Belonocnema

Belonocnema is a genus of oak gall wasps in the family Cynipidae. There are two described species: B. treatae and B. quercusvirens.[1][2] These species are only known from Texas east to Florida in the United States.[1]

Belonocnema
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Cynipidae
Tribe: Cynipini
Genus: Belonocnema
Mayr, 1881
Synonyms

Belonocnema species induce galls on oaks and have both sexual and asexual generations.[1][2] A number of inquiline, parasitoid, and hyperparasitoid wasp species have been reared from Belonocnema galls.[2]

Taxonomic History

The genus was first named and described by Gustav Mayr in 1881 with Belonocnema treatae as the type species.[1][3] Two species described by Lewis Weld in 1921[4] have since been synonymized with other species: B. kinseyi with B. treatae, and B. fossoria with B. quercusvirens.[1][5][6] The genus Dryorhizoxenus, described by William Ashmead, is considered a synonym of Belonocnema, with its type species, D. floridanus, included in B. treatae.[1][2][7]

References
  1. Melika, G. & Abrahamson, W.G. (2002) Review of the World Genera of Oak Cynipid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini). In: Melika, G. & Thuróczy, C. (Eds.), Parasitic Wasps: Evolution, Systematics, Biodiversity and Biolog-ical Control. International Symposium: “Parasitic Hymenoptera: Taxonomy and Biological Control” (14–17 May 2001, Kõszeg, Hungary). Agroinform, Budapest, pp. 150–190.
  2. Forbes, Andrew A.; Hall, M. Carmen; Lund, JoAnne; Hood, Glen R.; Izen, Rebecca; Egan, Scott P.; Ott, James R. (2016-01-01). "Parasitoids, Hyperparasitoids, and Inquilines Associated With the Sexual and Asexual Generations of the Gall Former, Belonocnema treatae (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 109 (1): 49–63. doi:10.1093/aesa/sav112. ISSN 0013-8746.
  3. Mayr, G. (1881) Die Genera der gallenbewohnenden Cynipiden. Jahresberichte der Communal-Oberrealschule im I. Bezirke, Wien 20: 1-38.
  4. Weld, Lewis H. (1921). "American gallflies of the family Cynipidae producing subterranean galls on oak". Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 59 (2368): 187–246. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.59-2368.187.
  5. Poole, R.W. & P. Gentili, 1996. Hymenoptera, Mecoptera, Megaloptera, Neuroptera, Raphidioptera, Trichoptera. Nomina Insecta Nearctica: A Check List of the Insects of North America. Vol 2. ISBN 1-889002-02-X
  6. Lund, JoAnne N.; Ott, James R.; Lyon, Robert J. (1998). "Heterogony in Belonocnema treatae Mayr (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 100 (4): 755–763.
  7. Ashmead, William H. (1881). "On the Cynipidous Galls of Florida". Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 9 (3–4): ix–xxviii.


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