Balut (food)

Balut (/bəˈluːt/ bə-LOOT, /ˈbɑːluːt/ BAH-loot;[1] also spelled as balot) is a Filipino term for a fertilized developing egg embryo that is boiled and eaten from the shell. It is commonly sold as street food in China and other Southeast Asian countries: notably Cambodia (where it is called "ពងទាកូន") and Vietnam (where it is called trứng vịt lộn).

Partially shelled balut egg showing yolk, baby chicken and veins running through it
Mallard ducks are used extensively in the production of balut—female (left) and male (right)

The length of incubation before the egg is cooked is a matter of local preference, but generally ranges between 14 and 21 days.

Description
Veins in a freshly boiled, peeled balut egg

A balut is a fertilized bird egg (usually a duck) which is incubated for a period of 14 to 21 days depending on the local culture and then steamed. The contents are eaten directly from the shell. Balut that is incubated for longer periods have a well-developed embryo and the features of the duckling are recognizable. The partially-developed embryo bones are soft enough to chew and swallow as a whole. The mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchus), also known as the "Pateros duck", is considered to be the most important breed for egg production to make balut.[2][3]

Balut is common street food in the Philippines and other localities, and is also sold in stores and malls. It is a relatively cheap source of protein and calcium.[4] Balut was introduced to the Philippines by the Chinese in 1565[5] or around 1885 and since then, balut has been included as a traditional part of the culture.[6] Wherever Filipinos migrated for work, a large market for balut would develop. Controversies arose as knowledge of the food spread around the Southeast Asian countries and then globally. People questioned the ethics of eating balut.[6]

Balut in partially broken shells

Preparation

Incubation
Closeup of balut after removing the shell

Traditionally, the fertilized eggs are incubated in the sun or buried in sand, and stored in baskets to retain warmth. In order for the embryo to develop normally, it must be exposed to heat for the correct period of time, while ensuring that the temperature is not too hot to harm the eggs or too cold to prevent growth.[7] The embryo is very sensitive to high temperatures, and is easily killed upon cooking in the sun.[7] After nine days, the eggs are held to a light, called candling to reveal the embryo inside. The production of balut depends on egg maturation cycles, where the egg begins developing and changes in texture. Throughout these various maturation periods, different temperatures are required to accentuate the specific egg and embryo characteristics. Within the first few stages of maturation, balut is known as "balut sa puti" ("wrapped in white") when it is white; the embryo inside is insufficiently developed to show a beak, feathers or claws, and the bones are undeveloped. These are made from very specific egg types, less than five days old and with no visible surface cracks.[8]

The duration of egg incubation is a matter of local preference. In the Philippines, balut is generally incubated for 14 to 18 days before being boiled for consumption. At about 14 to 16 days of incubation, the embryo floats on top of the egg white and yolk, and the balut is called "mamatong".[6] The ideal balut is said to be 17 days old.

There are other versions of balut. In the Cambodian version, "pong tia koun", the egg is incubated for 18 to 20 days. In the Vietnamese version, "trứng vịt lộn", the egg is incubated for 19 to 21 days, when the embryo is old enough to be recognizable as a baby duck and has bones that will be firm but tender when cooked. Some men prefer to eat an embryo that is much more developed, "...so that it looks gross, because that is a way to prove your manhood."[9][10]

Chemistry of cooking

During the cooking process, changes occur in the food chemistry of balut, such as the sol dispersion of water molecules within the embryonic fluid.[11] This liquid becomes the broth for the solid which are parts of the duck within the egg. Although balut mainly consists of protein, fat is present and is emulsified within the fertilized embryo. After cooking, it can be considered a protein gel (depending on the length of time it was cooked). Heating high-protein food such as balut can cause the chemical changes to take place and fully or partially denature proteins, causing the surface to become thick and causing an irreversible gel protein to form.[11]

