Battle of Cacabelos

The Battle of Cacabelos was a minor battle of the Peninsular War that took place on 3 January 1809, at the bridge just outside the village of Cacabelos, Province of León, Spain, as British forces under Sir John Moore's British making its retreat to A Coruña. In the ensuing engagement with French Marshal Nicolas Soult's advance guard, British units were overwhelmed and forced to mount a hurried withdrawal across the bridge. Ultimately, however, the French forces failed to press their advance further due to heavy losses including the death of French Brigadier General Auguste François-Marie de Colbert-Chabanais. The resulting delay allowed Moore's forces to continue their retreat while keeping their forces largely intact.

Battle of Cacabelos
Part of the Peninsular War
Date 3 January 1809 Location León, Spain Result British tactical victory[lower-alpha 1] French strategic victory[lower-alpha 2] Territorial changes British retreat from Cacabelos after briefly halting pursuing French forces
Belligerents
French Empire	United Kingdom
Commanders and leaders
Colbert-Chabanais  †	Edward Paget
Casualties and losses
200 men killed or wounded	200 men killed or wounded Roughly 50 men captured

Geography

The village, on a plain in the mountainous region 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) past Ponferrada on the road from Astorga to La Coruña, is in the line of retreat taken by Moore's army to A Coruña, and its double arch stone bridge crosses the river Cua,[3] a tributary of the Sil.

Battle

Moore, who was camped at Villafranca, half a day's march away in the direction of La Coruña, had ridden back to see Edward Paget whose elder brother Henry, Lord Paget, had led a successful cavalry clash at Benavente just a few days previously. The rearguard of Moore's troops, having arrived at Cacabelos the previous day, and delayed by the effects of rioting and the severe cold, was preparing to cross the bridge,[3] when the 15th Hussars informed Paget that French cavalry units were rapidly approaching from Ponferrada. Soon, between 450 and 500 troopers of the 15eme Chasseurs à Cheval and 3eme Hussards, Marshal Nicolas Soult's advance guard, led by Brigadier General Auguste François-Marie de Colbert-Chabanais caught up with the tail end of the army,[3] capturing around 50 British soldiers caught by surprise.

Deciding to press his advantage, and without waiting for infantry or artillery support, Colbert prepared to attack the bridge.[1] However, on seeing the 95th Rifles, the 28th Foot, and six guns of the Royal Horse Artillery in position on the other side of the bridge, Colbert withdrew his men to reform them in a column of fours prior to rushing the bridge.[3] Moore, meanwhile, who had almost been captured by Colbert's men, looked on from the western hill above the road, with Paget.[1] When the French cavalry charged across, they were forced to retreat after being decimated by British rifle fire. [1] Among the French fatalities was Brigadier Colbert himself who reportedly was killed immediately prior to the French attack. [4]

When La Houssaye's cavalry and infantry support arrived they tried to cross the river by a ford a short distance downstream from the bridge and Merle’s infantry division tried to take the bridge "a la baionette". However, by around 4.00pm, it was too dark to continue and the French troops, possibly considering the British troops' defensive position too good, and also possibly low in morale due to the death of Colbert, desisted. At about 10.00pm, Paget was able to set off towards Villafranca with no sign of French troops in pursuit.[1]

Plunket's Shot

Colbert-Chabanais was killed by a single long-range shot from a Baker rifle, fired by a noted sharpshooter of the 95th Rifles, rifleman Thomas Plunket, and who also, with a second shot, killed the officer who came to Colbert's assistance. Although there is much discrepancy regarding the distances involved, the shot has been claimed to have been as far as 600 metres,[5][6] it's highly likely that Colbert considered himself well beyond the musket range of 80 metres and therefore safe,[3] whereas the Baker had verified target accuracy of 200 metres.

Consequences

Although British troops gained time in their retreat towards La Coruña, Moore has since been criticised for being too hasty in his retreat and for not having made better use of strong defensive positions such as the one at Cacabelos.[7]

References

1. Moore, Richard. "Plunket’s Shot: A reconstruction of a famous exploit in the history of the 95th Rifles" Retrieved 2 August 2013.
2. Rickard, J. (2008) "Action at the Cacabellos [sic] Defile, 3 January 1809" Retrieved 2 August 2013.
3. Hadaway, Stuart (2000) "Rifleman Thomas Plunkett: 'A Pattern for the Battalion.'" Retrieved 2 August 2013.
4. Ibid.
5. Hadaway, Stuart. Rifleman Thomas Plunkett: 'A Pattern for the Battalion.'
6. Costello, Edward - 'Rifleman Costello' ISBN 1-84677-000-9 First published in 1841 entitled "The Adventures of a Soldier". Costello served with Plunkett and can both cite personally witnessed experiences and the legend he already was at the time.
7. Rickard, J. (2008) "Action at the Cacabellos [sic] Defile, 3 January 1809" Retrieved 2 August 2013.

Notes

1. French attack on British lines successfully repulsed.[1]
2. British forces failed to take advantage of their successful rearguard action by rapidly retreating from their positions almost immediately afterwards.[2]