Cadorna Line

The Cadorna Line was the popular name for what was known officially as the “Northern Frontier” or, in full, the Italian defensive system on the Northern Border facing Switzerland (Italian: ‘Frontiera Nord’, ‘Il sistema difensivo italiano alla Frontiera Nord verso la Svizzera’). It was designed and built between 1899 and 1918 to protect the Po Valley and its main industrial centres from an attack by France, Germany or Austria-Hungary violating Swiss neutrality.[1][2]

Background
Memorial stone for the Cadorna Line on Campo dei Fiori di Varese

In 1862, shortly after the birth of the Kingdom of Italy, the Army General Staff first considered the need to fortify its borders with Switzerland to prevent an invasion through the Alpine passes - the Great St Bernard, the Simplon, the Gotthard, the Spluga, the Maloja, the Bernina, the Stelvio and the Tonale. A plan was developed to build a series of forts and batteries linking the Ossola Valley, Lake Maggiore, Ceresio and Lake Como. Because of the costs involved, the plan was not implemented for a number of years.

In 1871 a renewed effort was made to include the plan in Italy's defence budget. However in 1882 the General Staff Committee declared its opposition to the idea, considering an Austrian violation of Swiss territory unlikely, and a German attack unrealistic. By this time the Triple Alliance had in any case neutralised these threats of invasion. Nonetheless, work on the projects resumed, and carried out haltingly until 1911, when the State Defense Office brought forward a scheme along the Bergamasque Alps and the Ticino salient.[3]:14

On April 18, 1911 the General Staff entrusted the work to the Milan Military Engineering Works Management, who began work on the Mera - Adda barrier with the construction of Fort Montecchio-Lusardi.[1] Work continued intermittently until the outbreak of the Great War and was completed urgently when hostilities began.

In September 1915, shortly after Italy entered the First World War. General it:Carlo Porro warned Chief of Staff Luigi Cadorna that an invasion of Lombardy by the Central Powers, through neutral Switzerland, could lead to an attack on the area of Milan and thus on the heartland of Italian industrial production.[3]:14 Apart from a few border guards Italy had only eight battalions of the Territorial Militia on this frontier. prompted the Italian government to restart the full-scale construction of the defensive line. Cadorna therefore decided to revive the 1882 plan, and ordered the building of an imposing fortified line from the Ossola Valley up to the Bergamesque Alps.[4] It included roads, mule tracks, paths, trenches, artillery positions, observatories, field hospitals, command centers and logistics structures, all built at high altitudes from 600 to over 2,000 meters.

The project plan provided for 72 km of trenches, 88 artillery positions (including 11 built in caves), 25,000 square meters of barracks, 296 kilometers of roads and 398 kilometers of mule tracks, at a cost of over 105m lire (about 150m euros today), requiring 40,000 men to build it.[5][1] This complex of works was never used. The fortifications were garrisoned at the beginning of the war but abandoned after the defeat at Caporetto.

The construction of the line

The work was contracted out to several companies, including many from Varese, which worked so well that they also obtained orders for the fortifications in the Veneto region.[3]:15 By the declaration of war on Germany on August 27, 1916, Italy had completed the work, and created a special Command for them. The Italian-Swiss border was divided into 6 sectors:[6]:131

Val d’Aosta: The nineteenth-century Fort Bard was integrated with some positions in the Etroubles basin in order to prevent the passage from the Great St Bernard Pass, but the small likelihood of enemy maneuver in the sector limited the work.

Toce-Verbano: (Simplon Pass to Lake Maggiore) The Ornavasso barrier was strengthened by providing a final retreat line at the Candoglia quarries in order to take advantage of the natural defense offered by the mountains of the Val Grande. The barrier of the Simplon railway was not modified, because it was assumed that enemy occupation was certain. Half a 75 mm artillery battery (two guns) was assigned to the Iselle cave post, with the task of closing the tunnel in case of emergency. When the risk of invasion passed, this post remained the only one operating until the end of the war.

