Cinema of Kazakhstan

Cinema of Kazakhstan refers to the film industry based in Kazakhstan. Cinema in Kazakhstan can be traced back to the early 20th century. Today, Kazakhstan produces approximately fifteen full-length films each year.[4]

Cinema of Kazakhstan
No. of screens213 (2014)[1]
 • Per capita1.2 per 100,000 (2006)[2]
Produced feature films (2009)[3]
Fictional12 (100%)
Animated-
Documentary-
Number of admissions (2013)[1]
Total10,900,000
 • Per capita0.64
National films700,000 (6.4%)
Gross box office (2013)[1]
Total$63.6 million
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History

1930s-1980s: the Soviet period

The film industry in Kazakhstan has its origins in the production of documentaries in Alma-Ata (now Almaty) in the 1930s, developed to use as instruments for Soviet propaganda.[5][6] The first Kazakh feature film, Amangeldy (1939), about the leader of the 1916 revolution, Amangeldy Imanov, was however the work of Lenfilm in Leningrad.[7] Filmmaking in Kazakhstan was given a boost by the dislocations caused by World War II, as the main Soviet film studios, Mosfilm and Lenfilm, were both evacuated to Alma-Ata, where they combined with the Alma-Ata Film Studios to produce the Central United Film Studio.[5] As a result, the Central United Film Studio, which continued working in Alma-Ata till 1944, produced 80 percent of all Soviet domestic feature films made during the war.[8] Much of the great Soviet director Sergei Eisenstein's two part epic Ivan the Terrible was filmed in the Kazakh SSR.[9] One of the major Soviet film schools, the Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography (VGIK), was also temporarily relocated to Alma-Ata during the war.[10] This film school became an alma-mater for the most notable Kazakh filmmakers of the 1980s, known as "the new wave".[11] On January 6, 1961, the major Kazakh film company Alma-Ata Film Studios had its name changed to Kazakhfilm by the Ministry of the Culture of the Kazakh SSR.[12]

In the post-war Soviet period, the major figure of Kazakh SSR's film industry was director Shaken Aimanov, in whose honor the Kazakhfilm film studios were renamed in 1984.[12] Notable films of this period include a number of historical epics, such as the love tragic story Kyz-Zhibek (1970),[13] and a trio of action films involving a secret agent, played by Asanali Ashimov, who uses all manner of derring-do to defeat the enemies of communism. The first in the trilogy, The End of the Ataman (1970), was set in 1921 and was directed by Shaken Aimanov.[14] The second, The Trans-Siberian Express (1977),[15] directed by Yeldar Orazbayev and set in 1927, featured a complicated plot involving the defeat of counter-revolutionaries planning to kill a Japanese businessman on a train bound for Moscow, on which our hero was masquerading as a cabaret manager. The third, The Manchurian Variant (1989), was set in 1945 Manchuria.[16] The films, with their central hero played by a Kazakh actor, were, as well as entertainment, part of the efforts of the Soviet establishment to demonstrate that the Kazakh people fully supported communism.[14]

Late 1980s-early 1990s: Kazakh New Wave

During the perestroika in the Soviet Union in the 1980s, a new wave of young Kazakh filmmakers emerged, ready to challenge the cinematic establishment. Released in 1988, The Needle provided a catalyst for this new movement in Kazakh film. The film, directed by Rashid Nugmanov, cast Viktor Tsoi as the central figure. Tsoi was the frontman of the popular Soviet rock group Kino, and considered by many to be a hero to the disaffected Soviet youth.[17][18] Kino also composed the film's original soundtrack. Tsoi's character, Moro, returns to Alma-Ata to collect a debt from a lowly criminal, only to find out that his former girlfriend has become a drug addict. He decides to fight against the drug dealers, after which the film ends with him being stabbed in a snowy park at night.[19] Another important founding work of the movement is Ermek Shinarbaev's 1989 film Revenge (Месть), which tackles on film for the first time the tragedies experienced by the Korean population in Kazakhstan and Central Asia.

1990s-2000s: post-independence Kazakhstan
Timur Bekmambetov is the first Kazakh director who had success in Hollywood.

