Book censorship

Book censorship is the act of some authority taking measures to suppress ideas and information within a book. Censorship is "the regulation of free speech and other forms of entrenched authority".[1] Censors typically identify as either a concerned parent, community members who react to a text without reading, or local or national organizations.[2] Marshall University Library defines a banned book as one that is "removed from a library, classroom etc." and a challenged book as one that is "requested to be removed from a library, classroom etc."[3] Books can be censored by burning, shelf removal, school censorship, and banning books.[3] Books are most often censored for age appropriateness, offensive language, sexual content, amongst other reasons.[4] Similarly, religions may issue lists of banned books, such as the historical example of the Roman Catholic Church's Index Librorum Prohibitorum and bans of such books as The Satanic Verses by Ayatollah Khomeini[5], which do not always carry legal force. Censorship can be enacted at the national or subnational level as well, and can carry legal penalties. Books may also be challenged at a local community level, although successful bans do not extend outside that area.

Chilean soldiers burn books considered politically subversive in 1973, under Augusto Pinochet's dictatorship.

Background

"Almost every country places some restrictions on what may be published, although the emphasis and the degree of control differ from country to country and at different periods."[6] There are a variety of reasons for which books may be censored. Materials are often suppressed due to the perceived notion of obscenity. This obscenity can apply to materials that are about sexuality, race, drugs, or social standing.[7] The censorship of literature on the charge of obscenity appears to have begun in the early 19th century.[8] The rise of the middle class, who had evangelical backgrounds, brought about this concern with obscenity.[8]

Governments have also sought to ban certain books which they perceive to contain material that could threaten, embarrass, or criticize them.[9]

Throughout history, societies practiced various forms of censorship in the belief that the community, as represented by the government, was responsible for molding the individual.[10]

Other leaders outside the government have banned books, including religious authorities.[11] Church leaders who prohibit members of their faith from reading the banned books may want to shelter them from perceived obscene, immoral, or profane ideas or situations or from ideas that may challenge the teaching of that religion.[12]

Religious materials have been subject to censorship as well. For example, various scriptures have been banned (and sometimes burned at several points in history). The Bible has been censored and even banned, as have other religious scriptures. Similarly, books based on the scriptures have also been banned, such as Leo Tolstoy's The Kingdom of God Is Within You, which was banned in the Russian Empire for being anti-establishment.[13]

Banning of a book often has the effect of enticing people to seek the book.[14] The action of banning the book creates an interest in the book which has the opposite effect of making the work more popular.[14]

Methods
Nazi Germany burned works of Jewish authors, and other works considered "un-German".

Book burning

Book burning is the practice of destroying, often ceremonially, books or other written material. It is usually carried out in public and is generally motivated by moral, religious, or political objections to the material, with a desire to censor it. Book burning is one of the original types of censorship dating back to 213 BCE.[15] Book burning has historically been performed in times of conflict, for example Nazi book burnings, US Library of Congress, Arian books, Jewish Manuscripts in 1244, and the burning of Christian texts, just to name a few.[16] In the United States, book burning is another right that is protected by the first amendment as a freedom of expression.[17]

School censorship

In the United States, school organizations that find contents of a book to be offensive or unfit for a given age group will often have the book removed from the class curriculum.[17] This type of censorship usually arises from parental influence in schools.[17] Parents who do not feel comfortable with a child's required reading will make efforts to have the book removed from a class, and replaced by another title.[17]

Banning books
Main article: List of books banned by governments

According to the Marshall University Library, a banned book in the United States is one that has been "removed from a library, classroom, etc".[3] In many situations, parents or concerned parties will ban or propose a ban based on the book's contents.[18] The American Library Association publishes a list of the top "Banned and Challenged Books" for any given year.[19] The American Library Association also organizes a "Banned Books Week", which is “an annual event celebrating the freedom to read."[19] The goal of the project is to bring awareness to banned books and promote the freedom to learn.[20]

School libraries

According to the American Library Association, "the school library is a unique and essential part of the learning community, and when led by a qualified school librarian, prepares all learners for college, career, and life."[21] In certain scenarios, concerned third parties often voice their concerns over certain titles in libraries that they deem to be unfit for students. In 1982, the Island Trees Union Free School District No. 26 versus Pico was taken to the United States Supreme Court.[22] In the case, students and parents challenged the board's removal of certain titles from the school library.[22] The books included texts which the board considered to be "anti-American, anti-Christian, anti-Semitic, and just plain filthy."[23] The Supreme Court Justices stated removal of books from libraries was only permissible if the books were considered educationally unsuitable.[2][24]