Verbano-Ceresio: (Luino to Porto Ceresio) the defense was built along two lines; initially it was the positions of the Varese entrenched camp that were equipped, and only later was it decided to move up to the Luino-Ponte Tresa line. This stretch of the Cadorna Line passes through the Cinque Vette Park.[7]

Ceresio-Lario: (Viggiù to Menaggio) The importance of this area was such that all plans had, as their first objective, the occupation of the entire Mendrisio District of Switzerland up to Capolago. For this reason it was decided to concentrate fire on the Melide dam-bridge, the only means of connection with Lugano. This action would have allowed the easy occupation of Monte Generoso to protect and support the strategic point of the entire sector, the Sighignola. From Porlezza to Menaggio, the massive mountain range south of the valley offered a sufficient natural barrier.[8]

S.Lucio-S.Jorio: The occupation of the border barracks was only planned in the event of an offensive.

Mera-Adda: This sector used the Orobie Alps as a final defensive line. The Colico barrage was considered insufficient since its location, at the level of the lake, could allow the enemy to fight back from higher ground with artillery stationed on the nearby hills. High positions were then established further up on it:Monte Legnoncino.[9]

Design and build

The Cadorna Line was innovative - traditional structures such as isolated garrisons, vulnerable to heavy artillery, were abandoned in favor of steel armored domes, semi-permanent field works, barbette posts for mortars, howitzers and cannons, and cave positions for machine guns and medium caliber artillery. Machine gun nests were designed to ensure coordinated covering fire.

The designers relied most heavily on trenches. These were very different to the largely improvised structures of the Western Front. The Cadorna Line trenches were designed in great detail, equipped with parapets, loopholes and shelters.

Due to the scarcity of soldiers, the barrages were built along a rearward line that exploited the terrain following the ridges and depressions along the border. The military doctrine of the time still relied on the impact of massed troops rather than on new technologies. Thus the line was built mainly with concrete front-line trenches, accompanied by platforms and niches as vantage points for shooting.

The entrenchments were a succession of broken lines, often with sharp angles to ensure the greatest possible protection against the explosion of grenades , and at regular intervals they presented "bell" niches for the shelter of sentries in case of bad weather. Numerous tracts of trenches were equipped with small reductions , and ladders to allow the infantryman to exit in the event of a counterattack, then there were numerous machine gun positions underground.

The gun batteries present in the trenches were of three types: barbettes (outdoor and semi-raised positions protected by a wall), protected concrete bunkers, and caves where large-calibre artillery were housed, with magazines and barracks for the garrison.

The Line enters service

The fortified system was entrusted to the commander of the 5th Army from Varese, Lt. Gen. it:Ettore Mambretti who had the task of protecting the left flank of the Italian defensive array. Due to the lack of troops, which were almost entirely employed at the front, the posts and barriers were built in more rearward positions, in order to exploit the terrain. The 5th Army would have 4 Army Corps, (each of two divisions), two Cavalry Divisions, a division deployed in Valle d'Aosta and 56 medium-caliber batteries.

On January 16, 1917, the "Northern Frontier Advanced Occupation Command" (Italian: Comando Occupazione Avanzata Frontiera Nord (OAFN)) was established in Varese, under the 5th Army , aimed at "supervising the neighboring state and studying the concrete implementation of the hypotheses formulated "; hypotheses that provided for the border defense plan, with the support of the allied countries, support that was decided during the Third Chantilly Conference in December 1916.[1][6]:158

Three battle plans were developed by the 5th Army Command. "Plan A" was defensive and assumed French support in the Arona-Gallarate area. “Plan B” involved an offensive "leap" up to the passes of Monte Ceneri and Bernina and occupying the northern border ridges of the Adda river. “Plan C” was for an offensive to completely eliminate the Ticino salient in Switzerland. Following rumors that Switzerland had entered into a secret pact with Germany to attack Italy, the plans were modified to assume Switzerland was hostile rather than a neutral country invaded from the north.[10]:175

In the first months of 1917 the works were almost complete, but by this time their garrison troops had already been sent to Veneto together with the units of the Territorial Militia. The fortified system then passed under the control of 6 battalions of the Regia Guardia di Finanza. After Caporetto, these 6 battalions were also sent to defend the Piave line and after this the Cadorna Line remained unguarded until the end of the conflict.[11]

General Mambretti, dismissed by Cadorna, was placed in charge of the OAFN on 20 July 1917, replacing General Lequio.[10]:169 The command of the 5th Army was dissolved as that of the OAFN was considered more than sufficient. In May 1918 Mambretti handed over command to General Novelli. On January 10, 1919 , the OAFN was dissolved and the Cadorna Line was abandoned.

