Capture of Grenada (1779)

The Capture of Grenada was an amphibious expedition in July 1779 during the American Revolutionary War. Charles Hector, comte D'Estaing led French forces against the British-held West Indies island of Grenada. The French forces landed on 2 July and the assault occurred on the night of 3–4 July. The French forces assaulted the British fortifications on Hospital Hill, overlooking the island's capital, Saint George's. The British cannons were captured and turned against Fort George. British Governor Lord Macartney opened negotiations to surrender.

Capture of Grenada
Part of the American Revolutionary War
View of the French assault on the island of Grenada, 4 July 1779. Prise de l'île de la Grenade, 4 juillet 1779 by Jean-François Hue
Date 2–4 July 1779 Location Grenada, West Indies Result French victory
Belligerents
France	Great Britain
Commanders and leaders
Comte D'Estaing	Lord Macartney (POW)
Strength
2,100 men 25 ships of the line[1]	125 regulars 436 militia and volunteers[2]
Casualties and losses
114 killed 200 wounded[3]	about 700 prisoners 118 artillery pieces 200 merchantmen[4]

Admiral d'Estaing controversially rejected Macartney's terms of capitulation, instead insisting on him adopting the harsher terms he had written. Macartney rejected those terms, choosing to surrender unconditionally. D'Estaing thereafter permitted his forces to loot the town, and Macartney was sent to France as a prisoner of war.

On 5 July, French forces re-embarked when word arrived that a British fleet under Admiral John Byron was approaching. The two fleets battled the next day. The French severely damaged several British ships; however, both fleets successfully returned to their bases. Under the terms of the Treaty of Paris, France returned Grenada to British control at the end of the war.

Background

Following the entry of France into the American War of Independence as an American ally in early 1778, French Admiral the comte D'Estaing arrived in the West Indies in early December 1778 commanding a fleet of twelve ships of the line and a number of smaller vessels.[5] At about the same time a British fleet under Admiral William Hotham also arrived, augmenting the West Indies fleet of Admiral Samuel Barrington.[6] The British then captured French-held St. Lucia, despite d'Estaing's attempt at relief. The British used St. Lucia to monitor the French on Martinique, where d'Estaing was based.[7]

The British fleet was further reinforced in January 1779 by ten ships of the line under Admiral John Byron, who assumed command of the British Leeward Islands station.[8] Throughout the first half of 1779, both fleets received additional reinforcements, after which the French fleet was superior to that of the British.[9] Byron departed St. Lucia on 6 June in order to provide escort services to British merchant ships gathering at St. Kitts for a convoy to Europe, leaving d'Estaing free to act. D'Estaing and the French governor-general at Martinique, the marquis de Bouillé, seized the opportunity to begin a series of operations against nearby British possessions.[10]

Their first target, the isle of Saint Vincent, fell on 18 June, and d'Estaing turned his attention to other islands. He had hoped to capture Barbados, a key British possession, but after making no progress against the prevailing easterly trade winds, he turned his attention instead to Grenada.[11]

British defences

Plan of the French attacks

Grenada was one of Britain's richest colonies, producing significant quantities of sugar on its plantations.[12] Lord Macartney, the British governor, had been alerted to the possibility of a French attack. He made repeated requests for support to Admiral Byron and the British commander at St. Kitts, but was told that Saint Vincent was the principal French interest. However, Byron stated he would bring relief should Grenada be attacked.[13]

Macartney had at his disposal 101 soldiers drawn from the 48th Regiment of Foot and 24 artillery men. He also had over 400 militia and volunteers, but did not consider these forces dependable because one third of them were of French extraction.[2] He ordered the construction of significant fortifications on Hospital Hill, a prominence overlooking the island capital St. George's. The steep hillsides were fortified by stone walls, and the hilltop had a palisade surrounding a series of entrenchments.[14]