Public libraries

Public libraries are considered to be open to the public within a town or community. Similar to school libraries, removal of books from public library shelves is often the subject of heavy debate. "Public schools and public libraries...have been the setting for legal battles about student access to books, removal or retention of 'offensive' material, regulation of patron behavior, and limitations on public access to the internet."[25] In 2014, Singapore removed And Tango Makes Three, as well as The White Swan Express from public libraries based on the book's gay and lesbian couples.[26] The National Library Board takes a "a pro-family and cautious approach in identifying titles for our young visitors", and later pulped the books.[26]

Reasons

Book censorship can arise for any number of reasons. Concerned parties may find certain texts to be unfit for a learning environment. Some of the most common reasons for censorship include:

  • Offensive Language - Novels that contain profane or offensive language are one reason which book could be censored. Individuals who do not find the language of the book to be appropriate will seek the book to be banned or censored. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, is a book that has been censored and considered controversial for over 100 years.[27] The book has been argued whether it is considered racist, or anti-racist, due to the use of the word "nigger" in the text. In 1982, a school administrator of Virginia called the novel the "most grotesque example of racism I've ever seen in my life".[28]
  • Age Appropriateness - One of the most common reasons for censorship is when a book's content does not align with the intended age of the audience. This reason is one of the more popular reasons because it is generally applied to any title a censor deems worthy of censorship.[29] Many parents and concerned parties will challenge titles or hold back books from children, in hopes a certain book does not negatively impact an impressionable child. Common examples of this include Looking for Alaska, I am Jazz, and Habibi, which all were listed on the American Library associations top 10 challenged books for 2015 for age appropriateness.[30]
  • Sexual Content - Many parents will find any sort of sexual interaction within literature to be a cause for action.[29] Concerned parties worry that reading books about sex will cause the reader to "think about, express interest in, or have sex."[29] In 2013, the American Library Association ranked 50 Shades of Grey as number 4 on the annual study of challenged books for its graphic sexual content.[30] In addition, The Country Girls, by Edna O'Brien, was banned by Ireland's censorship board in 1960 for the book's explicit sexual content.[31][32]
  • Other:[4]
    • Religious Affiliation - A title can be censored due to a religious affiliation, if a concerned party views the book as religiously charged, or a certain religious group deems the book to be anti-religious.[33] On the Origin of Species, by Charles Darwin, has been surpassed and challenged since publication in 1859 due to the discussion about the theory of evolution.[33] The Bible has also been censored all over the world, including Spanish versions of The Bible being banned in Spain from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century.[34]
    • Witchcraft - When books use magic, or witchcraft. Harry Potter, by J.K. Rowling, was the #1 most challenged book series in 2001 and 2002, for the use of witchcraft, and for being satanic, according to the American Library Association.[30]
    • Violence or Negativity - These books are censored due to violent and graphic scenes, or are considered to be damaging for readers. In Australia, How to Make Disposable Silencers, by Desert and Eliezer Flores was banned after being considered to "promote, incite, or instruct in matters of crime or violence".[35] In France, Suicide mode d'emploi, by Claude Guillon, which reviews recipes for suicide, was banned and resulted in a law to be made which prohibits provocation to commit suicide and propaganda or advertisement of products, objects, or methods for committing suicide.[36]
    • Racial Issues - Novels which promote stories of racism or encouraging racism towards a group of people. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, as well as To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, have been censored for many years due to the use of racial slurs within the texts.[37]
    • Political Influence - Occurs when a book is considered by a censor to be politically motivated, or a censor has a certain political motivation for censorship. In 1958, the Irish Censorship of Publications Board banned the book Borstal Boy because of critiques of Irish republicanism, social attitudes and the Catholic Church.[38] Areopagitica, by John Milton, was banned in the Kingdom of England for the philosophical defenses of the right to freedom of speech and expression.[39]
    • LGBTQ+ Content - Censorship happens when authors will include LGBTQ+ characters and themes in their novels. Drama, by Raina Telgemeier, has been one of the top 10 most challenged books for the last three years straight for the use of LGBTQ+ characters, according to the American Library Association.[30] The Well of Loneliness, by Radclyffe Hall, was banned in the UK from 1928 to 1949 for the lesbian themes the book presents.[40]

International Book Censorship

Nazi-Era Germany

During the Second World War, the German Nazi party hosted frequent book burnings following seizures of property belonging non-Nazi Germans. The burnings were organized along with the efforts of an all-powerful Aryan Race that were being instated in the government by Joseph Goebbels; the Nazi Minister for Popular Enlightenment and Propaganda.[41] These events were seen as a symbolic cleanse for the German people, ridding their country and Aryan identity of anything that was 'un-German' in its ideals.[42] The materials included in the burning were not limited to works made within the Weimar Republic of the time, and the blacklist being followed reached to American authors as well as socialist and communist works. Ultimately, the blacklist for book burnings was focused on any content that would threaten the totality of Nazi power in Germany.More than anything else, these book burnings were remove Jewish cultural influences in Germany, at the order of the rising Nazi regime.[41]

