Cats in Australia

Cats are kept as pets in Australia but also considered an invasive species. Because they are not native to Australia and were only introduced by Europeans in the early 1800s, Australian animals were not able to co-evolve with them;[1] as a result, their environmental impact is considerably higher than in most other parts of the world. Today, an estimated 2.7 million domestic cats and between 2.1 and 6.3 million feral cats live in Australia.[2] Predation by both domestic and feral cats has played a role in the extinction of a number of native Australian animals. For instance, cats are estimated to have significantly contributed to the extinction of 22 endemic Australian mammals since the arrival of Europeans.[3]

Feral cat with a Major Mitchell's cockatoo

For biosecurity reasons, any cats that are imported into Australia must meet conditions set by the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry.

Historical context

Historical records date the introduction of cats to Australia at around 1804 and that cats first became feral around Sydney by 1820.[4] In the early 1900s concern was expressed at the pervasiveness of the cat problem.[5] A study in the 2010s estimated that each feral cat kills 740 wild animals per year.[6]

Domesticated cats

Each domesticated cat in Australia kills an estimated 75 animals annually.[6] In 2016, 29% of Australian households had a domesticated cat.[7]

Feral cats

Feral cats are one of the major invasive species in Australia and have been linked to the decline and extinction of various native animals. They have been shown to cause a significant impact on ground-nesting birds and small native mammals.[8] Feral cats have also hampered attempts to reintroduce threatened species back into areas where they have become extinct, as the cats quickly kill the newly released animals.[9] Many Australian environmentalists argue that the feral cat has been an ecological disaster in Australia, inhabiting most ecosystems except dense rainforest, and being implicated in the extinction of several marsupial and placental mammal species.[10][11]

A field experiment conducted in Heirisson Prong (Western Australia) compared small mammal populations in areas cleared of both foxes and cats, of foxes only, and a control plot. Researchers found the first solid evidence that predation by feral cats can cause a decline in native mammals. It also indicates that cat predation is especially severe when fox numbers have been reduced.[12] Cats may play a role in Australia's altered ecosystems; with foxes they may be controlling introduced rabbits, particularly in arid areas, which themselves cause ecological damage. Cats are believed to have been a factor in the extinction of the only mainland bird species to be lost since European settlement, the paradise parrot.[13] Cats in Australia have no natural predators except dingoes and wedge-tailed eagles, and as a result, they are apex predators where neither the dingo nor the eagle exists.

Since 2016, a program on Kangaroo Island aims to fully eradicate the island's feral cat population, estimated at between 3000 and 5000, by 2030.[14][15] The 2019-2020 bushfires have complicated the eradication efforts, as the gradual regrowth of the burnt brush creates favourable conditions for cat breeding and makes them more difficult to hunt.[16]

Australian folklore holds that some feral cats in Australia have grown so large as to cause inexperienced observers to claim sightings of other species such as cougars. While this rarely occurs in reality, large specimens are occasionally found: in 2005, an enormous feline was shot in the Gippsland area of Victoria.[17] Subsequent DNA test showed it to be a feral cat.[18]

An entrant in a 2007 cooking contest in Alice Springs made nationwide news when she submitted cat casserole to raise awareness of the problem of feral cats in Australia.[19] Some Aboriginal mobs eat cat meat to reduce local populations of feral cats.[20]

Phantom cats
Main article: Phantom cat

The numerous sightings of phantom cats in Australia include the Gippsland phantom cat and the Blue Mountains panther.

See also

References
  1. "Cute killers: Cats kill more than 1.5 billion Australian native animals a year". www.cdu.edu.au. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  2. Legge, S.; Murphy, B.P.; McGregor, H.; Woinarski, J.C.Z.; Augusteyn, J.; Ballard, G.; Baseler, M.; Buckmaster, T.; Dickman, C.R.; Doherty, T.; Edwards, G.; Eyre, T.; Fancourt, B.A.; Ferguson, D.; Forsyth, D.M.; Geary, W.L.; Gentle, M.; Gillespie, G.; Greenwood, L.; Hohnen, R.; Hume, S.; Johnson, C.N.; Maxwell, M.; McDonald, P.J.; Morris, K.; Moseby, K.; Newsome, T.; Nimmo, D.; Paltridge, R.; Ramsey, D.; Read, J.; Rendall, A.; Rich, M.; Ritchie, E.; Rowland, J.; Short, J.; Stokeld, D.; Sutherland, D.R.; Wayne, A.F.; Woodford, L.; Zewe, F. (February 2017). "Enumerating a continental-scale threat: How many feral cats are in Australia?". Biological Conservation. 206: 293–303. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.11.032.
  3. Aguirre, Jessica Camille (25 April 2019). "Australia Is Deadly Serious About Killing Millions of Cats (Published 2019)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
  4. Abbott, Ian; Department of Environment and Conservation (2008). "Origin and spread of the cat, Felis catus, on mainland Australia: re-examination of the current conceptual model with additional information" (PDF). Conservation Science Western Australia Journal (7). Retrieved 11 February 2013.
  5. "THE CAT PROBLEM in AUSTRALIA". Sunday Times (Perth, WA : 1902 - 1954). Perth, WA: National Library of Australia. 22 December 1912. p. 8 Edition: Christmas Number, Section: Third Section. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
  6. "Feral and pet cats killing 'billions' of native animals each year, research finds". www.abc.net.au. 14 July 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  7. Animal Medicines Australia (2016), Pet Ownership in Australia 2016 (PDF), Animal Medicines Australia
  8. Dickman, Chris (May 1996). Overview of the Impacts of Feral Cats on Australian Native Fauna (PDF). The Director of National Parks and Wildlife - Australian Nature Conservation Agency - Institute of Wildlife Research. ISBN 0 642 21379 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
  9. The Threat Of FeralCats
  10. Robley, A.; Reddiex, B.; Arthur, T.; Pech, R.; Forsyth, D. (September 2004). Interactions between feral cats, foxes, native carnivores, and rabbits in Australia (PDF). Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  11. Davies, Wally; Prentice, Ralph (March 1980), "The feral cat in Australia", Wildlife in Australia, 17 (Mar 1980): 20–26, 32, retrieved 21 January 2016
  12. Risbey, Danielle A.; Calver, Michael C.; Short, Jeff; Bradley, J. Stuart; Wright, Ian W. (2000). "The impact of cats and foxes on the small vertebrate fauna of Heirisson Prong, Western Australia. II. A field experiment". Wildlife Research. 27 (3): 223. doi:10.1071/WR98092.
  13. "Psephotus pulcherrimus — Paradise Parrot". Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. 13 March 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2013.
  14. "'They're highly evolved predators': Kangaroo Island's plan to be cat-free". 6 October 2016.
  15. https://www.naturalresources.sa.gov.au/kangarooisland/plants-and-animals/pest-animals/Kangaroo-Island-Feral-Cat-Eradication-Program
  16. Campbell, Claire (12 September 2020). "Endangered species 'looking at extinction' on Kangaroo Island as feral cats roam". www.abc.net.au. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  17. "Engel Gippsland big cat". Retrieved 2 May 2008.
  18. "Feral Mega Cats"
  19. Mercer, Phil (2 September 2007). "Australians cook up wild cat stew". BBC News.
  20. Wahlquist, Calla (27 October 2015). "Traditional hunters and western science join forces in the fight against feral cats". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
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