Cat eye syndrome

Cat eye syndrome or Schmid–Fraccaro syndrome, is a rare condition caused by the short arm (p) and a small section of the long arm (q) of human chromosome 22 being present three (trisomic) or four times (tetrasomic) instead of the usual two times.[2] There is no significant reduction in life expectancy in patients who are not afflicted with one of CES' life-threatening abnormalities.

Cat eye syndrome
Other namesCES[1]
An example of the defect after which CES is named.
SpecialtyMedical genetics 
Frequency1 in 74,000

Signs and symptoms
  • Unilateral or bilateral iris coloboma (absence of tissue from the colored part of the eyes)
  • Preauricular pits/tags (small depressions/growths of skin on the outer ears)
X-ray image of anal atresia in human infant
  • Anal atresia (abnormal obstruction of the anus)
  • Downward-slanting Palpebral fissures (openings between the upper and lower eyelids)
  • Cleft palate
  • Kidney problems (missing, extra, or underdeveloped kidneys)
  • Short stature
  • Scoliosis/Skeletal problems
  • Cardiac defects (such as TAPVR)
  • Micrognathia (smaller jaw)
  • Hernias
  • Biliary atresia[3]
  • Rarer malformations can affect almost any organ
  • Intellectual disability – many are intellectually normal; about 30% of CES patients have moderately impaired mental development, although severe intellectual disability is rare.[4]

The term "cat eye" syndrome was coined because of the particular appearance of the vertical colobomas in the eyes of some patients. However, over half of the CES patients in the literature do not present with this trait.[4]

Genetics

The additional chromosome 22 usually arises spontaneously. It may be hereditary and parents may be mosaic for the marker chromosome but show no phenotypic symptoms of the syndrome.[5]

The chromosomal area included in the cat eye syndrome "critical region" is 22pter→q11.

History

The abnormalities common to cat eye syndrome were first cataloged in 1899.[6] It was described in association with a small marker chromosome in 1965.[7] Early reports of cat eye syndrome discuss the possibility of chromosome 13 involvement. Now, CES is considered to be present with the chromosome 22 trisomy findings.[8]

See also

References
  1. "Cat eye syndrome". Orphanet. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  2. Rosias PR, Sijstermans JM, Theunissen PM, et al. (2001). "Phenotypic variability of the cat eye syndrome. Case report and review of the literature". Genet. Couns. 12 (3): 273–82. PMID 11693792.
  3. Congenital bile duct anomalies (biliary atresia) and chromosome 22 aneuploidy. Allotey J, Lacaille F, Lees MM, Strautnieks S, Thompson RJ, Davenport M. J Pediatr Surg. 2008 Sep;43(9):1736-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008.05.012.
  4. "Disorders of chromosome 22: Cat Eye Syndrome/Schmid Fraccaro Syndrome". www.c22c.org. Chromosome 22 Central. 18 July 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
  5. "Cat eye syndrome | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  6. Haab, O. Albrecht v Graefes. Archives of Ophthalmology, 24: 257 only, 1879
  7. Schachenmann G.; Schmid W.; Fraccaro M.; et al. (1965). "Chromosomes in Coloboma and Anal Atresia". Lancet. 2 (7406): 290. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(65)92415-3. PMID 14330081.
  8. Bühler EM, Méhes K, Müller H, Stalder GR (1972). "Cat-eye syndrome, a partial trisomy 22". Humangenetik. 15 (2): 150–62. doi:10.1007/BF00295742. PMID 5049068. S2CID 35284790.
Classification
External resources


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