In 1993, Nugmanov directed The Wild East, loosely based on Akira Kurosawa's Seven Samurai, involves a group of dwarves, runaways from the circus, who brings the magnificent seven to protects them from the predations of motorbike-riding Mongolian hoodlums.[20] Nugmanov moved to Paris in 1993, where he has been associated with Kazakh political opposition groups.[21] Other filmmakers of the post-independence Kazakhstan to have achieved success at international festivals include Satybaldy Narimbetov.[22] His Biography of a Young Accordion Player (1994) is a tale of a small boy growing up in a Kazakh village during World War II.[22] Leila's Prayer (2002) focuses on girl from a village close to the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site, whose mother prayer is that her baby son should live to old age.[23] Darezhan Omirbaev's Killer (1998), a Kazakh-French co-production, is a tragic tale highlighting the economic difficulties by Kazakhstanis in the 1990s.[23][24] A young driver from Almaty causes a minor motor accident when taking his wife and newborn baby back home from the hospital. Unable to pay for the damage, he gets sucked into crime.[24] Amir Karakulov has garnered critical praise for a number of films, including Homewrecker (1991), a tale of two brothers in love with the same girl.[25] Again, it all ends badly. A new arrival on the scene is Rustem Abdrashev. His directorial debut was Renaissance Island (2004), a tale of the first love of an aspiring poet set against the historical backdrop of the desiccation of the Aral Sea.[26]

One problem is that very few of these films have been widely seen by audiences in Kazakhstan. Domestic distributors have preferred to rely a diet of dubbed Hollywood blockbusters and big-budget Russian movies, with the result that post-independence Kazakh cinema has developed something of a reputation a being more likely to be found in Western art houses and international competitions than on screens in Kazakhstan. However, the big-budget Kazakhstan film has arrived. Nomad: The Warriors (2005), with its international crew and cast, was an officially supported attempt to bring a film based on an exploits of Kazakh warriors of the 18th century onto international screens.[27][28] Racketeer (2007), directed by Akan Satayev, about as a young Almaty in the tough economic climate of the 1990s, was billed as the first purely commercially oriented film made in the post-independence Kazakhstan, and proved a considerable box-office draw.[29] One Kazakh director, Timur Bekmambetov, has also had success internationally in commercials cinema projects, particularly with the Russian fantasy features Night Watch (2004) and Day Watch (2006).[30] Bekmambetov is now directing and producing movies in Hollywood.[30] His notable works made in Hollywood includes Wanted (2008), The Darkest Hour (2011) and Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter (2012).

A guerrilla filmmaking movement called Partisan Cinema (Partizanskoe kino) was initiated in the 2010s. Participating directors aim to work without any interference from the Kazakh government. The movement's manifesto has three pillars: no budget, social realism and finding new ways.[31] Films and directors in the movement include:

  • Toll Bar (Shlagbaum, 2015) by Zhassulan Poshanov
  • The Plague at the Karatas Village (Chuma v aule Karatas, 2016) by Adilkhan Yerzhanov
  • Witness of Case No 6 (Svidetel' dela No 6, 2016) by Serik Abishev

Cinemas
Lokomotiv Cinema in Aktobe was built in 1928 during the Soviet period.

Cinemas in Kazakhstan range from draughty Soviet survivals to modern multiplex complexes. The market of cinemas is divided between the KinoPark Multiplex Cinemas, StarCinema, Arman and smaller players.[32] Kazakhstan's new cinemas are usually located in shopping malls and entertainment centers.[32] Ticket prices are lower than those in Western Europe and North America. In 2012, IMAX Corp. opened those two cinemas in Kazakhstan, as the result of the deal signed with KinoPark Multiplex Cinemas in 2010.[33][34][35] Films originally made in English are almost invariably dubbed, not subtitled, but there is a little shown in English.

Festivals
Red Carpet at the International Astana Action Film Festival in 2012.