French capture

Hand-colored 1779 engraving depicting d'Estaing's capture of the heights

The French fleet anchored off the Grenada coast just north of St. George's on 2 July.[15] The troops that d'Estaing landed that day consisted of the 1,400-man Irish Dillon Regiment and 700 troops drawn from the regiments Champagne, Foix, Auxerrois, and Hainault.[14] With the arrival of the French, Macartney ordered his forces to withdraw behind the fortifications of Hospital Hill. D'Estaing spent 3 July reconnoitring the British position.[16] Concerned that Byron might appear at any time, he decided to launch an attack on Hospital Hill.[1] He first sent a parley flag to Macartney demanding his surrender; the British governor rejected the demand.[17]

D'Estaing's plan of attack called for three columns to attack the back side of the fortifications with bayonets, while a small fourth detachment made a demonstration from a location where the British might more reasonably expect an attack, in other words a decoy or distraction. On the evening of 3 July these formations moved out. The columns, each numbering 300 men, were led by Arthur Dillon, his brother Édouard, and the comte de Noailles. Arthur Dillon's column was accompanied by an advance guard of 180 under the comte de Durat, and the demonstration force numbered just 200. At 4:00 am on the 4th the demonstration force opened fire, while the other three columns charged up Hospital Hill. The British defenders panicked and most fled down the hill to the apparent safety of Fort George.[17]

The British, in their haste to leave the premises, neglected to spike some of the cannons (driving a metal spike into the touchhole, rendering the cannon inoperative). They also abandoned many valuables that had been brought up on the heights for safekeeping. The French used the captured cannons to fire upon Fort George. Realizing the situation was hopeless, Macartney raised the white flag.[18] The French took about 700 prisoners, and claimed casualties of 36 killed and 71 wounded. British reports, however, claimed the French casualties numbered closer to 300.[19] The French also claimed as prizes 200 merchant ships anchored in the harbour.[20]

Admiral d'Estaing rejected Macartney's proposed terms of capitulations, countering with a list of articles that he had drafted. Macartney found d'Estaing's proposed articles "not merely unprecedented and humiliating, but so ensnaring and uncertain in their nature, extent, and aim that they might at any time supply a pretext for taking away the lives, together with the fortunes, of the capitulants."[21] His council was unanimous in rejecting the proposed capitulation, and the British chose to surrender unconditionally instead. As a consequence, d'Estaing permitted his troops to pillage St. George's.[22] Among the items taken or destroyed were most of Macartney's silver and plate, much of his clothing, and his personal papers. The latter came as a particularly harsh blow to the governor, for copies of those papers sent to St. Lucia with his wife for safeguarding were destroyed by fire.[23] When d'Estaing invited Macartney to dine with him, the governor apologised for his garb, noting that the coat he was wearing was the only one left him. Macartney and other leading Grenadians were also refused parole, and were sent to France as prisoners of war.[22]

Aftermath

French political cartoon acclaiming d'Estaing for his successes

Admiral Byron had been alerted to the capture of Saint Vincent on 1 July, and was en route with a force to retake it when he learned of the attack on Grenada. He immediately sailed there, arriving on the morning of 6 July. D'Estaing, alerted to Byron's intentions on the 5th, embarked most of the troops and weighed anchor at 4:00 am on the 6th. The fleets battled off Grenada, with d'Estaing prevailing over Byron's disorganised attack.[24] There were no further major actions in the West Indies before d'Estaing sailed north and led an unsuccessful siege of British-held Savannah, Georgia in September.[25]

D'Estaing's successes in capturing Grenada and defeating Byron made him immensely popular in France.[26] Playwright and actor Pierre-Germain Parisau wrote Veni, Vidi, Vici, ou La Prise de Grenade containing a re-enactment of the capture. D'Estaing did not see the popular work, but John Paul Jones attended a performance during a visit to Paris.[27]

During their occupation, the French began construction of a series of fortifications on Richmond Hill. Designed to defend against an attack like theirs, its cannons pointed to the landward rather than seaward side. These defences were completed by the British after 1783.[19]