Temperature has a significant impact on the final taste and texture of the cooked balut. Warm temperatures of 29–30 °C (84–86 °F) change the taste and texture of the yolk by making it more grainy. This can be attributed to the changes in proteins, and their partial denaturation, during the heating and incubation process.[12] When boiling or cooking eggs, the white of the egg tends to solidify because the proteins are denatured in an irreversible reaction and turn from transparent to an opaque white.[13] Physical and chemical changes in the final balut product can also be attributed to microbial infections and the rate that microbes infect the balut at various stages.[12]

Balut from Vancouver, British Columbia

There are many chemical changes that occur inside the duck egg as it is being processed, which can vary depending on how or what it is cooked with. While boiling, added salt can contribute to a number of chemical changes; it seems to increase the proportional weight of egg white within the shell, which can be due to the weight differences between the embryo and the egg white itself.[14] Added salt can also increase the hardness of the egg yolk and affect the overall texture of the final balut product.[7] Other chemical changes observed in nutrient content of the duck egg as it is processed are a slight decrease in the amount of available amino acids, water-soluble vitamins and minerals after the processing is complete.[14]

Nutrition
Balut eggs

There are different nutritional values for balut, since it can be either fertilized chicken or duck eggs. Balut nutrition specifications between chicken and duck have minor differences, but both eggs have around 14 grams of crude protein, 188 calories each, and around 100 milligrams of calcium. A duck egg might have a higher value of nutrition than a chicken egg but overall, both chicken and duck balut have approximately the same nutritional value.[15]

Nutrition specifications for egg-type duck (balut)
Nutrition specifications for egg-type chicken (balut)

Dishes and vending
Fifteen-day-old balut egg dipped in a mixture of hot sauce and vinegar

In the Philippines, balut eaters prefer salt, or a chili, garlic, and vinegar (white or coconut sap) mixture to season their eggs.[16] The eggs are savored for their balance of textures and flavors; the broth surrounding the embryo is sipped from the egg before the shell is peeled, and the yolk and young chick inside can be eaten. All of the contents of the egg may be consumed, although the white albumen may remain uneaten depending on the age of the fertilized egg. This white albumen may have an unappetizing cartilaginous taste and is tough and rubbery in texture. In the Philippines, balut have recently entered haute cuisine by being served as appetizers in restaurants, cooked adobo style, fried in omelettes or even used as filling in baked pastries. In Vietnam, balut is eaten with a pinch of pepper salt with lime/kumquat or ginger and rau răm (also known as laksa leaf). In Cambodia, balut is eaten while still warm in the shell and are served with nothing more than a little garnish, which is usually a mixture of lime juice and ground pepper.

Shelled and fried balut

A similar preparation is known in China as maodan (Chinese: 毛蛋; pinyin: máo dàn; lit. 'feathered egg'), modan (Chinese: 末蛋; pinyin: mò dàn; lit. 'end-stage egg'), wangjidan (Chinese: 旺雞蛋; pinyin: wàng jīdàn; lit. 'flush egg') or huozhuzi (Chinese: 活珠子; pinyin: huózhūzi; lit. 'living bead'). Chinese traders and migrants are said to have brought the idea of eating fertilized duck eggs to the Philippines. However, the knowledge and craft of balut-making has been localized by the balut-makers (mangbabalot). Today, balut production has not been mechanized in favor of the traditional production by hand.

Vendors sell cooked balut from buckets of sand (used to retain warmth) accompanied by small packets of salt. Uncooked balut are rarely sold in Southeast Asia. In the United States, Asian markets occasionally carry uncooked balut eggs. Alternatively, they can be ordered by mail. The cooking process is identical to that of hard-boiled chicken eggs, and baluts are eaten while still warm.

Underaged balut with visible chick

Duck eggs that are not properly developed after nine to twelve days are sold as penoy, which look, smell and taste similar to a regular hard-boiled egg. In Filipino cuisine, these are occasionally beaten and fried, similar to scrambled eggs, and served with a vinegar dip.

