Citrus macroptera

Citrus macroptera, also known as hatkhora, satkara, shatkora, hatxora, cabuyao,[2] Melanesian papeda,[1] or wild orange,[3] is a semi-wild species of citrus native to Bangladesh, Malesia and Melanesia.[3]

Citrus macroptera
Hatxora sellers in Sylhet, Bangladesh
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Rosids
Order:
Sapindales
Family:
Rutaceae
Genus:
Citrus
Species:
C. macroptera
Binomial name
Citrus macroptera
Synonyms[1]

Some authorities consider C. macroptera to be a taxonomic synonym of C. hystrix (kaffir lime),[4] while others consider C. macroptera var. annamensis to be a synonym of C. hystrix, but not C. macroptera var. macroptera.[5]

Description

Citrus macroptera is so-named because of the large "wings" (-ptera) on the petiole, which is as large as the blade of the leaf.[3] The tree, which has thorns, can reach 5 m (16 ft) in height. Its fruit is about 6–7 cm (2.4–2.8 in) in diameter, has a fairly smooth, moderately thick rind, and is yellow when ripe. The pulp of the fruit is greenish-yellow and dry (does not produce much juice). The juice is very bitter, and somewhat sour.[3]

Varieties

The species is sometimes divided into four varieties, or alternatively into three separate species, as follows:[5]

  • C. macroptera var. macroptera
  • C. macroptera var. annamensis Tanaka -> C. combara Raf.
  • C. macroptera var. combara (Raf.) Tanaka -> C. combara Raf.
  • C. macroptera var. kerrii Swingle -> C. kerrii (Swingle) Tanaka

Cultivation

A cultivar of C. macroptera var. annamensis known as 'Sat Kara',[6] is grown primarily in the Sylhet Division of northeastern Bangladesh where it is called "hatkhora".

Uses

Culinary uses

In Bangladesh, the thick fleshy rind of the Citrus macroptera is eaten as a vegetable, while the pulp is usually discarded because of its bitter-sour taste. The thick rind is cut into small pieces and cooked (either green or ripe) in beef, mutton, and fish curries. The rind is often sun-dried for later cooking and consumption. The fruit is also a primary ingredient in satkora/shatkora pickles. It is also used in doner kebabs in British Bangladeshi fast-food restaurants.

Perfumery

Many of the C. macroptera var. annamensis fruits are exported from Bangladesh, exacting a high price because their oil is used in the perfume industry.[6]

See also

References
  1. "Citrus macroptera". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved December 15, 2017.
  2. Peter Hanelt (ed.) 2001 Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops (except ornamentals), first English edition. Springer. in Google Books
  3. Harley I. Manner, Richard S. Buker, Virginia Easton Smith, Deborah Ward, and Craig R. Elevitch 2006. Species profiles for Pacific Island agroforestry: Citrus (citrus) and Fortunella (kumquat), Rutaceae (Rue family). pdf
  4. "TPL, treatment of Citrus hystrix DC". The Plant List; Version 1. (published on the internet). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden. 2010. Retrieved March 9, 2013.
  5. Porcher Michel H. et al. 1995–2020 (2007). Sorting Citrus Names: Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (M.M.P.N.D) - A Work in Progress. School of Agriculture and Food Systems. Faculty of Land & Food Resources. The University of Melbourne. Australia.
  6. M. N. Miah, Sahina Islam, and Syed Hadiuzzaman 2002. Regeneration of plantlets through somatic embryogenesis from nucellus tissue of Citrus macroptera Mont. var. anammensis (‘Sat Kara’). Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology 12(2):167-172 pdf
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