Film schools

Film production

Film studios

Kazakhfilm Studio is a state-owned company, financed by the Ministry of Culture, which has been in Kazakhstan since Soviet Union times.[36]

Eurasia Film Production is the leading private film production company in Kazakhstan. Film "Mongol," produced by Eurasia Film Production was nominated for the best foreign-language film Oscar in 2008, and in the same year “Tulpan” received the Grand Prix in Cannes’ Un Certain Regard.[36]

Satai Film is another leading film production company in Almaty, launched and run by Akan Satayev, one of the top film director in Kazakhstan, and president of Almaty Film Festival.[36]

See also

References
  1. "Kazakhstan Film Market" (PDF). Nevafilm. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  2. "Table 8: Cinema Infrastructure - Capacity". UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  3. "Table 1: Feature Film Production - Genre/Method of Shooting". UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  4. Holdsworth, Nick (29 September 2016). "Oscars: Kazakhstan Selects 'Amanat' for Foreign-Language Category". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  5. "History of Cinema of Kazakhstan". FilmBirth.com. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  6. "Kazakhstan Today". Valikhanov.si.edu. Archived from the original on February 23, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  7. Frank S. Nugent. "The screen in review; Comedy Lifts Its Head Again in 'Clouds Over Europe' at the Music Hall--'Land of Liberty' Opens at the Fair--'Amangeldy' Is Seen at the Cameo". The New York Times. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  8. "Kazakh Cinema Celebrates 70th Anniversary". KazWorld.info. October 4, 2011. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  9. Perrie, Maureen. The Cult of Ivan the Terrible in Stalin's Russia (Studies in Russian and Eastern European History and Society) . New York: Palgrave, 2001 (hardcopy, ISBN 0-333-65684-9).
  10. "Lyubov Sokolova - Biography - IMDb". IMDb.com. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  11. Peter Lennon (January 27, 2003). "The Kazakhs are coming". The Guardian. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  12. "History of the Kazakhfilm" (in Russian). Kazakhfilm. Archived from the original on February 16, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  13. "Kyz-Zhibek (1970) - IMDb". IMDb.com. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  14. "The End of the Ataman". WorldCinemaDirectory.co.uk. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  15. "Transsibirskiy ekspress (1977) - IMDb". IMDb.com. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  16. "Legendary film "The end of Ataman" celebrates its 40 anniversary (video)". Kazakhfilm. December 14, 2010. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  17. "Cult Movie The Needle (Igla) to be Continued". Russia-ic.com. April 13, 2009. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  18. "Rashid Nugmanov - Biography - IMDb". IMDb.com. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  19. Greg Dolgopolov. "Igla (The Needle)". SensesOfCinema.com. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  20. "Wild East (1993)". Survinat.com. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  21. "Rashid Nugmanov (Nougmanov)". TopSpeaker.org. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  22. "Satybaldy Narimbetov". Thessaloniki International Film Festival. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  23. Vladimir Padunov (January 4, 2004). "Stars Above Almaty: Kazakh Cinema Between 1998 and 2003". KinoKultura.com. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  24. "Killer (1998)". The New York Times. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  25. "Homewrecker (Разлучница)" (in Russian). MegaBook.ru. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  26. "Rustem Abdrashev: Renaissance Island (Ostrov vozrozhdeniia) (2004)". KinoKultura.com. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  27. "Nomad (2005), a Kazakh film by Sergei Bodrov and Ivan Passer". IMDb.com. June 6, 2008. Retrieved February 18, 2014.
  28. Dina Iordanova. "Кочевник (2005) (Nomad: The Warriors)". DinaView.com. Retrieved February 18, 2014.
  29. "Рэкетир (2007) Racketeer (2007)". IMDb.com. Retrieved February 18, 2014.
  30. Luke Ryan Baldock (July 23, 2013). "Bekmambetov Is Off To See The Warriors, The Wonderful 'Warriors Of Oz'". TheHollywoodNews.com. Retrieved February 18, 2014.
  31. The Partisan Movement, or Kazakhstan's New Wave Cinema by Eduardo Guillot
  32. "Film Industry". VoxPopuli.kz. March 29, 2013. Archived from the original on February 23, 2014. Retrieved February 18, 2014.
  33. "First IMAX cinema opened in Almaty". The Independent. November 12, 2012. Retrieved February 18, 2014.
  34. "IMAX to open its first cinemas in Kazakhstan". TengriNews.kz. September 19, 2010. Retrieved February 18, 2014.
  35. "Welcome to IMAX in Kazakhstan". IMAX.com. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 18, 2014.
  36. "Almaty Film Festival to Build Bridges Between Kazakhstan, Global Movie Biz". variety.com.
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