Consumption and uses

Locations of balut consumption

Balut is consumed in high amounts within countries in Southeast Asia, including Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand, and the Philippines.[17] Pateros is a first-class municipality in Metro Manila, Philippines that is famous for its duck-raising industry and balut production.

Balut is recognized as a national food of the Philippines, but possibly originated from China. It is said that an early form of balut was brought by Chinese traders and migrants to the Philippines; the Chinese may have sparked the interest and excitement for the Philippines' love of balut. It is commonly sold as a street food and served as an appetizer in restaurants. The taste of balut is similar to chicken soup. It has an unusual texture.

Balut is found in some countries and locations of North America. While it cannot be found in every store in North America, specialty stores such as T&T, and in particular, Filipino stores in the Greater Vancouver area, often sell balut.[18] In the United States, growers such as Metzer Farms specialize in balut production, spreading the knowledge of balut and its awareness.

A reason it may not be found or consumed as frequently in North America is that the majority of people outside of Southeast Asia still recognize balut as a novel and taboo food and often are anxious about trying it.[17]

Consumption

In the Philippines, balut is often eaten with salt or a chili, garlic and vinegar (white or coconut sap) mixture to season, depending on personal preference.[19] Balut can be served in many ways and may be cooked, boiled, and fried. It may be cooked adobo-style, fried in omelets, and used as filling in pastries.

Some countries and locations will serve balut raw, although this is not a common practice. "Raw," in this sense, could mean the balut was lightly boiled or cooked very briefly.[19] This is potentially dangerous since it increases the risk of spoiling and of ingesting harmful microorganisms.[6]

Although balut is globally recognized as a Filipino food, it is being consumed less and less in the Philippines. This is partly due to increasingly Western tastes, but also because balut is often associated with poverty.[9]

In Saigon, Vietnam balut can be found in the streets where vendors operate on the back of a motorbike in alleys. Balut is served as quail eggs. First, it is steamed and served with salt, chilli and pepper.

Incubation and storage
Balut egg purchased from Vancouver supermarket, with different labeling requirements than traditional chicken eggs

Balut is considered to be a street food, and as with many street foods, balut should be eaten as soon as it is prepared. Sources suggest that at most, the shelf-life of a cooked balut is one day, but can be kept in the refrigerator for up to one week.[20]

According to the FDA Food Code, balut can perish over time or due to temperature changes. After being cooked, balut should be handled either at 57 °C (135 °F) and above, or kept at or below 5 °C (41 °F).[21]

While most countries have specific regulations and standards for food, Canada has certain egg regulations pertaining to what products can be labelled as an egg. Balut eggs are not subjected to the egg regulations in Canada under the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, meaning they do not require the specific labeling requirements and rules of the traditional chicken egg.[21]

Balut stall

Controversies

Religion

Eating balut is forbidden for some religious groups. Both Judaism and Islam have strict prohibitions on consuming food that is prepared in manners incompatible with religiously-prescribed dietary laws. In Judaism, the embryo of a chick inside an egg of a bird, even a kosher bird, is forbidden for consumption.[22] The Quran forbids consumption of meat if the animal has not been slaughtered properly, making the animal or animal-product "maytah".[20][23] Because balut is an egg containing a partly-developed embryo,[24] this makes it "haram", or "forbidden".[23][25][26]

Animal welfare

Information relating to whether boiling a partially-developed embryo is ethically acceptable or not can be found in the legislation relating to the euthanasia and treatment of research animals. Bird embryos that have reached greater than 50% of their incubation have developed a neural tube sufficient for pain perception; therefore, they should be euthanized by similar methods used in avian neonates such as anesthetic overdose, decapitation, or prolonged exposure to carbon dioxide.[27] Similarly, in the UK, embryonic birds are "protected animals" once they have reached the last third of their incubation period.[28] There are specified methods of humanely killing protected animals used in research, but boiling is not one of these. Depending on the species of duck, some eggs used for balut would be boiled within the last half or third of embryo development. Duck embryos are often taken off incubation in order to stunt the growth process, the embryos no longer develop, and becomes readily available for purchasing. The RSPCA Australia recommends against boiling the duck embryo from the 18th day of incubation onwards due to the potential for suffering beyond that point, and notes that it is "an area that is yet to be further researched".[29]