Ireland's Censorship of Publications Act of 1929

Ireland's relationship with censorship was connected to the passing of the Censorship of Publications Act in 1929 as a result of an all-encompassing effort on the part of the Catholic Actions groups.[43] The 1929 act would not be repealed until 1967. For the 38 years before the act was repealed, the status of Irish works was left completely at the whim of members of the Catholic Church. In accordance to the act, the censorship board put into place would be composed of a member of the Catholic Truth Society of Ireland (CTSI) or a Knight of St. Columbanus as well as three additional Catholics and a final Protestant.[43] This congregation were tasked with deciding whether or not a work had any tendency towards the "indecent or obscene".[43] For a work to be prohibited there was a required four-to-one majority following an intense analysis of the work for any potentially problematic content.[43] Works that were deemed too provocative would be banned by the deciding board. 

Apartheid Regime of South Africa

The nearly 50 year period of Apartheid in South Africa , under influence of the severe policies of racial segregation, silenced the voices of many who were critical of the government. The censorship of such writings was legalized under the institution of the 1950 Suppression of Communism Act. This act was the government's tool to refute any anti-government propaganda being released against the Apartheid, allowing the works of any person who had left the country or who was considered to have acted against the state to be prohibited entirely. [44] Banned people were marked with a Communist label, making it clear that no works being produced on their behalf were to be consumed by a South African Citizen.

It was not until the early 1990s, the South African Government began a process of evaluating the banned materials looking to decide if certain works should still be considered prohibited in the country. This evaluation led to much of the considerations for prohibited materials to become limited to explicit topics instead of politically driven messaging.[45] Though some materials remained undesirable following this reevaluation, there were major publications that were then allowed to be distributed in South Africa. Especially notable was the country's growing openness to various works of political thinkers such as Nelson Mandela, Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin.[45] Credit for this new perspective can be offered towards an increasingly liberal political climate coming into place during the early 1990s.

Challenged books
This graph shows the number of book challenges from 2000-2005 and the most popular reasons for the challenges
Main article: List of most commonly challenged books in the United States

By country
Main article: Lists of banned books
See also: Book censorship in Canada, Book censorship in China, Book censorship in Iran, Book censorship in the Republic of Ireland, and Book censorship in the United States

