas Monthly Guide to Houston Edition 1996 ISBN 0-87719-272-3 Pg. 9-10.
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