Several groups wish to ban balut.[30] A petition has been raised to get 5,000 signatures to have balut labeled "fertilized duck egg with embryo" and taken off the menu in the Maharlika restaurant, New York.[31] As of 2014, the restaurant was selling balut for $5 each.[32] As a response to this petition, Filipino New Yorkers have created a counter petition asking to leave the food item alone.[26]

Health

The incubation temperatures and environment required for the proper development of balut during processing are ideal growth conditions for many bacteria including Salmonella enteritidis. In addition, faecal pathogens can be deposited on the egg shell surface during laying. Balut is therefore labelled as a "Hazardous Food" in Canada.[33] Warnings have been published to obtain balut only from safe, well-known producers.[33]

Outside Southeast Asia

Outside of Southeast Asia, balut has been featured on reality television shows, such as in season 1 of Bizarre Foods with Andrew Zimmern, or as part of eating challenges, such as on Fear Factor in 2002, Hell's Kitchen in 2013, The Amazing Race Asia 2, The Amazing Race Australia 2, The Amazing Race Ukraine, Survivor: Palau, Survivor: China, Survivor: Caramoan, and Survivor: Cambodia.[34][35]

In the United States, eggs are sold at Asian markets. However, to get the right age eggs and to ensure freshness, it is recommended that they be purchased from a professional or an egg vendor at Asian farmers markets.

Phillipe Nover of Team Nogueira ate balut during Season 8 of The Ultimate Fighter, encouraging his teammates to do the same.[36]

Folk medicine

According to popular Vietnamese belief, these eggs are a nutritious and restorative food for pregnant or delivering women. [37]

Guinness World Record

On April 10, 2015, former Pateros mayor Jaime "Joey" C. Medina collaborated with Center for Culinary Arts (CCA, Manila) and History (U.S. TV network) to attempt to set the record for the world's largest serving of balut. The CCA chefs, headed by Chef Tristan Encarnacion, prepared 1,000 pieces of balut into an adobo dish that was recorded to have weighed 117.5 kilograms. The resulting dish was enjoyed by the townsfolk in a symbolic boodle fight, with tables topped with banana leaves stretching along B. Morcilla Street.[38] [39]

The record was later awarded to Pateros, Metro Manila and to this date, the record still stands. [40]