See also

References
  1. Chapman, Roger; Ciment, James (2014-06-26). Culture Wars in America : an Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices. Chapman, Roger, 1960-, Ciment, James (Second ed.). Armonk, New York. ISBN 9780765683175. OCLC 881383488.
  2. "The Right To Read: Censorship in the School Library. ERIC Digest". www.ericdigests.org. Retrieved 2019-04-15.
  3. "Marshall University Libraries - Banned Book - 2018 Banned Books". www.marshall.edu. Retrieved 2019-04-15.
  4. Commons, Information. "LibGuides: Banned Books: Reasons for Banning Books". libguides.butler.edu. Retrieved 2019-04-17.
  5. Swan, John. 1991. "The Satanic Verses," the "Fatwa," and Its Aftermath: A Review Article. The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy 61.4:429-443,
  6. "CENSORSHIP OF BOOKS". teara.govt.nz.
  7. "About Banned & Challenged Books". ala.org. 25 October 2016.
  8. University of South Florida. "USF NetID Single-SignOn - University of South Florida". usf.edu.
  9. "Banned Books Online". upenn.edu.
  10. "Gale-Institution Finder". galeapps.gale.com.
  11. "Index Librorum Prohibitorum". Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
  12. University of South Florida. "USF NetID Single-SignOn - University of South Florida". usf.edu.
  13. http://sitemaker.umich.edu/globalnonviolence/files/tolstoy.pdf
  14. "Could Banning Books Actually Encourage More Readers?". NPR.org. 20 September 2013.
  15. Biscontini, Tracey Vasil, ed. (2018), "Free Speech" Check |url= value (help), UXL Protests, Riots, and Rebellions: Civil Unrest in the Modern World, UXL, 1, pp. 171–202, retrieved 2019-04-15
  16. Boissoneault, Lorraine. "A Brief History of Book Burning, From the Printing Press to Internet Archives". Smithsonian. Retrieved 2019-05-05.
  17. Staff, NCAC. "The First Amendment in Schools: Censorship". National Coalition Against Censorship. Retrieved 2019-04-17.
  18. "Why Do We Ban Books, Anyway?". The Hub. 2013-09-27. Retrieved 2019-04-15.
  19. "About ALA". About ALA. Retrieved 2019-04-15.
  20. admin (2012-12-11). "Banned Books Week (September 22-28, 2019)". Advocacy, Legislation & Issues. Retrieved 2019-04-15.
  21. JCARMICHAEL (2018-03-31). "School Libraries". News and Press Center. Retrieved 2019-04-15.
  22. "Board of Education, Island Trees Union Free School District No. 26 v. Pico | law case". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-04-23.
  23. "The Pico Case - 35 Years Later". Intellectual Freedom Blog. 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2019-04-23.
  24. Jones, Thomas N., Ed (1986). School Law Update, 1986. Publication Sales. OCLC 954313353.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. admin (2008-06-13). "First Amendment and Censorship". Advocacy, Legislation & Issues. Retrieved 2019-04-15.
  26. "Singapore withdraws gay penguin book". 2014-07-10. Retrieved 2019-04-17.
  27. admin (2013-03-26). "100 most frequently challenged books: 1990–1999". Advocacy, Legislation & Issues. Retrieved 2019-04-23.
  28. Brown, Robert B. (1984). One Hundred Years of Huck Finn. American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc. OCLC 671279626.
  29. "The Big Five: Why Books Are Banned by Powell's Books". www.powells.com. Retrieved 2019-04-17.
  30. admin (2013-03-26). "Top Ten Most Challenged Books Lists". Advocacy, Legislation & Issues. Retrieved 2019-04-17.
  31. Deegan, Gordon. "Warm welcome home for O'Brien". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  32. "There was some truth in Paisley's tirades against our priestly republic". www.irishexaminer.com. 2010-08-14. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  33. Bald, Margaret. (2006). Literature suppressed on religious grounds. Wachsberger, Ken. (Rev. ed.). New York: Facts On File. ISBN 0816062692. OCLC 62090850.
  34. Borrow, George Henry, 1803 - 1881. VerfasserIn. (1894). The Bible in Spain Or, the Journeys, Adventures, and Imprisonments of an Englishman in an Attempt to Circulate the Scriptures in the Peninsula. OCLC 971378940.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  35. (PDF). 2009-11-22 https://web.archive.org/web/20091122231022/http://www.oflc.gov.au/www/cob/rwpattach.nsf/VAP/(084A3429FD57AC0744737F8EA134BACB)~989+-+Decision+7+February+2007+-+The+Peaceful+Pill+Handbook.pdf/$file/989+-+Decision+7+February+2007+-+The+Peaceful+Pill+Handbook.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-11-22. Retrieved 2019-05-02. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  36. "Fac-similé JO du 01/01/1988, page 00013 | Legifrance". www.legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  37. "U.S. School District Removes Books Over Racial Slurs". Time. Retrieved 2019-04-23.
  38. "Banned Books | Just wrong". www.banned-books.org.uk. Retrieved 2019-04-29.
  39. Karolides (1999). 100 Banned Books. Checkmark Books. pp. 20–22. ISBN 0816040591.
  40. Smith, David (2005-01-02). "Lesbian novel was 'danger to nation'". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  41. "Book Burning". encyclopedia.ushmm.org. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  42. Merveldt, Nikola von (2007-04-12). "Books Cannot Be Killed by Fire: The German Freedom Library and the American Library of Nazi-Banned Books as Agents of Cultural Memory". Library Trends. 55 (3): 523–535. doi:10.1353/lib.2007.0026. hdl:2142/3723. ISSN 1559-0682. S2CID 39301623.
  43. Drisceoil, Donal Ó (2005). "'The best banned in the land': Censorship and Irish Writing since 1950". The Yearbook of English Studies. 35: 146–160. ISSN 0306-2473. JSTOR 3509330.
  44. Vlies, Andrew van der (2007-11-01). "Reading Banned Books". Wasafiri. 22 (3): 55–61. doi:10.1080/02690050701565810. ISSN 0269-0055. S2CID 219609182.
  45. Wren, Christopher S.; Times, Special To the New York (1990-07-23). "South Africa Easing Up on Its Political Censorship of Books". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-02-20.

Further reading
  • Bauer, Stefan (2006). The Censorship and Fortuna of Platina's Lives of the Popes in the Sixteenth Century. ISBN 978-2-503-51814-5.
  • Haight, Anne (1970). Banned books informal notes on some books banned for various reasons at various times and in various places (3d ed.). New York: R.R. Bowker. ISBN 978-0-8352-0204-6.
  • Craig, Alec. 1962. The Banned Books of England and Other Countries. London: George Allen & Unwin.
  • Robert Darnton Censors at Work: How States Shaped Literature W. W. Norton & Company, 2014 ISBN 0393242293
  • Edwards, M. J. (2017). Christianity, Book-Burning and Censorship in Late Antiquity. The Journal Of Ecclesiastical History, 68(4), 825-827.
  • Neilson, W. A. (1930). Is Official Censorship of Books Desirable? CON. Congressional Digest, 9(2), 56-57.

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