Both Grenada and Saint Vincent remained in French hands until the end of the war, when they were returned to Britain under the terms of the 1783 Treaty of Paris.[28] The rule of the comte de Durat, who was appointed governor by d'Estaing, was reported by British residents to be harsh and oppressive.[29] After the British resumed control, they cracked down on the predominantly Roman Catholic French-speaking population, leading to discontent and an exodus of French Grenadians to Trinidad.[30] These religious and cultural divisions in Grenadian society contributed to the rise of local resistance which culminated in the nearly-successful Fédon Rebellion in 1795–96.[31]

Notes

1. Colomb, p. 390
2. Barrow and Macartney, p. 56
3. Barrow and Macartney, p. 59
4. Marley p.321
5. Mahan, pp. 429–431
6. Mahan, p. 429
7. Mahan, pp. 429–432
8. Colomb, p. 388
9. Colomb, pp. 388–389
10. Colomb, p. 389
11. Colomb, pp. 389–390
12. O'Shaughnessy, p. 60
13. Barrow and Macartney, pp. 55–56
14. A Brief Historical Sketch, p. 827
15. Colman-Maison, p. 263
16. Colman-Maison, p. 264
17. Brizan, p. 44
18. Brizan, p. 45
19. Brizan, p. 46
20. Mahan, p. 434
21. Robbins, pp. 109–110
22. Robbins, p. 110
23. Barrow and Macartney, pp. 62, 408
24. Colomb, p. 391
25. Mahan, pp. 440–443
26. Doniol, p. 421
27. Campardon, p. 210
28. Black, p. 59
29. Brizan, p. 48
30. Brizan, p. 49
31. Brizan, pp. 50–52

References

• "A Brief Historical Sketch of the Irish Infantry Regiment of Dillon and the Irish Stuart Regiments in the Service of France, 1690–1791". Journal of the Royal United Service Institution (Volume 49). July–December 1905.
• Barrow, John; Macartney, George (1807) [1807]. The Public Life of the Earl of Macartney. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-108-02619-2. OCLC 754156804.
• Black, Jeremy (2006). A Military History of Britain: From 1775 to the Present. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0-275-99039-8. OCLC 70483433.
• Brizan, George (1984). Grenada: Island of Conflict. London: Zed Books. ISBN 978-0-86232-230-4. OCLC 11793093.
• Campardon, Émile (1877). Les Spectacles de la Foire, Volume 2 (in French). Geneva: Berger-Levrault et Cie. OCLC 493703871.
• Chartrand, Rene (1992). The French Army in the American War of Independence. London: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-167-0. OCLC 635271744.
• Colman-Maison, Jean Joseph Robert (1910). L'Amiral d'Estaing (1729-1794) (in French). Paris: Calmann-Lévy. OCLC 2677381.
• Colomb, Philip (1895). Naval Warfare, its Ruling Principles and Practice Historically Treated. London: W. H. Allen. p. 386. OCLC 2863262.
• Doniol, Auguste (1902). Histoire du XVIe Arrondissement de Paris (in French). Paris: Hachette. p. 421. OCLC 123166366.
• Mahan, Alfred Thayer (1898). Major Operations of the Royal Navy, 1762–1783: Being Chapter XXXI in The Royal Navy. A History. Boston: Little, Brown. OCLC 46778589.
• Marley, David (2008). Wars of the Americas: a Chronology of Armed Conflict in the Western Hemisphere, 1492 to the Present, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-100-8. OCLC 166373121.
• O'Shaughnessy, Andrew Jackson (2000). An Empire Divided: the American Revolution and the British Caribbean. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-3558-6. OCLC 185896684.
• Robbins, Helen Henrietta Macartney (1908). Our First Ambassador to China: An Account of the Life of George, Earl of Macartney. London: J. Murray. p. 109. OCLC 3430917.