See also

References
  1. "Definition of BALUT". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
  2. Romjali, E.N.; Lambio, A.L.; Luis, E.S.; Roxas, N.P.; Barion, A.A. (2014). "Fertility and hatchability of eggs on mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos L.) of different plumage pattern under different feeding regimes". JITV. 19 (3): 674–678.
  3. Alejandria, Maria Carinnes P.; De Vergara, Tisha Isabelle M.; Colmenar, Karla Patricia M. (November 25, 2019). "The authentic balut: history, culture, and economy of a Philippine food icon". Journal of Ethnic Foods. 6 (1): 16. doi:10.1186/s42779-019-0020-8. ISSN 2352-6181.
  4. Magat, Margaret (2007). "'Balut,' the Fertilised Duck Eggs of the Philippines". In Hosking, Richard (ed.). Eggs in Cookery: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium of Food and Cookery 2006. Prospect Books. ISBN 978-1-903018-54-5.
  5. Zaide, Gregorio (1964). History of the Filipino People. Manila: Modern Book Co.
  6. Magat, Margaret (January 1, 2002). "Balut: "Fertilized Duck Eggs and Their Role in Filipino Culture"". Western Folklore. 61 (1): 63–96. doi:10.2307/1500289. JSTOR 1500289.
  7. R. Ehrlich, Paul. "Incubation: Heating Egg." Incubation: Heating Egg. Web. February 29, 2016.
  8. Matejowsky, T. (2013). "The incredible, edible balut. food, culture and society". International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research. 16 (3): 387–404.
  9. Liedel, E. (April 14, 2014). "Balut: The fertilized duck egg street snack". Modern Farmer.
  10. "Cracking the shell: Balut revealed | Tangled Noodle". tanglednoodle.blogspot.ca. March 13, 2011. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  11. "Course:FNH200/Lesson 02 - UBC Wiki". wiki.ubc.ca. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
  12. "Redirecting..." drive.google.com. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
  13. BBC. "Cooking and Chemical Changes." BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. February 29, 2016.
  14. Kaewmanee, Thammarat. "Changes in Chemical Composition, Physical Properties and Microstructure of Duck Egg as Influenced by Salting." Research Gate. N.p., June 11, 2008. Web. February 29, 2016.
  15. Lambio, A. L. (2010). Poultry Production in the Tropics. Quezon, Diliman, Philippines: The University of Philippines Press.
  16. "What Is a Balut Egg?". The San Francisco Chronicle.
  17. "In Some Countries People Eat Balut(egg) fertilized duck embryo". 2012. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  18. "Best balut in Vancouver. (n.d.)". Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  19. Emily Liedel (April 14, 2014). "Balut: The Fertilized Duck Egg Street Snack - Modern Farmer". Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  20. "Enhancing the value of eggs: How to make balut and century eggs". www.fftc.agnet.org. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  21. "Balut" (PDF). CPHAZ. March 3, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 4, 2016. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  22. Kosher And Non-Kosher Eggs Jewish Press. Retrieved December 4, 2018.
  23. "Is eating egg haram / makruh - Multaqa Ahl al-Hadeeth". August 28, 2011. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  24. Tang, Q., Li-Chan, E. C. Y., Byrne, S. K., & Cheng, K. M. (n.d.). Effect of storage temperature on sensory and microbiological quality of duck balut eggs, 4.
  25. Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Applied. "Food Code - FDA Food Code 2009: Annex 3 - Public Health Reasons / Administrative Guidelines - Chapter 1, Purpose and Definitions". www.fda.gov. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
  26. Kilham, Chris (September 15, 2011). "Eating Balut: Going Too Far? | Fox News". Fox News. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  27. Leary, S.; et al. (2013). "AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals - 2013 edition" (PDF). AVMA. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
  28. "Consolidated version of ASPA 1986". Home Office (UK). 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
  29. "Is the practice of boiling pre-hatched duck embryos in their shell humane?". RSPCA Australia knowledgebase. Retrieved October 10, 2016.
  30. Matejowsky, T. (2013). The Incredible, Edible Balut. Food, Culture and Society: An International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 16(3), 387–404.
  31. San Jose, C.E. (April 13, 2015). "Animal rights activist: Stop serving 'balut' in New York". Kicker Daily News. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
  32. Calderon, J. (2014). "Balut: The Filipino delicacy that makes the world squirm". CNN. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
  33. Information Sheet (2011). "Balut" (PDF). University of Guelph. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 4, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
  34. 'Survivor: Caramoan': It's Corinne vs. Phillip when the tribes merge
  35. "Balut gets spotlight in New York".
  36. "Episode No. 8 recap: "The Ultimate Fighter: Team Nogueira vs. Team Mir"".
  37. "Những điều cần lưu ý khi ăn trứng vịt lộn".
  38. "Philippines in world record attempt for largest serving of balut". CNN Philippines. April 14, 2015. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  39. "Pateros eyes world record attempt for balut". ABS-CBN News. April 11, 2015. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
  40. "Largest serving of balut". Guinness World Records. April 10, 2015. Retrieved April 25, 2018.

Further reading

Magat, Margaret (2019). Balut: Fertilized Eggs and the Making of Culinary Capital in the Filipino Diaspora, by Bloomsbury Academic, Nov. 2019. *

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