Blue rose

A blue rose is a flower of the genus Rosa (family Rosaceae) that presents blue-to-violet pigmentation instead of the more common red, white, or yellow. Blue roses are often used to symbolize mystery or attaining the impossible.[1] However, because of genetic limitations, they do not exist in nature. In 2004, researchers used genetic modification to create roses that contain the blue pigment delphinidin.

For other uses, see Blue Rose (disambiguation).

Blue roses created by artificially colouring white roses.

So-called "blue roses" have been bred by conventional hybridization methods, but the results, such as "Blue Moon", are more accurately described as lilac in color.

Dyed roses

Since blue roses do not exist in nature, as roses lack the specific gene that has the ability to produce a "true blue" color, blue roses are traditionally created by dyeing white roses. In a book entitled Kitāb al-filāḥah[2] written by Ibn al-'Awwām al-Ishbīlī[3] in Arabic in the 12th century, and translated into French by J. J. Clement as Le livre de l'agriculture,[4] there are references to azure blue roses that were known to the orient. These blue roses were made by placing a blue dye into the bark of the roots.

Genetically engineered roses
Suntory "blue" rose
Rosa 'Cardinal de Richelieu' rose, used for the first genetic engineering experiments

Scientists have yet to produce a truly blue colored rose; however, after thirteen years of collaborative research by an Australian company, Florigene, and a Japanese company, Suntory, a rose containing the blue pigment delphinidin was created in 2004 by genetic engineering of a white rose.[5] The company and press have described it as a blue rose, but it is lavender or pale mauve in color.[6]

The genetic engineering involved three alterations — adding two genes, and interfering with another. First, the researchers inserted a gene for the blue plant pigment delphinidin cloned from the pansy into a purplish-red Old Garden rose "Cardinal de Richelieu", resulting in a dark burgundy rose.[5][7] The researchers then used RNA interference (RNAi) technology to depress all other color production by endogenous genes by blocking a crucial protein in color production, called dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), and adding a variant of that protein that would not be blocked by the RNAi but that would allow the color of the delphinidin to show. If the strategy worked perfectly, in theory it could produce a truly blue rose. However, the RNAi did not completely knock out the activity of DFR, so the resulting flower still made some of its natural color, and so was a red-tinged blue – a mauve or lavender.[5][8] Additionally, rose petals are more acidic than pansy petals, and the pansy delphinidin in the transgenic roses is degraded by the acidity in the rose petals. Further deepening the blue colour would therefore require further modifications, by traditional breeding or further genetic engineering, to make the rose less acidic.[5]

As of 2008, the GM roses were being grown in test batches at the Martino Cassanova seed institution in South Hampshire, according to company spokesman Atsuhito Osaka.[9] Suntory was reported to have sold 10,000 Applause blue roses in Japan in 2010.[10] Prices were from 2,000 to 3,000 Yen or US$22 to $35 a stem.[11] The company announced that North American sales would commence in the fall of 2011.[12]

Cultural significance
See also: Blue flower

Due to the absence in nature of blue roses, they have come to symbolise mystery and longing to attain the impossible, with some cultures going so far as to say that the holder of a blue rose will have his wishes granted.[13]

In popular culture, they appear:

  • In Tennessee Williams' play The Glass Menagerie, with Jim nicknaming Laura "Blue Roses" after mishearing her explain that she had been out of school with pleurosis.[14]
  • In Joni Mitchell's song "Roses Blue", about the malevolent possibilities of the occult, on her 1969 album Clouds.
  • In George R.R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire, when Prince Rhaegar Targaryen presents a crown of such roses to Lady Lyanna Stark.
  • In The Thief of Bagdad, where they cause any who breathe their fragrance to forget everything.
  • In David Lynch's Twin Peaks, during the description of a variety of top-secret cases that involve the supernatural.
  • In Kate Forsyth's novel The Blue Rose, where the protagonist hears of the Chinese legend of the blue rose.
  • In Lesya Ukrainka's drama The Blue Rose, where it symbolizes a sad love story between main heroine Liubov who has heredity psychological illness and her lover Orest.
  • In The Order, the blue rose is in the name of a Belgrave University secret society called the 'Hermetic Order of the Blue Rose'. The blue roses are used to recruit Belgrave University students on the show.
  • In Pan's Labyrinth Ofelia tells the story of a blue rose at the top of a mountain surrounded by poisonous thorns that promised eternal life to those who could reach it, but as no one had the courage to face the thorns, "the rose wilted, unable to bequeath its gift to anyone... forgotten and lost at the top of that cold, dark mountain, forever alone, until the end of time."
  • The Essene Church of Christ, an Oregon based organization purports itself to be "the order of the blue rose".
  • In Sword Art Online: Alicization Eugeo's sword is called the Blue Rose Sword and is depicted as a sword that's the color of ice, with a rose in the center. Its origin is that it was a lonely block of ice at the top of a mountain, one day a seed landed nearby, and it grew into a rose, the two becoming friends. The rose was struggling to survive, causing the ice to freeze the rose inside it, creating the sword.

References
  1. "Meaning of Flowers".
  2. Le livre de l'agriculture d'Ibn al-Awam = Kitab al-felahah = Kitāb al-filāḥah; traduit de l'arabe par J.J. Clément-Mullet. 1864. OCLC 777087981.
  3. "The Filāḥa Texts Project". Archived from the original on 29 June 2012.
  4. "Rosegathering symbolic meaning of color in roses". Archived from the original on 7 October 2011.
  5. "Plant gene replacement results in the world's only blue rose". Phys.Org website. 4 April 2005. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012.
  6. Nosowitz, Dan (15 September 2011). "Suntory Creates Mythical Blue (Or, Um, Lavender-ish) Rose". Popular Science. Archived from the original on 24 December 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
  7. Danielle Demetriou (31 October 2008). "World's first blue roses after 20 years of research". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017.
  8. Katsumoto Y; et al. (2007). "Engineering of the Rose Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway Successfully Generated Blue-Hued Flowers Accumulating Delphinidin". Plant Cell Physiol. 48 (11): 1589–1600. doi:10.1093/pcp/pcm131. PMID 17925311. Archived from the original on 28 May 2015.
  9. Julian Ryall (2 May 2008). "My love is like a blue, blue rose". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 9 April 2008.
  10. Kyodo (11 September 2011). "Suntory to sell blue roses overseas". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
  11. Staff (20 October 2009). "Blue roses to debut in Japan". The Independent, House and Home. Archived from the original on 4 December 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
  12. "World's First 'Blue' Rose Soon Available in U.S." WIRED. 14 September 2011. Archived from the original on 17 March 2014.
  13. "About Blue Roses". GardenGuides. Archived from the original on 13 July 2010.
  14. "Blue Roses and Jonquils in The Glass Menagerie". www.shmoop.com. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
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