After the First World War

In the thirties the Fascist regime began construction of the Alpine Wall and approved maintenance work on the Cadorna Line. The Cadorna Line was briefly the focus of attention in 1938, when Mussolini thought about invading Switzerland,[3]:19[12] perhaps to flex his muscles with the Germans who had recently annexed Austria. The "Camicie Nere Como" battalion was sent to the border, but the order was revoked and the invasion abandoned. The only war action on the line was on November 13, 1943 when the first battle of the resistance took place in the bunkers of San Martino in Valcuvia, when fascist government forces defeated a group of partisans led by Colonel it:Carlo Croce.[13][14]

After the Second World War the works were completely abandoned, and were mostly neglected. Because of the excellent quality of their construction, many of Cadorna Line trenches and structures remain in excellent physical condition. The trenches of Ornavasso, Cassano Valcuvia and Monte Marzio in the province of Varese are particularly in good condition.[15][16][17]

In the province of Como the following structures have been restored and can be visited:

See also

Further reading
  • Corbella, Roberts: Le fortificazioni della linea Cadorna tra Maggiore e Ceresio, Macchione Editore
  • Viviani, Ambrogio & Corbella, Roberto: La Linea Cadorna Storia e Itinerari Val d'Ossola - Val d'Intelvi - Lago di Como - Valtellina, Macchione Editore
  • Minola, Mauro & Ronco, Beppe: Fortificazioni di montagna Macchione Editore
  • Vaschetto, Diego: Strade e sentieri della linea Cadorna. Itinerari storico-escursionistici dalla Valle d'Aosta alle Alpi Orobie, Edizioni del Capricorno, 2015 ISBN 8877072539

References
  1. Boldrini, Francesca. "The History". provincia.va.it. Lines Cadorna, Sentiero Della Pace. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  2. "La Crocetta: the routes of the War". lakecomo.is. Lago di Como Italia. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  3. Corbella, Roberto (1998). Le fortificazioni della linea Cadorna tra Lago Maggiore e Ceresio. Varese: Macchione Editore. ISBN 978-88-8340-039-1.
  4. R. Roveda; M. Pellegrini (2018-07-31). Il confine settentrionale: Austria e Svizzera alle porte d'Italia. Oltre Edizioni. p. 221. ISBN 978-88-99932-29-9. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  5. "The Cadorna Line". illalomaggiore.com. IlLagoMaggiore.com. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  6. Alberto Rovighi (1987). Un secolo di relazioni militari tra Italia e Svizzera, 1861-1961. Stato maggiore dell'Esercito, Ufficio storico. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  7. "LA LINEA DI DIFESA NEL SETTORE VERBANO-CERESIO". centrodocumentale.it. Centro Documentale Frontiera Nord "Linea Cadorna“. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  8. Silva, Carlo. "Il Percorso delle Trincee" (PDF). clienti.tio.ch. clienti.tio.ch. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  9. Italy. Esercito. Corpo di stato maggiore (1940). L'Esercito italiano nella grande guerra: 1915-1918. Provveditorato generale dello Stato, Libreria. p. 112. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  10. John Gooch (2014-06-19). The Italian Army and the First World War. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19307-8. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  11. Revue Militaire Suisse. 2003. p. 67. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  12. Cerutti, Mauro. "L'Italia fascista e la Svizzera nella Seconda Guerra mondiale si, nel qual caso l'Italia dovrà cercare di raggiungere il Gottardo. E che mo- strano anche il disprezzo viscerale" (PDF). Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  13. Scomazzon, Francesco (2005). Maledetti figli di Giuda, vi prenderemo! La caccia nazifascista agli ebrei in una terra di confine, Varese, 1943-1945. Mario Chiarotto Editore. p. 23. ISBN 978-88-89666-03-6. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  14. Mimmo Franzinelli; Marcello Flores (2019). Storia della Resistenza. Editori Laterza. p. 64. ISBN 978-88-581-4051-2. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  15. "Lines Cadorna". distrittolaghi.it. District to Turistico Demi Laghi. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  16. "Alla scoperta della Linea Cadorna". Varese News. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  17. "Porto Ceresio-Borgnana and return". Lines Cadorna:Sentiero del Pace. Provincia di Varese Settore Marketing Territoriale e Identità Culturale. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  18. "La Crocetta The trenches of the Linea Cadorna". in-lombardia.it. inLOMBARDIA. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  19. "Il Recupero di Cardina". alpinicomo.it. ANA sezione di Como. Retrieved 18 October 2020.

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