Chloridoideae

Chloridoideae
	Finger millet (Eleusine coracana) in Nepal
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Clade:	Commelinids
Order:	Poales
Family:	Poaceae
Clade:	PACMAD clade
Subfamily:	Chloridoideae; Kunth ex Beilschm.
Tribes
	Centropodieae; Cynodonteae; Eragrostideae; Triraphideae; Zoysieae;

Chloridoideae is one of the largest subfamilies of grasses, with roughly 150 genera and 1,600 species, mainly found in arid tropical or subtropical grasslands. Within the PACMAD clade, their sister group are the Danthonioideae.[1] The subfamily includes widespread weeds such as Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) or goosegrass (Eleusine indica), but also millet species grown in some tropical regions, namely finger millet (Eleusine coracana) and teff (Eragrostis tef).

With the exception of some species in Ellisochloa and Eleusine indica, most of the subfamily's species use the C₄ photosynthetic pathway. The first evolutionary transition from C₃ to C₄ photosynthesis in the grasses probably occurred in this subfamily, around 32 to 25 million years ago in the Oligocene.[2]

Phylogeny

Relationships of tribes in the Chloridoideae according to a 2017 phylogenetic classification, also showing the Danthonioideae as sister group:[3]

Chloridoideae

	Cynodonteae

	Zoysieae

The following genera have not been assigned to a tribe:[3]

References

Soreng, Robert J.; Peterson, Paul M.; Romschenko, Konstantin; Davidse, Gerrit; Zuloaga, Fernando O.; Judziewicz, Emmet J.; Filgueiras, Tarciso S.; Davis, Jerrold I.; Morrone, Osvaldo (2015). "A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae)". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 53 (2): 117–137. doi:10.1111/jse.12150. ISSN 1674-4918.
Christin, Pascal-Antoine; Besnard, Guillaume; Samaritani, Emanuela; Duvall, Melvin R.; Hodkinson, Trevor R.; Savolainen, Vincent; Salamin, Nicolas (2008). "Oligocene CO₂ Decline Promoted C₄ Photosynthesis in Grasses". Current Biology. 18 (1): 37–43. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.058. hdl:2262/82791. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 18160293.
Soreng, Robert J.; Peterson, Paul M.; Romaschenko, Konstantin; Davidse, Gerrit; Teisher, Jordan K.; Clark, Lynn G.; Barberá, Patricia; Gillespie, Lynn J.; Zuloaga, Fernando O. (2017). "A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) II: An update and a comparison of two 2015 classifications". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 55 (4): 259–290. doi:10.1111/jse.12262. ISSN 1674-4918.

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[SorengPeterson2015-1] Soreng, Robert J.; Peterson, Paul M.; Romschenko, Konstantin; Davidse, Gerrit; Zuloaga, Fernando O.; Judziewicz, Emmet J.; Filgueiras, Tarciso S.; Davis, Jerrold I.; Morrone, Osvaldo (2015). "A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae)". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 53 (2): 117–137. doi:10.1111/jse.12150. ISSN 1674-4918.

[ChristinBesnard2008-2] Christin, Pascal-Antoine; Besnard, Guillaume; Samaritani, Emanuela; Duvall, Melvin R.; Hodkinson, Trevor R.; Savolainen, Vincent; Salamin, Nicolas (2008). "Oligocene CO₂ Decline Promoted C₄ Photosynthesis in Grasses". Current Biology. 18 (1): 37–43. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.058. hdl:2262/82791. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 18160293.

[SorengPeterson2017-3] Soreng, Robert J.; Peterson, Paul M.; Romaschenko, Konstantin; Davidse, Gerrit; Teisher, Jordan K.; Clark, Lynn G.; Barberá, Patricia; Gillespie, Lynn J.; Zuloaga, Fernando O. (2017). "A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) II: An update and a comparison of two 2015 classifications". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 55 (4): 259–290. doi:10.1111/jse.12262. ISSN 1674-4918.