Bulla (amulet)

A bulla, an amulet worn like a locket, was given to male children in Ancient Rome nine days after birth. Rather similar objects are rare finds from Late Bronze Age Ireland.

For other uses, see Bulla.
Detail from a relief showing a Roman boy wearing a bulla
Etruscan bulla depicting Icarus

Roman bullae
Necklace with lenticular bulla, Ostia, Augustan age, gold

Roman bullae were enigmatic objects of lead, sometimes covered in gold foil, if the family could afford it. A bulla was worn around the neck as a locket to protect against evil spirits and forces. Bullae were made of differing substances depending upon the wealth of the family.

Roman boys

Before the age of manhood, Roman boys wore a bulla, a neckchain and round pouch containing protective amulets (usually phallic symbols), and the bulla of an upper-class boy would be made of gold.[1] Other materials included leather and cloth.

A freeborn Roman boy wore a bulla until he came of age as a Roman citizen. Before he put on his toga virilis ("toga of manhood") he placed his boyhood bulla in the care of his parental household deities (Lares).[2] Some modern sources interpret Macrobius's single reference to an amulet worn by a triumphal general during his procession as evidence that the childhood bulla was also a standard item of triumphal regalia.[3]

Roman girls
Main article: Lunula (amulet)

A girl child did not wear a bulla per se,[4] but another kind of amulet, called a lunula, until the eve of her marriage, when it was removed along with her childhood toys and other things. She would then stop wearing child's clothes and start wearing women's Roman dress.

Bronze Age Ireland

A small number of bullae have been found in Ireland; they are called "bullae" based on their resemblance to the Roman form.[lower-alpha 1] The Irish bullae so far found were made of base metal[lower-alpha 2] – sometimes clay – covered with a folded over piece of gold foil. The Irish bullae date to the Late Bronze Age, about 1150–750 BCE.

They were presumably worn suspended round the neck with a cord running through the hole below the flat top. The body of the bulla has roughly vertical sides before making a semi-circle or inverted pointed arch at the bottom. The gold is incised with geometrical decoration.

Whether they were purely for adornment or had an amuletic or other function is unclear. Despite the small weight of gold used they would have been available only for elite groups.[5][6][7][8]

See also

Notes
  1. Other than superficial resemblance, Irish and Roman bullae have no known connection.
  2. Irish bullae are usually made of lead, but also tin. Bullae made of clay are rare.

References
  1. "Roman Clothing". Vroma.org. Part I. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
  2. Clarke, John R., The Houses of Roman Italy, 100 BC-AD 250. Ritual, Space and Decoration, illustrated, University Presses of California, Columbia and Princeton, 1992, pp. 9-10; citing Propertius, 4.1.13 & Persius, The Satires, 5.30-1.
  3. Beard, Mary: The Roman Triumph, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., and London, England, 2007, pp. 229-230, 375-376, note 29; citing see also Macrobius, 3. 6. 9. ISBN 978-0-674-02613-1
  4. Sebesta, J.L.; Bonfante, L. (2001). The World of Roman Costume. The University of Wisconsin Press. p. 47.
  5. "Bullae". Bronze Age objects. UK: Portable Antiquities Scheme. Archived from the original on 8 August 2013.
  6. "Bulla". National Museum of Ireland. November 2016. Archived from the original on 2013-08-18. Retrieved 2013-08-18.
  7. Wallace, Patrick F.; O'Floinn, Raghnall, eds. (2002). Treasures of the National Museum of Ireland. Irish Antiquities. 3. Dublin, EI: Gill & Macmillan. p. 18. ISBN 0-7171-2829-6.
  8. Taylor, Joan J. (1980). Bronze Age Goldwork of the British Isles. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 65 ff. – via Google Books.
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